Poor People Research Articles

Impact of shifting from rice to shrimp farming on migration aspirations in Bangladesh

AbstractThe Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna delta is one of the most populous deltas in the world, threatened by diverse environmental stressors, including salinity intrusion, causing adverse consequences on livelihood adaptation. Shrimp farming has been recognized as one of the most practiced livelihoods among various livelihood opportunities. Growing global demand and higher economic returns encouraged many farmers to convert their agricultural land to shrimp farms by intruding saline water into the farmlands to produce shrimps. In this study, we investigated whether the growing trend of shrimp farming influences the migration aspirations of the vulnerable coastal communities in Bangladesh. The study employed qualitative interviews with individuals in four villages in southwest coastal Bangladesh. Satellite images were analyzed to detect land-use changes and changes in soil salinity in the last 28 years, confirming a rapid increase in shrimp farms. Results from the qualitative interviews indicate that poor people with limited resources cannot produce paddy on their land because of increased soil salinity caused by shrimp farming. Such a situation leads them to aspire to migrate. Thus, our analysis contributes to the discourse on “aspiration and capability” in environmental migration by adding the impacts of land-use changes on livelihoods.

Faktor–Faktor Yang Memengaruhi Intensi Berwirausaha Pertanian Siswa SMK Agribisnis Di Kabupaten Cianjur

Cianjur Regency is one of the areas that relies on agriculture as a support for the economy and welfare of its people. In 2020, the number of poor people in Cianjur Regency decreased, allegedly due to increasing financial prosperity. Simultaneously, the number of entrepreneurs in Cianjur Regency has increased quite rapidly. This then suggests that one of the reasons for the increasing financial welfare of the people of Cianjur Regency is entrepreneurship. The majority of the population in the productive class aged 15-19 years who are currently studying at vocational high schools (SMK) are important capital for advancing agriculture in Cianjur Regency through entrepreneurship. The aim of this research is to analyze the factors that influence the agricultural entrepreneurship intentions of Agribusiness Vocational School students in Cianjur Regency. Determination of the sample in this study used proportionate stratified random sampling. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis and PLS-SEM analysis. The research results show that the factors that influence the agricultural entrepreneurship intentions of Agribusiness Vocational School students in Cianjur Regency are attitudes towards behavior, subjective norms and behavioral control. This research suggests that collaboration between the government, schools and universities is needed so that vocational school students maintain and improve the factors that can influence entrepreneurial intentions.

Bridging governmentality and economization: temporality as a financialization device

ABSTRACT Reflecting and reinforcing the financialization of everyday life, non-profit social service organizations, the primary deliverers of benefits and services in the US, are increasingly incorporating financial education and empowerment into their service repertoires. In this article, I examine and compare how financial educators in two organizations that target different populations/problems – women in (economic) transition and chronically/intergenerationally poor people – give financial advice to their clients. I draw a parallel between what Foucault calls the ‘repressive hypothesis’ and claims by personal finance experts and educators that we are silent about money. I suggest that these claims amount to a ‘money repressive hypothesis’ that gives experts what I call an ‘advisor’s benefit’: the appearance of being freed from silence about money and thus able to liberate others from silence and steer them toward financial wellness. I show that financial educators perform this benefit through temporal frames – meaningful ways of intersubjectively organizing experience in reference to time, that invite different levels and forms of attention to the past, present, and future – of their clients’ problems. Bridging literatures on governmentality and economization, I contend that these temporal frames are disciplinary financialization devices that act in connection with sociocultural constructions of populations/problems to assemble financial subjectivities.

SMOKING PREVALENCE AMONG DRIVERS OF DHAKA CITY:

Smoking is an increasingly prevalent habit in Bangladesh, particularly among men with low socio-economic status. Tobacco expenditures exacerbate the effects of poverty and cause significant deterioration in living standards among the poor Bangladeshi people. A cross sectional study was carried out from 15th to 26th March, 2013 to determine the prevalence, pattern, socio-economic impact of smoking among bus drivers of Dhaka city. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 93% and 20% of total income was spent on cigarettes indicating more than twice as much as per capita expenditure on food, clothing, housing, health and education combined, resulting in illiterate, malnourished household members. Though most (32.3%) of the drivers started smoking before involving in driving profession, excessive smoking was promoted by occupational and environmental stress experiencing hectic work schedule. Tobacco can also worsen poverty among users and their families since most of the drivers reported heart disease (26.9%) and other health complications caused by smoking, depriving families of much-needed income and imposing additional costs of health care. Around 70% smokers wished to quit smoking considering its detrimental effect but unknown of quitting strategy. Interventions and preventions by policy makers, public health experts and other stakeholders should be introduced because smoking was more prevalent among bus drivers with detrimental health sequel.

Putting Appadurai's “Capacity to Aspire” and Sen's Capability Approach into Dialogue

ABSTRACT In his seminal paper, Appadurai (2004) introduced the concept of “capacity to aspire” as a cultural capacity that may open routes out of poverty for the poor. He envisions entering a robust dialogue between his conception and the capability approach. The notion of aspirations is attractive for capability scholars since it seems to answer some shortcomings of the capability approach, namely the lack of any theory of preference or value formation, the missing dynamics, the question of countering adaptive preferences and eliciting information on people’s values. I analyse capability literature on aspirations and argue that although they relate to these shortcomings, they fail to eliminate them and to enter the dialogue Appadurai invited. For doing this, the collective nature of the capacity to aspire has to be recognised. I suggest that the capacity to aspire rather than remedying one of the above-mentioned shortcomings is best understood as an example of Sen’s concept of agency and how poor people can build up, exercise and sustain agency.

Vietnamese landscape from the French women’s perspective in Marguerite Duras’ novel

The paper analyzes the representation of the Vietnamese landscape in the novel of Marguerite Duras, especially from the perspective of the female character. The image of Vietnam through Duras’s work has not only common characteristics of the tropics but also unique, unmixed features, which are marked by places imprinted in the characters’ memories. From the perspective of the French female character, the Vietnamese landscape participates in the process of experiencing a foreign land as well as the process of inner discovery of the character. Identifying the typical hot climate of the tropics in Vietnam will provoke an exploration of the monotonous, stifling life of the French woman with the status of poor white people in the colony. Climate, land, water, flora and fauna, and architecture all carry memories. These memories evoke the image of a non-Western world that is constantly changing, filled with vitality.

Effect of Flood on Poverty Status: Evidence from Sugar cane Farmers in Kwara State and Osun State of Nigeria

In Nigeria, sugarcane is a prominent crop and the primary crop used to produce sugar. However, floods have been a major tragedy that has troubled Nigeria's small-scale farmers. The bulk of rural poor people are these small-scale farmers, and as poverty rates have been rising over time, corrective action is required. This study was therefore carried out to assess the poverty status of sugar cane farming households (affected by flood, and unaffected by flood) in Kwara/Osun State of Nigeria. The study employed two-stage sampling technique to select 120 sugarcane farming households in the study area. Descriptive statistics, the Flood Loss Estimation, Logit Regression and Foster Greer Thorbecke (FGT) are the empirical analytical tools employed to analyze the data collected for the study. The results of the poverty index analysis revealed that 46 percent of the respondents are relatively poor, the poverty depth was 0.16 which implies that 16 percent were below the poverty line and the poverty severity was 0.07 which implies that 7 percent of the respondents were severely poor. Also, it revealed that flood shocks, gender, household size, household income, access to credit and membership to social organization were significant determinants of poverty. The study then came to the conclusion that many coping mechanisms people employ are corrosive because they have detrimental long-term implications on the sustainability of household subsistence. For future risk assessments and flood mitigation, the study advises using a holistic strategy and adept models. The remedies outlined in this paper would help the government, private sector, and sugar cane farmers economically.

Market warfare strategy and rural armed banditry in Zamfara State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT As rural armed banditry in Nigeria defies conventional warfare strategies, including militarisation, negotiation, and amnesty, the Zamfara state government in Nigeria introduced a market warfare strategy to contain the spread of rural armed banditry. The markets were shut down across the state, particularly in rural areas, to stop buying and selling all kinds of goods and services to deny armed bandits access to markets where they could sell rustled cows, acquire provisions for their basic needs, and purchase arms and ammunition. The article used the routine activity theory and a qualitative analysis approach to examine the market warfare strategy in Zamfara State. It argues that, the respite provided by the strategy was temporary, as its impact on the poor people is has been devastating.

Cremation in Interwar Romania: The Case of the Potter's Field.

This article aims to analyse the activities of Potter's Field practice in Romania as part of the Patriarch Miron Orthodox Association. From its very beginning it was orientated against the apparition of cremation in Romania, realized in the first cremation at the Cenușa Crematorium in Bucharest (1928). The target was to 'save' poor people from cremation, considering that the cremation aimed to remove from the local authorities the pressure of supporting the costs of burials for unidentified bodies and bodies that were unclaimed by families ('the social cremations'). Therefore, the Potter's Field practice developed in Romania in an original way in comparison to other countries. This situation indicated a way of translating cremation into reality in Romania and expressed some of its particularities in this country (the implication of the authorities, cremation as a personal choice or the forms of criticism by the religious environments).

Urban agrarian reform: opportunities and challenges for land rights among low-income communities

Agrarian reform has typically focused on the redistribution of land in rural areas, specifically targeting farmers and agricultural tracts of land. This study explores the potential for agrarian reform in urban settings and the challenges facing low-income individuals in acquiring land rights essential to adequate housing. Using statutory and theoretical perspectives demonstrates that ample opportunities still exist for urban agrarian reform to take hold via the expropriation of state-owned land and land whose rights have lapsed. Public land that has not been dedicated as a waqf or even recognized as government property and historic land rights where the building rights expired and without any application to extend those rights present empirical reform opportunities. Despite these opportunities, urban land rights remain a contested space. Many poor people live on untitled land because such a thing is considered disputed by public authorities. Conflicts arise from the physical duration of inhabitants' occupation, which is in severe contrast to claims found with entities holding either outdated or inadequate property documentation. The official bodies, particularly the Land Office, are hesitant to issue land certificates due to these conflicts. The uniqueness of this research lies in its focus on urban land reform and its implications for the poor, thus highlighting a gap in existing literature that focuses largely on rural settings. This important research study depends on the emerging need for appropriate and certain housing options in cities. The importance of this study to the discipline is that it fosters the application of national land law principles, namely equity, legal certainty, and practicality, to disputes over urban land, providing a framework for a fairer distribution of land rights.

The Effect of Investment, Poor Resident, and International Tourists on Gross Regional Domestic Product In North Sumatera in 2001-2020

This study aims to determine the effect of the investment sector, poor people, and foreign tourists on economic growth in North Sumatra. This research uses descriptive quantitative research methods. The data used in this study are secondary data and time series data for 2001-2020. The results in this study indicate that investment has a positive and significant effect on GRDP in North Sumatra, the poor have a negative and significant effect on GRDP in North Sumatra, foreign tourists have a positive and significant effect on GRDP in North Sumatra.

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak Atas Pendidikan Anak Miskin Di Kabupaten Karangasem

The right to education for poor children is one of the rights that must be protected by a state to achieve the broadest possible welfare of the people without discrimination. Karangasem Regency is one of the districts in Bali Province with the highest number of poor people, which has an impact on the large number of children dropping out of school and resulting in poor children's right to education in Karangasem Regency not being properly obtained. The aim of this research is to determine and analyze legal protection for the right to education of poor children in Karangasem Regency. The type of research used in compiling this research is empirical legal research. This research is descriptive-qualitative in nature with data collection techniques, namely through observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this research indicate that legal protection for the right to education of poor children in Karangasem Regency has not been fully implemented properly. This can be seen from the dissemination of policies issued by the government to help the education of poor children in Karangasem Regency which is still not evenly distributed, and the amount of assistance provided by the government to help with the costs of educating poor children in Karangasem Regency is still limited. The obstacles faced in providing legal protection for poor children's right to education in Karangasem Regency originate from 3 factors, the first is from community factors, namely regarding community motivation in continuing education which is still low. The two factors are facilities and infrastructure, namely the number of educational facilities in the form of the number of schools, the ratio of students and teachers is still not optimal. Lastly, there is the government factor, where the validity of data on poor residents or children in Karangasem Regency is not yet optimal, which results in the legal protection being provided not being optimal.

The Unheard Voices of the Subaltern in Harshankar Jaladas’s Ramgolam

This paper investigates the class struggle of the Harijans (Hindu sweepers) in Bangladesh as portrayed in Harishankar Jaladas’s Ramgolam. Due to society-imposed identifier of ‘untouchability’, the scavengers in Bangladesh have historically been subjected to discrimination and marginalization. They have been deprived of choices such as free selection of occupation, access to housing, education and other rights. Contending with the conventional notion that Hinduism maintains social order by caste hierarchies and divisions of labour, Jaladas shows how the desperate poor people respond to the notion of untouchability and show resistance to caste discrimination. The protagonist Ramgolam occupies a significant place in Bangla literature through his unique leadership and for his escapade towards freedom from social supremacy. It is arguable that it is not only by Hindu religious ideology but also through historical, colonial, economic, political and social aspects of castebased discrimination that eventually leads them to raise their voices in a world where no one is there to hear them. Through qualitative research methodology, this paper concludes in implying the never-ending struggle of the Harijan sweepers which remains unnoticed to the civilized world and the subaltern are not capable enough to deal with the hegemony imposed by bureaucracy and political conspiracy

Emotions and the Social Bond in Situations of Poverty

Although the relationship between emotions and poverty has been recognized by social scientists, it received little attention as a lens through which to observe, interpret, and deal with this issue. To fill this gap, we conducted a qualitative, exploratory, and preliminary analysis of the content of forty interviews with parents living in economic poverty as part of the Research Project of National Interest (PRIN) "Constructions of Parenthood on Uncertain Ground. What Role for Social Work" sought to investigate whether and how the emotional dimension intervenes in poverty, as well as the role it may play in the processes of entering or departing this reality. It was revealed that impoverished individuals experience a wide spectrum of emotions, which contribute to a more complete and multifaceted picture of people in poverty, with more positive features than negative ones. Moreover, the study revealed that poor people experienced a wide range of happy emotions that are not typically associated with poverty. This article focuses on three of these positive feelings - gratitude, solidarity, and pride - and discusses how they grow in the interaction between individuals who live in poverty and those who do not, as well as how they contribute to the strengthening of social cohesion and bonds. This thought appears to be valuable in terms of the positive implications it may have for knowledge and the development of policies targeted at combating poverty. In fact, the analysis confirms that the sociology of emotions is a viable approach to understanding the conditions of individuals living in poverty and opening up new avenues for future research. Furthermore, it helps to overcome preconceptions and stereotypes that still surround poor people, as well as the ideological assumptions about poverty that underpin many contemporary European poverty policies, putting social cohesiveness at danger.

The Lived Experiences of Racial Microaggressions for Black Individuals While Seeking Orthopedic-Related Care: A Qualitative Study.

Race-based health disparities for racially and ethnically diverse people with orthopedic-related conditions are well documented and their experiences when seeking care deserve more attention. The purpose of this study was to understand the lived experiences of racial microaggressions occurring when racially and ethnically diverse people seek health care services for orthopedic-related conditions. We used transcendental phenomenology to understand their lived experiences of racial microaggressions while receiving orthopedic-related health care services. All participants self-identified as Black, none as Hispanic. Nineteen final codes were organized into five patterns and then into five themes-two background and three figural themes. Background themes: discrimination can occur across a lifetime, and poor treatment of poor people fuels health inequity. Figural themes: racial discrimination can come at any time and in various forms; resistance is necessary in the face of racial discrimination; and despite discriminatory encounters, health care goals are achievable. Participants shared their lived experiences of racial microaggressions while seeking care for their orthopedic-related conditions (figural) through a lens shaped by their other past experiences with varied discrimination (background). Black individuals have a longstanding relationship with racial discrimination that has a negative impact on many aspects of their lives, including their health. The results highlight ways to promote equity by capitalizing on Black individuls' goals to actively pursue health.

Access to Decentralised Public Healthcare Service Delivery in Rural Areas of Lesotho

Despite being a basic right for all citizens of every country, access to healthcare has been a challenge for many people globally. However, the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the need for improvedhealthcare service delivery and access to healthcare globally. The need for improved access to healthcare is especially critical for developing countries as theywere the worst affected in terms of healthcare service delivery by the pandemic. This study, which sought to assess healthcare accessibility in rural areas of Lesotho, is relevant because Lesotho is a country with high poverty levels, and most of the poor people in Lesotho live in the rural areas. The study employed a quantitative design and sampled 200 healthcare users from the rural areas of Lesotho to measure the dimensions of access to healthcare (which refer to the affordability, availability, acceptability and accessibility / accommodation of healthcare) on a 5-point Likert-type scale. The study’s findings showed that healthcare affordability remains a barrier to access in rural Lesotho. This was followed by accessibility and accommodation, then acceptability and availability of healthcare in rural Lesotho. The study then made recommendations to guide health policy makers in Lesotho.

Analisis Akuntabilitas Pengelolaan Dana Desa di Kadu Agung Kecamatan Gunungsari

Village Fund Management is one of the most important things in realizing the Vision and Mission of an area to improve the welfare of the community. The aim of this research is to find out an analysis of the accountability of village fund management in Kadu Agung, Gunungsari District, Banten Province. The research method used was qualitative by conducting direct observations and interviews with several employees and the community in Kadu Agung Village, Gunungsari District. Based on the results of research by conducting direct interviews, it shows that the village fund planning stages are in accordance with the regulations that have been implemented and only involve a few community leaders, but not all of them can be realized, the implementation stage has an implementation schedule and the realization is not entirely in accordance with the schedule even though the community has assisted. The accountability of Kadu Agung Village employees only has evidence in the form of receipts for purchasing goods and not the entire community knows about their accountability. The results of managing village funds in Kadu Agung are not in accordance with the needs and expectations of the community because many poor people do not receive assistance from the village, causing inequality between the community and the Kadu Agung Village.

Impact of Mudra Yojana on the Economic Development of Poor and Middle-class People in Chhattisgarh State

Impact of Mudra Yojana on the Economic Development of Poor and Middle-class People in Chhattisgarh State

Implementation of Distribution Non-Cash Food Aid (BPNT) in Reducing The Expenditure Burden of Poor Families Based on an Islamic Perspective

Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) is a central government program to help the poor who are food insecure. The purpose of this study is the implementation of non-cash food assistance expenditures in reducing the expenditure burden of poor families. This research uses a qualitative approach that produces descriptive data, by interviewing two poor people and one government. The data collection techniques applied are interviews, observation and documentation. The results of this study indicate that poverty reduction so far has only changed from the food subsidy system (Raskin / Rastra) with an in-kind scheme to the BPNT food assistance system with a non-cash scheme. each poor family receives assistance of Rp. 200,000, -. The implementation of the assistance program in reducing the expenditure burden of poor families reaches an effectiveness level of 66.57%, this shows "good enough" and can reduce the expenditure burden of poor families by 55%. This is in accordance with Islamic values, namely Nafs (soul), Maal (property), Nasab (offspring) in sharia. The implementation of the BPNT program in various regions has been quite effective but the implementation has not met the 6 Target principle (right target, quantity, time, price, quality, and administration). The main obstacle related to the achievement of the program's target is that the data on Beneficiary Families (KPM) has not been updated properly. In terms of food groups, the food assistance received by poor families classified as KPM participants is quite diverse but with a decreasing quantity over time.

Optimalisasi Pelayanan Masyarakat di Kelurahan Kilasah Kecamatan Kasemen Kota Serang dalam Mencapai Good Government

Community services that do not run optimally result in obstruction of the government regulatory system in the agency. It can also cause fatal problems, such as increasing complaints from people who experience inconvenience and their service rights are not fulfilled. In principle, community service is a determining factor in the quality of government and the welfare of all sub-district officials and the community. This happened in various subdistrict agencies in various regions, including in Kilasah Subdistrict, Kasemen District, Serang City. As for the physical condition of the Killah sub-district office, it still does not have a permanent and independent sub-district office building, limited competent human resources, minimal facilities and infrastructure, minimal number of community service administration staff. So this Community Service activity aims to help optimize community services in Kilasah Village. The steps taken in implementation are the observation, preparation, implementation and evaluation stages.This community service (PkM) activity runs smoothly, the PkM team can assist in community services such as compiling sub-district correspondence, assisting in collecting data on poor people for social service events, collecting data on MSME actors for assistance in making NIBs and product branding, create social media accounts for online community service, and as a forum for citizens' aspirations in an easy way, as well as other administration . This can realize the role of the Kilasah Subdistrict government as a progressive, innovative and optimal service provider. So that we can achieve the ideals of Good Government that are aspired to by all governments, especially Kilasah Village