Poor Level Of Knowledge Research Articles

Knowledge level of medical students and physicians about rare diseases in Lima, Peru.

Rare diseases (RDs) affect up to 8% of the world's population, and unfortunately, health professionals have a low level of knowledge regarding the impacts of RDs on the social, psychological, and economic spheres of the patients and their families; hence, RD management is inadequate, consistently empirical, and precarious. The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge level of the medical students from a non-state university and physicians from Lima, Peru of RDs through a virtual survey for an analytical cross-sectional study. A total of 338 medical students and 382 physicians were surveyed. Results showed that several of the respondents (68.1% of students and 48.7% of physicians) had heard of the term "rare disease", but only a few stated that they had received any kind of training specific to it. Of the physicians, 46.6% considered that there should be a course about RDs in medical curricula, and more than 60% considered RDs a public health problem. Most respondents prioritized the planning of a higher budget for common diseases and believe it is convenient to allocate a specific fund for RDs. More than half of the participants had a very poor knowledge level. Due to students and physicians' low level of general knowledge of RDs, it is important to raise awareness and improve their education about these pathologies because this will have beneficial effects for RD patient care.

Floating Shoulder with Scapulothoracic Dissociation: A Rare Case Report

Studies have shown that there is a strong association between diabetes mellitus and colorectal cancer. The risk of colorectal cancer is reported to be increased by 19% for people with diabetes mellitus. However, the knowledge and awareness regarding diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for colorectal cancer in the local community in Pahang was yet to be determined. Therefore, to start with, this study aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge and awareness of diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for colorectal cancer among IIUM Kuantan students, the sociodemographic characteristics contributing to the levels and the correlation of the level of knowledge and awareness. A total of 127 IIUM Kuantan students participated in this cross-sectional study by responding to a self-administered questionnaire that has been developed using the available literature on the association of diabetes mellitus and colorectal cancer. The questionnaire was first validated (I-CVI=1.00), and pilot study was also conducted to evaluate the reliability of the knowledge (α=0.788) and awareness (α=0.795) items using Cronbach’s alpha value. Then, data was collected throughout April 2022 by distributing the questionnaire through an online platform among the targeted participants. The results are analyzed with non-parametric tests: Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis test using the SPSS. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05 at a 95% confidence level. This study revealed a poor level of knowledge (n=82, 64.6%) and awareness (n=72, 56,7%) of diabetes mellitus as a risk factor of colorectal cancer among the IIUM Kuantan students. There was a moderate positive correlation between the level of knowledge and awareness of IIUM Kuantan students on diabetes mellitus as a risk factor of colorectal cancer (r=0.608, p<0.001). These levels of knowledge and awareness, however, were not significantly associated with any sociodemographic variables. Therefore, this study proves that there is a need to improve the knowledge and awareness of the IIUM Kuantan students. Hence, the university could take action by organizing programs to spread the knowledge on this issue to the students, in order to enhance their awareness of the risk of colorectal cancer by diabetes mellitus.

Knowledge and Awareness of Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor of Colorectal Cancer among International Islamic University Malaysia Kuantan Students

Studies have shown that there is a strong association between diabetes mellitus and colorectal cancer. The risk of colorectal cancer is reported to be increased by 19% for people with diabetes mellitus. However, the knowledge and awareness regarding diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for colorectal cancer in the local community in Pahang was yet to be determined. Therefore, to start with, this study aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge and awareness of diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for colorectal cancer among IIUM Kuantan students, the sociodemographic characteristics contributing to the levels and the correlation of the level of knowledge and awareness. A total of 127 IIUM Kuantan students participated in this cross-sectional study by responding to a self-administered questionnaire that has been developed using the available literature on the association of diabetes mellitus and colorectal cancer. The questionnaire was first validated (I-CVI=1.00), and pilot study was also conducted to evaluate the reliability of the knowledge (α=0.788) and awareness (α=0.795) items using Cronbach’s alpha value. Then, data was collected throughout April 2022 by distributing the questionnaire through an online platform among the targeted participants. The results are analyzed with non-parametric tests: Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis test using the SPSS. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05 at a 95% confidence level. This study revealed a poor level of knowledge (n=82, 64.6%) and awareness (n=72, 56,7%) of diabetes mellitus as a risk factor of colorectal cancer among the IIUM Kuantan students. There was a moderate positive correlation between the level of knowledge and awareness of IIUM Kuantan students on diabetes mellitus as a risk factor of colorectal cancer (r=0.608, p<0.001). These levels of knowledge and awareness, however, were not significantly associated with any sociodemographic variables. Therefore, this study proves that there is a need to improve the knowledge and awareness of the IIUM Kuantan students. Hence, the university could take action by organizing programs to spread the knowledge on this issue to the students, in order to enhance their awareness of the risk of colorectal cancer by diabetes mellitus.

The Relationship between Pregnant Women's Knowledge and the Incidence of Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a clinical syndrome that often occurs during pregnancy, characterized by hypertension, proteinuria, and edema after 20 weeks of gestation. Pregnant women's knowledge about this condition can affect early detection and proper management. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between pregnant women's knowledge and the incidence of preeclampsia. Methods: Descriptive study was conducted in RSUD Panyabungan, Mandailing Natal Regency. A total of 34 pregnant women were the subjects of the study. Data were collected through a questionnaire that measured the level of knowledge of pregnant women about preeclampsia. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the relationship between knowledge variables and the incidence of preeclampsia. Results: The majority of respondents had sufficient knowledge (55.9%), followed by good (23.5%) and poor (20.6%) knowledge levels. Statistical analysis showed a significant association between the knowledge of pregnant women and the incidence of preeclampsia (p < 0.05). However, no significant association was found between knowledge and risk factors such as age and parity (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Knowledge of pregnant women is associated with the incidence of preeclampsia. Education and counseling efforts to pregnant women need to be increased to improve their understanding of preeclampsia, so as to improve early detection and management of the condition.

Knowledge and Self-Reported Practice of Postnatal Mothers on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Prevention: A Cross-Sectional Study

AbstractThe word “Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)” is used for a sleeping infant, who has apparently been quite well, is found unexpectedly dead. There are varied discussions throughout the world trying to find the possible reasons and preventive measures toward these sudden deaths. However, limited studies are undertaken regarding knowledge of mothers related to SIDS. The present study aimed at identifying the knowledge gaps present among the postnatal mothers toward SIDS and assess their practices that may influence SIDS among infants. The research design was a descriptive cross-sectional design and a 107 postnatal mothers were recruited focusing on the aim of the study through purposive sampling technique. A structured knowledge questionnaire and self-reported practice checklist was prepared and validated from experts.The findings of the study revealed that the majority of subjects 57 (53.3%) had good knowledge with a mean score of 9.34 ± 1.83 (maximum score-15). The mean practice score on prevention of SIDS among subjects was 13.76 ± 1.13 (maximum score-16). There was no significant correlation between knowledge and practice (r = −0.38, p = 0.7). However, significant association was seen between knowledge on prevention of SIDS and baseline variables such as education (p = 0.001), occupation (p = 0.001), place of residence (p = 0.001), and family income (p = 0.01). Moreover, there was a significant association between self-reported practice and age of mothers (p = 0.03).The study findings showed good knowledge level among majority of the mothers and executed good practice toward care of the infant. However, 30.8% of the mothers had average to poor level of knowledge, which is significant and needs attention.

Knowledge of mothers regarding developmental milestones of infants: A Descriptive Cross-sectional study

Developmental milestones in children or infants are a certain set of skills or age-specific tasks. Missed or delayed milestones in infancy can be symptoms of serious medical conditions. If parents understand their children’s development, they can tailor their expectations and provide stimulation. This study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge regarding the development milestones of infants among mothers. A descriptive study was conducted on 100 mothers of neonates visiting pediatric OPD and gynecological unit (Postnatal Ward).A convenience sampling technique was used to collect data. More than half of mother’s i.e. 60% had an average level of knowledge, 22% of mothers had a poor level of knowledge and 18% of mothers had a good level of knowledge. Mothers had the highest (75.25%) mean knowledge percentage in general information followed by 53.33%, in developmental delay and least (37.50%) mean knowledge percentage in language development. The overall mean knowledge score is 10.240±2.40 and there is no association (p>0.05) between the knowledge level of mothers with selected demographic variables. It is concluded that the majority of the mothers of neonates had average knowledge regarding developmental milestones.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards monkeypox during the 2022 outbreak: An online cross-sectional survey among clinicians in Ohio, USA

BackgroundControlling monkeypox effectively requires clinicians have knowledge of monkeypox, attitudes supporting of controlling it, and intentions to adopt practices to address it. Little is known, however, about levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) in clinician populations in Ohio, United States. MethodsA cross-sectional, internet-based questionnaire assessed knowledge related to monkeypox, attitudes toward ability to control monkeypox and the threat of monkeypox, and prior relevant practices of having received a smallpox vaccine or having knowledge of monkeypox before 2022, intentions to adopt preventive practices, and demographics. Frequency reporting was used to assess overall knowledge and attitudes. Binary logistic regression was used to predict which KAPs were associated with behavioral intentions. ResultsA total of 197 clinicians participated. No demographic factor was associated with KAPs. Clinicians had relatively poor levels of knowledge. Participants expressed mixed attitudes about eventual control of monkeypox and about threat posed by monkeypox. About one in four participants reported previous knowledge of monkeypox, and about 40 % had received a smallpox vaccine Clinicians reported insufficient levels of intention to adopt preventive practices. Binary regression analysis suggests only perceptions of the threat of monkeypox to public health were associated with intentions to vaccinate self or others. ConclusionsEducational interventions with clinicians should address inadequate knowledge to support correct diagnosis and treatment. Efforts to enhance the perception of threat of monkeypox to public health may support adherence to preventive recommendations.

Knowledge and practice of Rotavirus Vaccination among Rural mothers having children Under 5 years of age residing in Parandur village – A Cross sectional study

BACKGROUND: Children are a vulnerable group in the society. They need special care to survive with good health. Rotavirus is one of the leading causes of diarrhoea among children under 5 years of age. It is responsible for approximately 37% of all diarrhoea-associated hospitalizations and 2,15,000 deaths annually.OBJECTIVES: To assess the level of knowledge and utilisation of Rotavirus vaccination among Rural mothers having children Under five years of age.METHODOLOGY: A Cross sectional study was conducted among 112 rural mothers having children under five years of age with a structured and validated questionnaire. The results were analysed using SPSS version 21.RESULTS: This study showed that Rural mothers with children under the age of five had poor level of knowledge regarding Rotavirus immunisation and more than half of them had not vaccinated their children when due. Younger maternal age, maternal illiteracy and low socioeconomic status were associated with low level of knowledge and poor vaccination status. Lack of Mothers' knowledge of Rotavirus vaccination and their vaccination status of their kids was found to have a very strong negative correlation.CONCLUSION: The study reveals the urgency in need of health education and motivation of the general public regarding Rotavirus vaccination, which will in turn help in high vaccination rates of the same and prevention of Rotavirus infections.

Knowledge of Household Contacts of Diabetic Patients about the Disease

Background: Diabetes is a complex, chronic illness requiring continuous medical care with multifactorial risk-reduction strategies beyond glycemic control. Ongoing patients and their household care givers self-management education and support are critical to preventing acute complications and reducing the risk of long-term complications
 Objectives: To assess the knowledge of household contacts about different aspects of diabetes and determine factors affecting it.
 Subjects and methods: Cross sectional analytic design was conducted in Buraidah city, North central Saudi Arabia among a sample of household contacts of diabetic patients (Type 1 or 2) attending Buraidah diabetic center throughout the period of the study. A valid self-administered questionnaire including question about socio-demographic characteristics of the participants, patient’s diabetic characteristics and knowledge questions regarding diabetes was used for data collection.
 Results: The study included 422 household contacts of diabetic patients. The age of 44% of the participants was ranging between 20 and 39 years. Females represent 55.2% of them. Almost two-thirds of the participants (64.4%) expressed adequate level of knowledge about diabetes whereas 12.6% had poor level of knowledge. Their main source of information about diabetes was physicians (56.9%), followed by books/social media (23.9%). Household contacts aged between 20 and 39 years, singles, postgraduate educated, working, being sons and parents of patients were more knowledgeable about diabetes compared to their counterparts. Participants whose patients had more duration of diabetes, family support, and no foot fungal infection were more knowledgeable about the disease. With increasing in the level of HbA1c% among diabetic patients, the knowledge of household contacts about the disease decreased, p<0.001.
 Conclusion: Knowledge of household contacts of diabetic patients in Buraidh city, Saudi Arabia about diabetes was overall adequate with some identified deficient facts. The increase in the level of knowledge was accompanied with more glycemic control.

To Assess the Effectiveness of Information Booklet About Perimenopausal Symptoms and Coping Strategies Adopted By Class Iv Workers In AVBRH

Background: The researcher observed a knowledge gap among the female class IV employees of Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital, Sawangi (Meghe) Wardha, regarding perimenopausal symptoms and coping mechanisms. Many of them stated how unpleasant it was to carry out regular tasks while experiencing menopausal symptoms. The researchers came to the conclusion that in order to assist these class IV employees in their everyday lives, it is important for them to understand perimenopausal symptoms and the tactics that may be used by them to manage these symptoms.Method: The plan was implemented using an interventional method. Data were collected using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. 46 ladies at Sawangi (M) Wardha's AVBRH have been selected to take part in the study.Result: 2.17 percent of class IV workers had poor levels of knowledge, while 97.83 percent had average levels, according to the knowledge table for women. Scores on the preliminary knowledge exam varied from four to ten, with four representing the lowest score and ten representing the highest. The average pretest knowledge scores were 8.13, 1.27 and 40.65, 6.37, respectively, while the average knowledge score percentage was 8.13, 1.27.Conclusion: The research revealed that most women over 45 have an average degree of awareness (47%) of female perimenopausal syndrome. Thus, study hypothesis is accepted. This shows that women who are 45 years of age and older are well-informed about female perimenopausal syndrome.

KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEF OF MALE POPULATION TOWARDS MENSTRUATION

Background: Menstruation is a normal physiological phenomenon that indicates the sign of motherhood and continuation of generation. Knowledge and awareness about menstruation among males is equally important to overcome the negative beliefs and ill menstrual health of females. Objective: To assess the knowledge and beliefs regarding menstruation among males at Chandernagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Methodology: Quantitative research approach with descriptive design was used to assess knowledge and beliefs regarding menstruation among males. A total of 500 men above the age of 18 years were included in the study by using consecutive sampling technique. The study was conducted for a period of two months from 1st January 2022 to 28th February 2022. The data was collected for 6 days in a week. The Self structured questionnaires to assess Knowledge and Belief of men towards menstruation were used for data collection. Results: The mean age of study participants was 40.63 ± 11.58. The result of present study reveals that most of the subjects (approx. 41%) had poor and intermediate level of knowledge and rest of the subjects (17.6%) had good level of knowledge. Most of the subjects (81.2%) had negative belief and the remaining subjects (18.8%) had positive belief towards menstruation. A strong positive correlation (r=0.04) was found between knowledge and belief towards menstruation among males at p value = 0.01. Conclusion: These findings highlight the need to improve knowledge and to erase negative mentalities regarding menstruation among males to improve health of the women and girls over the globe.

Food hygiene knowledge, attitude and practices among food handlers in Calabar Municipal, Cross River State, Nigeria

Background: The risk of foodborne diseases increase with poor food handling practices. Unsafe food leads to the spread of diseases which increases morbidity and occasionally mortality, significantly impeding public health. This study was aimed to determine food hygiene knowledge, attitude, and practices among food handlers in Calabar Municipal, Cross River State, Nigeria. Methods: A total of 156 food handlers were randomly selected and interviewed using a structured pretested questionnaire. Direct observation of environment and hygiene practices while handling or serving the food was also done. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis and testing associations using Chi square test. Results: The finding of the study revealed that majority 135(86.6%) of the food handlers had good knowledge of food safety and hygiene. Most 134(86%) of the respondents also had good level of practice of food hygiene. Majority 118(75.6%) were also found to have good attitude towards food hygiene. but few still had poor practice. The proportion who had good food hygiene practice was higher among handlers with good food hygiene knowledge levels compared to those with poor knowledge levels, (87.3% versus 66.6%) and the difference was statically significant (P =0.002). Moderately sanitary food vending environments were also observed in the study. Conclusion: Good food hygiene practices is associated with good knowledge levels. We recommend health education courses/ workshops for food handlers as a requirement for commencement of food vending business. Continuous monitoring and periodic training is also essential in order to improve knowledge, attitude and practice towards food safety.

The Effect of Maternal Education and Knowledge on Stunting Incidence in Toddlers in Paya Baro Village, Meureubo District, West Aceh Regency

Maternal education and knowledge have an important role in influencing the incidence of stunting which is at risk from the mother's pregnancy to the first thousand days of life. The problem is the high stunting rate in Paya Baro village, which reaches 10.18%. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence between education and knowledge variables on stunting events in Paya Baro Village, Meureubo District, West Aceh Regency. This research method uses an analytical quantitative method which is used to analyze the influence of education and knowledge of toddler mothers on stunting events with a sample of 50 pregnant women in Paya baro village, Meureubo District, West Aceh Regency and the results obtained were presented in table form. The results can be seen characteristics based on the education of pregnant women as much as (39.1%) not going to school (17.4%) elementary education (13%) junior high school education (13%) high school education (17.4%) undergraduates. Meanwhile, the knowledge of mothers with a good level of knowledge (34.5%) and a poor level of knowledge as much as (43.75). The education variables of pregnant women have a meaningful relationship with the incidence of stunting p = value <0.001 and there is a meaningful influence between the knowledge of pregnant women on the incidence of stunting p = value <0.003. Conclusion there is an influence of maternal education and knowledge on the incidence of stunting in toddlers in Paya Baro Village, Meureubo District, Aceh Regency having an increased risk of stunting problems due to low levels of education and poor knowledge can increase stunting in children. It is hoped that policymakers can improve stunting prevention programs through community empowerment.

The internal communication plan as an instrument for the implementation of HIV/Aids policy in a hospital

This study addresses the internal communication problems of a hospital with regard tothe implementation of the HIV/AIDS-policy within a diverse workforce.The research was conducted to determine how well nursing and service health workersat a hospital in North West had been informed about the HIV/AIDS policy of the hospital.It also aimed to determine what suggestions these staff members as well as the staffrepresentatives of each department had as regards the communication andimplementation of the HIV/AIDS policy in the hospital.The results of the questionnaires and interviews indicate that the nursing and servicehealth workers of the hospital have poor levels of knowledge of the content of theHIV/AIDS policy and that their communication needs are not met in the implementationof the existing HIV/AIDS policy. Recommendations are made with respect to thedevelopment of an internal communication plan to improve the implementation of theHIV/AIDS policy of the hospital.

Knowledge and Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Disease Among Women Attending Antenatal Care at Arua Regional Referral Hospital, Arua, Uganda

Background Hepatitis B is a highly infectious disease with a prevalence of 4.3% among people aged 15-64 years, with a prevalence of 5.6% in men compared to 3.1% in women in Uganda. Mother-to-child transmission accounts for nearly 50% of new cases per year, and infants who acquire hepatitis B disease before 5 years have a 90% chance of progressing to chronic hepatitis B infection. Objective The study assessed the knowledge and risk factors of hepatitis B disease among women attending antenatal care (ANC) at Arua Regional Referral Hospital (ARRH), Uganda. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out at ANC at ARRH. Convenience sampling was used, and a sample size of 384 was calculated. Each participant was evaluated using a structured questionnaire and screened for HBsAg using commercial rapid test kits. Assessment of knowledge was performed using a hepatitis B basic knowledge summary score. Data analysis was carried out using MICROSOFT EXCEL-2013 and STATA version 14 packages. Results Poor knowledge levels of hepatitis B disease stood at 17.9%, while 82.1% of the pregnant women had adequate knowledge. A prevalence of 2.05% was obtained from the participants in the study. None of the assessed risk factors was significantly associated with HBsAg positivity. Conclusions The study participants were knowledgeable to a great extent about hepatitis B disease, with 82.1% exhibiting good knowledge of hepatitis B disease. There are gaps in knowledge, especially among the low educated groups, which need to be addressed to improve knowledge levels of hepatitis B disease among these categories in the community. The results show a relatively healthy population given the low prevalence of 2.05% seen in the participants of the study. The absence of a risk factor associated with hepatitis B disease in this study does not imply that there are no risk factors in the community around ARRH. Further studies are recommended to assess more risk factors for hepatitis B disease in the community

Ability of Form Four Students on Food Test Laboratory Practicals in the Selected Secondary Schools in Tanzania

This study sought to assess the understanding of form four students on food test practical in the selected secondary schools in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania. Food test is one of the fundamental skills to be acquired by biology secondary education students. The study involved 252 form four students in from four secondary schools within the vicinity of Morogoro Municipality. Data collection was done by the researcher during teaching practice assessment period, June to July 2022 using food test practical test. The test of 35 items was constructed and validated by the researcher. The overall mean score was 12.0 (34.1%) means that on overage selected students have a “D” class, which means poor knowledge level on food test. An analysis of independent samples t-test based on sex at α=0.05 produced a ρ of 0.233 and a t-value of 0.373, hence failed to reject the null hypothesis. To have a broader understanding of students’ ability on food test laboratory practicals and attempt generalization through replication of findings, it is advised that a second study with larger samples across the country be conducted.

Chorioamnionitis and Its Complications: A Cross-Sectional Study to Assess the Awareness of Married Women in Jeddah.

Background: Chorioamnionitis (CA) is a common pregnancy complication characterized by inflammation of the placental membranes and chorion. To our knowledge, there are limited studies evaluating the awareness of CA and its complications among women in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to determine the awareness of married women in Jeddah toward CA and its complications.Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2021 and August 2021. It involved 406 women who were or have been married in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Data were obtained via an online survey and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 24 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Different statistical tests were used for data analysis, including percentages, mean, frequency, and chi-square. Content validity and reliability were checked. Based on a woman's knowledge score, the score was classified into three levels: good knowledge level (score: 9-12), fair knowledge level (score: 5-8), and poor knowledge level (score: 0-4).Results: Of the total number of women who participated in the study, most of them had a poor knowledge score about CA complications (49.95%), and only 8.1% had good knowledge. Among the women, 25% had previously heard about CA, while only 2.5% were diagnosed with CA, and 50% of these women delivered by cesarean section. Analysis showed a significant relationship between women who had CA and their birth method (p = 0.000). However, there was a nonsignificant difference between the females' knowledge and their age (p = 0.297), or their level of education (p = 0.099).Conclusion: The study concluded that there was a poor level of knowledge regarding CA and its complications among women who experienced pregnancy.

Impact of Educational Interventions on the Awareness Regarding Hospital Infection Control Practices Among the Medical Students

Background: More than 1.4 million people all over the world are suffering from infections acquired during hospital stays . Awareness regarding infection prevention and control techniques are important to reduce the burden of such infections, ensuring better quality healthcare. Infection control education is a core component of infection control programs. Objectives: To assess the knowledge and awareness of Medical students in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Central India and to evaluate the impact of educational interventions in eliminating any existing gaps in the same. Methods: This interventional study based on self-administered questionnaires (Google forms) involved fifty medical Students who were administered a pre-structured validated questionnaire as pre-test and post-test before and after an induction training program on infection prevention & control measures. The impact of the educational intervention was evaluated by determining the learning gain. Result: The study reveals a highly significant improvement in knowledge levels after training sessions (p<0.0001). Before training most of the study subjects (68%) showed poor levels of knowledge, 22% exhibited moderate levels while only 10% were found to have good levels of knowledge. After training 36% of trainees showed good levels of knowledge, 40% exhibited moderate levels while only 24% were left with poor knowledge. Conclusion: While evaluating the impact of training in this study, we have found a statistically significant absolute learning gain and a medium level of class average normalized learning gain. These findings prove the effectiveness of such targeted training sessions as an important strategic tool in preventing healthcare-associated infections.

Oral health in visually impaired patients: a literature review.

Even though oral diseases are highly prevalent in people with visual impairment (VI) and this population faces access barriers to dental services and is exposed to risk factors that increase their vulnerability, the existing literature on oral health in this population is scarce. To conduct a literature review in order to describe studies on oral health in persons with VI and provide health care professionals who treat and educate these patients with relevant information. This is a literature review with a descriptive approach. A total of 26 original articles were included. The selected studies were published in the last six years (2014-March 2020) in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. The search was conducted in the Virtual Health Library, SciELO, PubMed, Scopus, and Clinical Key databases. Keywords combined with Boolean operators "AND" and "OR" were used. Few studies address the use of dental services by people with VI. There is evidence of poor levels of knowledge on oral health and related practices, which increases vulnerability to risk factors for developing diseases compared to the general population. Caries and periodontal disease are reported as the most prevalent oral diseases. Health promotion and education intervention should involve parents, caregivers, and guardians to increase the success rate. People with VI may develop oral diseases easily; therefore, they require dental care and health promotion interventions adapted to their needs.

Assessment Level of Knowledge about Supplementary Polio Immunization in Mothers Presenting to Pediatric Population

Introduction: Humans are the only known reservoir of polio virus. Polio virus infection in humans can cause a crippling paralysis in a fraction of the infected patients. Due to permanent nature of the paralysis, low mutation rate of the virus, restriction of polio virus to human hosts and overall feasibility of polio eradication, the polio virus became the target of aggressive vaccination campaigns via supplemental polio immunization (SPI) across the world for more than two decades. To determine the level of knowledge about supplementary polio immunization in mothers presenting to pediatric Population. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Pediatric Department, OPD, District General hospital Timergara from 29-04-2021 to 29-7-2022. Through a descriptive, cross-sectional study design, 216 mothers of children aged 0-5 years, accompanying their children to the pediatric OPD, were included in the study through a consecutive manner and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Results: In this study 216 mothers were included. Mean age of the mothers was 30.97 years. Most mothers had average level of knowledge (48.6%) while 30.6% had poor level of knowledge regarding supplementary polio immunization. Most common religion was Islam (96.3%). Illiteracy was the most common educational status (32.9%) followed by secondary (22.7%) and primary (19.4%) education. Majority (58.8%) of mothers were housewives. Pearson Chi Square test for Level of Knowledge wise stratification of Educational Status of the mother gave a value of 2=45.793 and was significant at p<0.05. Level of Knowledge wise stratification of Religion of the mother had 9 cells (75%) with expected count less than 5. Level of Knowledge wise stratification of Occupational status of the mother had 2=10.148 with p=0.11(i.e.>0.05). Finally, the Level of Knowledge wise stratification of Age groups of mothers had 2=2.87 with p=0.94(i.e. >0.05). Conclusion: Level of Knowledge of mothers regarding supplementary polio immunization is significantly associated with maternal educational status Keywords: Polio, supplementary polio immunization, polio drops