Poor Health Behaviors Research Articles

Correlates of Discordance between Perceived and Objective Distances to Local Fruit and Vegetable Retailers.

Background: Perceptions of neighbourhood attributes such as proximity of food retailers that are discordant with objective measures of the same are associated with poor health behaviours and weight gain. Factors associated with discordant perceptions are likely relevant to planning more effective interventions to improve health. Purpose: Analysis of cross-sectional relationships between individual and neighbourhood factors and overestimations of walking distances to local fruit/vegetable retailers (FVR). Methods: Perceived walking times, converted to distances, between participant residences and FVR were compared with objectively-assessed road network distances calculated with a Geographic Information System for n = 1305 adults residing in Adelaide, South Australia. Differences between perceived and objective distances were expressed as ‘overestimated’ distances and were analysed relative to perceptions consistent with objective distances. Cross-sectional associations were evaluated between individual socio-demographic, health, and area-level characteristics and overestimated distances to FVR using multilevel logistic regression. Results: Agreement between objective and perceived distances between participants’ residence and the nearest FVR was only fair (weighted kappa = 0.22). Overestimated distances to FVR were positively associated with mental well-being, and were negatively associated with household income, physical functioning, sense of community, and objective distances to greengrocers. Conclusions: Individual characteristics and features of neighbourhoods were related to overestimated distances to FVR. Sense of connectivity and shared identity may shape more accurate understandings of local resource access, and offer a focal point for tailored public health initiatives that bring people together to achieve improved health behaviour.

Abstract MP01: Cardiovascular Health Behavior and Health Factor Trends (1999-2014) and Projections to 2050: Results From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) death rates have plateaued. Hence, strategic targets to achieve reduction in CVD death rates set by the American Heart Association (20% by 2020) and others are at risk. Public health initiatives are urgently needed to refocus prevention of CVD in terms of cardiovascular health (CVH) and reduce disparities in CVH. Therefore, we sought to describe US CVH trends from 1999-2014 and forecast to 2050. Methods: We included a representative sample of 39,835 cardiovascular disease-free, non-institutionalized US adults aged ≥20 years. We calculated population prevalence of ideal, intermediate, and poor health behaviors (smoking, diet, physical activity, and body mass index) and health factors (glucose, cholesterol, and blood pressure) and individual-level composite CVH score including all 7 metrics (0-14 points) by sex, race/ethnicity, and education level as a proxy for socioeconomic status. We created forecasts to 2030 and 2050 assuming that observed trends might continue in a linear fashion. Results: Improvements from 1999-2014 in population levels of ideal blood pressure (29 to 38%) and cholesterol (43 to 50%) have been offset by declines in prevalence of ideal body weight (33 to 25%) and glucose (61 to 48%) in men with similar patterns in women and across race and education. Mean CVH score is projected to decline in all adults (men [7.5→6.9], women [7.5→6.8], blacks [7.1→6.0], whites [7.6→6.8], high school education or less [7.1→6.3], and some college education or more [7.9→6.8]) from 2013-2014 to 2050.The figure shows population prevalence by education level of poor, intermediate, and ideal levels of CVH metrics in 2013-2014 and projected prevalence for 2030 and 2050. Discussion: Encouraging progress in cholesterol and blood pressure in recent decades has been negated by persistent disparities and declines in composite CVH. The sobering predictions for 2030 and beyond highlight an urgent need for more effective prevention policies for equitable achievement of ideal CVH.

Cumulative Risk Factors Associated with Food Insecurity among Adults who Experience Homelessness.

There is a dearth of research on the determinants of food insecurity among adults who experience homelessness. According to cumulative risk theory, it is the accumulation of risk factors that places individuals in jeopardy for negative health consequences. Building on the cumulative risk theory, domain specific indices were created to examine the relationship between four cumulative risk factors and food insecurity among adults who experience homelessness. Adult participants were recruited from six-area shelters in Oklahoma City (N = 565) during July - August 2016. Participants who affirmatively responded to two-six items of the six-item USDA Food Security Scale-Short form were categorized as food insecure. Four indices of cumulative risk were created based on affirmative survey responses: poor health & risky health behaviors index, personal and sexual victimization index, household disruption, and financial strain. Covariate-adjusted logistic regression models predicted the odds of adults experiencing food insecurity. Seventy-eight percent of the sample experienced food insecurity. Higher scores for the poor health and risky health behaviors index predicted higher odds of experiencing food insecurity (OR = 1.80, CI: 1.51 - 2.14). Higher scores for the personal and sexual victimization index predicted higher odds of experiencing food insecurity (OR = 1.57, CI: 1.20 - 2.04). To facilitate food security among adults experiencing homelessness, shelters and community-based programs need to consider homelessness and food insecurity to be multi-faceted public health problems that are inter-related.

Youth self-reported health and their experience of parental incarceration.

Mass incarceration is becoming one of this country's most detrimental public health problems. Children are particularly affected by this phenomenon, as parental incarceration is associated with a host of adverse outcomes, including children's engagement in health-risk behaviors that may negatively influence their mental and physical health. This study compares physical health indicators of youth with currently and formerly incarcerated parents with youth with no history of parental incarceration. Using cross-sectional data from the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey (MSS), this secondary data analysis examined behavioral indicators of physical health among 8th, 9th, and 11th grade students (N = 119,029). Self-reported behavioral indicators of physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, fast food consumption, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, and sleep were assessed. We also included a measure of perceived overall health. Logistic regression models controlling for demographic characteristics compared youth with currently and formerly incarcerated parents to youth with no history of parental incarceration. As predicted, parental incarceration was significantly associated with lower levels of healthy behaviors and higher levels of unhealthy behaviors. Contrary to expectations, youth with currently incarcerated parents did not differ significantly from youth with formerly incarcerated parents. Parental incarceration was associated with youth engagement in health risk behaviors, even if the parent was not currently incarcerated. These results suggest parental incarceration is associated with poor health behaviors that have implications for future health, and emphasizes the need for practitioners and policymakers to focus on interventions for this high-risk group of children and their families. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Incorporating Exercise Professionals in Mental Health Settings: An Australian Perspective

ABSTRACT Low rates of physical activity, in addition to other poor physical health behaviors, contribute to lower quality of life and increased rates of premature mortality for people living with mental illness. Physical activity reduces this mortality gap while simultaneously improving mood, cognitive function, and symptomology for a variety of psychiatric disorders. While physical activity programs are feasible and acceptable in this population, significant barriers exist that limit long-term adherence. Accredited exercise physiologists (AEPs) are best-placed in Australia to lead physical activity interventions for people living with mental illness. Additionally, AEPs provide an important role in improving culture change within mental health settings by influencing clinicians' attitudes to physical activity interventions. Leading international mental health organizations should collaborate and promote the role of physical activity to increase the provision of such services to people living with mental illness.

The Impact of Work Organization, Job Stress, and Sleep on the Health Behaviors and Outcomes of U.S. Long-Haul Truck Drivers.

Background. Compared with other occupations, long-haul truck drivers (LHTD) engage in excessively unhealthy behaviors and experience disproportionately poor health outcomes. Health promotion efforts targeting LHTDs focus on improving individual-level behaviors; however, this occupation is replete with adverse work organization characteristics, high job stress, and compromised sleep health, which are hypothesized to cause poor health behaviors and outcomes among LHTDs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the connections between work characteristics, job stress, and sleep outcomes, and health behaviors and physical and mental health outcomes among LHTDs. Method. This was a cross-sectional study, using interviewer-administered surveys with LHTDs (n = 260). Bivariate correlation analysis was used to explore the associations among work organization, job stress, sleep health, and health behaviors and outcomes. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine whether these work organization, job stress, and sleep factors predicted health behaviors and outcomes. Results. Long work hours of more than 11 hours daily (odds ratio [OR] = 2.34) resulted in increased odds of high caffeine consumption. High job stress (OR = 0.48) and poor sleep quality (OR = 0.42) led to decreased odds for spending at least 1 hour daily for cooking/eating. Low sleep duration, less than 7 hours daily (OR = 2.55), led to increased odds of a physical health diagnosis. Both high job stress (OR = 3.58) and poor sleep quality (OR = 2.22) resulted in increased odds of a mental health diagnosis. Conclusion. Health promotion efforts targeting LHTDs need to be coupled with upstream policy, environmental, and systems-level change, especially at the governmental and trucking industry levels.

Exploring the Relationship Between Foster Care Experiences and HIV Risk Behaviors Among a Sample of Homeless Former Foster Youth.

Recent research shows high rates of poor behavioral health outcomes among homeless former foster youth, including increased risk for HIV-risk behaviors. In the current study, data were collected from 184 youth at drop-in centers in Los Angeles using behavioral health questionnaires to explore the relationships between specific aspects of foster care experiences and engagement in HIV-risk behaviors. Results indicated that youth whose first homelessness experience occurred before leaving foster care were significantly more likely to engage in drug use with sex and exchange sex than those whose first homelessness experience occurred after leaving foster care. Intervention services targeting HIV-risk behaviors should consider the aspects of foster care placements that may increase the risk of these behaviors, such as long periods of placement or experiencing homelessness before exiting foster care, as well as those that may decrease the risk of these behaviors, such as exiting placement at an older age.

Sleep and obesity: the mediating role of health behaviors among African Americans

ObjectivesTo examine the role of health behaviors (eg, physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and diet) in the relationship between sleep (ie, duration and quality) and BMI among African American adults. DesignA cross-sectional self-report questionnaire included questions related to health and health-related behaviors. SettingThis study was based on data from the CHURCH study, which aimed to address cancer health disparities among church-going African Americans in Houston, TX. ParticipantsAfrican American adults were recruited from three large community churches. The sample included a total of 1837 participants (75.2% female; mean age 48.2 ± 13.7y; mean BMI 32.0 ± 7.5 kg/m2). MeasurementsLinear regression models and path analyses controlling for demographic characteristics and depression estimated the associations between sleep and BMI as well as the mediating roles of health behaviors. ResultsThe average self-reported sleep duration was 6.2 ± 1.5 h/night with 61%, 35.8%, and 1.6% reporting short (≤6 h/night), normal (7–9 h/night), and long sleep (≥10 h/night), respectively. Short sleep was related to greater BMI (b = 1.37, SE = 0.38, P = .01), and the relationship was mediated by sedentary behaviors (est. = 0.08, SE = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.17). ConclusionsShort sleep and poor quality sleep was related to poor diet and physical activity-related health behaviors, and BMI. The link between sleep and obesity is, in part, due to energy imbalance from increased sedentary behavior.

27. ‘It Is This Which Is Normal’ A Qualitative Study On Women’s Experiences With Child Marriage And Health In Conakry, Guinea

Child marriage, a union before age 18, has been associated with poor health behaviors and outcomes in quantitative literature, yet limited research qualitatively explores women’s health experiences in child marriage. The purpose of this study was to investigate how women married as children in Conakry, Guinea, where more than 50% of women marry before age 18, perceive their health as related to their child marriages. This qualitative study used grounded theory. A purposive sample of girls and women who married before age 18 participated in in-depth interviews (N=19). Interviews were conducted in French or a local language and ranged from 45 to 90 minutes. Open coding was used to categorize data and identify key themes. Informed consent was received from participants and ethical board approval was provided by the Harvard Longwood Institutional Review Board and Guinea’s National Council for Health Research. Two overarching themes and nine sub-themes emerged. Participants described their perceptions of the negative health outcomes they experienced as related to their child marriages. Interviews revealed women perceived their mental health, sexual and reproductive health, and physical health were negatively impacted by their marriages. Participants also described their perceptions of health benefits they experienced as related to their child marriages. Benefits identified included good health, increased access to health care, and childbearing practices. Understanding that women married before age 18 perceive both disadvantages and benefits to their health contributes to a narrative currently missing from literature. Research, practice, and policy addressing child marriage and women’s health needs to intentionally incorporate the perspective of women impacted.

Health behaviors and related disparities of insured adults with a health care provider in the United States, 2015–2016

Health care providers are in a unique position to address patients' health behaviors and social determinants of health, factors like income and social support that can significantly impact health. There is a need to better understand the risk behaviors of a population that providers may counsel (i.e., those who are insured and have a provider.) Using the 2015 and 2016 CDC's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we examine the prevalence of health behaviors and the existence of disparities in health behaviors based on social determinants among American adults. Our sample included noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 to 64 years, in the U.S. (N > 300,000). We used multivariate logistic regression analysis to assess the independent effects of income, education, sex, race, and metropolitan status on nine key health behaviors.Among adults with insurance and a provider (n > 200,000): 1) rates of engaging in poor health behaviors ranged from 6.4% (heavy drinking) to 68.1% (being overweight or obese), 2) rural residence, lower income, and lower education were associated with decreased clinical preventive services, 3) lower income and lower education were associated with lifestyle-related risks, and 4) being black was associated with receiving more cancer screenings, no influenza vaccination, inadequate physical activity, and being overweight or obese.Insured adults, with a provider, are not meeting recommended guidelines for health behaviors. Significant disparities in health behaviors related to social factors exist among this group. Health care providers and organizations may find it helpful to consider these poor health behaviors and disparities when determining strategies to address SDOH.

Determinants of Recurrence and Death in HIV-Malaria Co-Infection Patients in Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia

Background : Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the important public health problems in the world which causes death of more than 35 million people annually. HIV infection is often associated with several comorbidities caused by the presence of endemic infectious diseases in certain regions, one of them is malaria. Analyzing the survival of HIV / AIDS patients malaria coinfection is based on risk factors for recurrence and death due to malaria. This study aimed to examine the determinants of recurrence and death in HIV-malaria co-infection patients in Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia. Subje cts an d Met hod : This was a retrospective cohort study conducted in the VCT room at Dok II Regional General Hospital, Jayapura, Papua Province, Indonesia, from May to June 2018. A sample of 183 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was recurrence. The independent variables were drug taking adherence, nutritional status, economic status, use of mosquito nets, spraying residues in the house, healthy hygiene behavior, co-infection with malaria. The data were obtained from medical record. The other data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed using path analysis. Results : The risk of recurrence in PLWH co-infected with malaria decreased with ARV treatment adherence (b= -2.17; 95% CI= -3.24 to -1.09; p 95 %) (b= -1.88; 95% CI= -2.58 to -1.19; p 95%) (b= -2.08; 95% CI= -3.02 to -1.14; p 5) (b= -1.43; 95% CI= -2.15 to -0.70; p<0.001). The risk of death in PLWHA co-infected with malaria increased with low income (<Rp 2,000,000) (b = 3.06; 95% CI= 2.04 to 4.07; p <0.001), poor health behavior (mean <5) (b= 1.66; 95% CI= 0.92 to 2.40; p <0.001), and poor nutritional status (b = 2.10; 95% CI= 1.44 to 2.76; p <0.001). Conclusions : The risk of recurrence in PLWHA co-infected with malaria increases with low income, poor health behavior, and poor nutritional status, but decreases with adherence to ARV treatment and Cotrimoxazole treatment. The risk of death of PLWHA coinfected with malaria increases with low income, poor health behavior, and poor nutritional status, but decreases with adherence to ARV treatment. Keywords : recurrence, co-infection, HIV/AIDS, malaria, death, path analysis, people with HIV/AIDS Correspondence: Dian Winiarti. Masters Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta, Central Java 57126, Indonesia. Email: Dianwiniarti@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281344266960. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health, 2019, 4(3): 138-155 https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2019.04.03.01

Neural correlates of altered emotion regulation in obesity

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with poor health behaviors, including low utilization of Veteran Health Affairs (VHA) weight loss programs. It is not known if clinically meaningful PTSD improvement is associated with increased use of weight loss programs.Medical record data was obtained from VHA patients who received PTSD specialty care between Fiscal Year (FY) 2008 to FY2012. Clinically meaningful PTSD improvement was defined as ≥20 point PTSD Checklist (PCL) decrease between the first PCL ≥ 50 and a second PCL at least 8 weeks later and within 12 months of the first PCL. Eligible patients, n = 993, were followed through FY2015. Propensity scores and inverse probability of exposure weighting controlled confounding. Cox proportional hazard models estimated the association between clinically meaningful PCL decrease and weight loss clinic utilization. Supplemental analysis compared both PTSD groups vs. no PTSD.Patients were 44.8 (SD ±14) years of age, 88.9% male and 66.8% white. Patients with vs. without a clinically meaningful PCL decrease were more likely to use a weight loss clinic (HR = 1.37; 95%CI:1.02–1.85). Among those with a weight loss encounter, PCL decrease was not associated with the number of encounters (RR = 1.13; 95%CI:0.70–1.81). Compared to no PTSD, patients with PTSD improvement had more weight loss encounters.Large improvements in PTSD are associated with increased utilization of weight loss programs, and PTSD is not a barrier to seeking weight loss counseling. Research to understand why improvement in PTSD is not related to better weight loss outcomes is needed.

Primary health care services for patients with chronic disease in Newfoundland and Labrador: a descriptive analysis.

Newfoundland and Labrador has a rapidly aging population, much of which is rural, with poor health behaviours and high rates of chronic disease. These factors contribute to a unique challenge in health care delivery. Our aim was to describe the availability of publicly funded primary health care programs and services delivered by regional health authorities across the province. We performed a descriptive analysis using data from a cross-sectional provincial primary health care survey deployed across Newfoundland and Labrador. Survey data included location, disease-specific chronic disease prevention programming, types of routine primary care, allied health prevention and promotion, chronic disease prevention and management services, and team-based care. The mode of service delivery was identified for most programs and services. Surveys were returned by 153 sites (99.4% response rate). Family physician services were available at 66% of sites (95/145) and nurse practitioner services were available at 51% (74/144) of sites. Many sites offered screening for cervical (60%, 86/144), colon (42%, 59/142) and prostate cancers (43%, 60/141), in addition to various self-management and education services. Allied health services, such as clinical nutrition counselling (47%, 68/46) and occupational therapy (46%, 68/147), were available at many sites. Available health care services were most often offered by on-site staff, and few sites provided primary health care services through telehealth. Overall, rural sites offered a greater variety of services than urban sites. Considerable variability exists in the range of primary health care services available across Newfoundland and Labrador, with limited delivery of some programs and services. Future research should examine how availability of programs and services affects health outcomes and costs.

Knowledge, attitude and practice of cervical cancer prevention, among women residing in an urban slum in Lagos, South West, Nigeria.

Introductioncervical cancer is the most common genital tract malignancy among women in Nigeria. Cancer of the cervix is preceded by a curable premalignant stage which can be detected by screening. The disease can also be prevented by Human papillomavirus (HPV) immunization. Women living in slums usually have poor reproductive health knowledge and poor health behaviours. Mostly of low socioeconomic status, these women are at higher risk of cervical cancer. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude and preventive practices towards cervical cancer among women living in an urban slum in Lagos, Nigeria.Methodsthis descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 305 women of reproductive age in Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria. Multistage sampling method was used to select respondents. Data was collected using interviewer administered questionnaires. Analysis was done with SPSS 20 software.Resultsonly 39 (12.8%) had heard about cervical cancer. Knowledge of cervical cancer, screening and Human papilloma virus (HPV) immunization was poor. Most respondents (64.3%) did not consider themselves at risk for cervical cancer. However, majority (88.9%) were willing to undergo screening and 93.8% were willing to take HPV immunization or recommend the vaccine to a friend/relative. Only 2(0.7%) had done a cervical cancer screening test and none had taken HPV vaccine or immunized their eligible daughters.Conclusionthere is thus the need for increased awareness creation and health education programs on cervical cancer prevention among such population of women.

Does delay discounting predict maladaptive health and financial behaviors in smokers?

Excessive delay discounting, the rapid devaluation of future rewards, is often demonstrated by individuals suffering from substance use disorders, including chronic cigarette smokers. This constricted temporal window not only produces increased valuation of immediate unhealthy rewards (e.g., cigarettes) but also a decreased valuation of both future healthy rewards (e.g., increased energy) and future consequences (e.g., lung cancer). Moreover, in addition to cigarettes, smokers tend to engage in other behaviors that elicit immediate rewards and negative future consequences such as overconsuming alcohol, unhealthy eating, physical inactivity, and/or irresponsible spending. The present study sought to determine whether smokers' discounting rate would predict the frequency of engagement in other poor health and financial behaviors, independent of cigarette smoking. A total of 303 daily smokers were asked to complete a delay discounting task and then answer how frequently they typically engaged in health and finance related behaviors. A structural equation model was used to group the questions into highly significantly latent factors of "Drug Use," "Finances," "Fitness," "Food," "Health," "Household Savings," "Personal Development," and "Safe Driving." When regressed on the model, delay discounting significantly predicted engagement all of the factors, except "Safe Driving," independent of smoking status. In sum, these findings highlight delay discounting as a useful metric for predicting whether individuals' engagement in variety of healthy physical and financial behaviors, as a function of their temporal window. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Rural–urban differences in health among youth in northern Sweden: an outcome-wide epidemiological approach

ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to contribute knowledge about rural–urban differences in health among young northern Swedish women and men. This study was based on the 2014 “Health on Equal Terms” survey, distributed in the four northernmost counties of Sweden, with complementary information on areas of residence classified as rural, semi-urban and urban from total population registers. The analytical sample included 2,691 individuals who were selected using a probabilistic sampling method. Prevalence ratios were calculated in multivariable log-binomial regression analyses to measure the association between place of residence and nine outcomes covering three health dimensions (general, mental and lifestyle behaviours). The results indicated that daily smoking and being overweight were more common, while feelings of stress and psychological distress were less prevalent, among youths in rural as compared to urban areas. After including covariates, this pattern appeared stronger for young women, although the direction of the results also applied to young men, albeit without revealing significant differences. In conclusion, the findings from this study indicate that for youths – particularly young women – the rural setting may imply an increased risk of poor general health and lifestyle behaviours, while simultaneously playing a partially protective role for mental health.

Associations of bullying, victimization, and daytime sleepiness with academic problems in adolescents attending an alternative high school.

Adolescents attending alternative high schools often present with high rates of academic and behavior problems. They are also at increased risk of poor health behaviors and engaging in physical violence compared with students in traditional high school settings. To address the needs of students in these educational settings, examining factors that influence academic problems in this population is essential. Research has established that both bullying/victimization and sleep problems increase adolescents' risk for academic problems. Little is known about how these 2 factors together may exacerbate risk for academic problems among students attending an alternative high school. The current study investigated the interaction between teacher-reported bullying, victimization and daytime sleepiness on academic concerns (attention and learning problems) among a sample of 172 students (56% female; age M = 18.07 years, SD = 1.42) attending an alternative high school in a large, Southeastern U.S. city. Findings from path models indicated that daytime sleepiness, bullying, and victimization were uniquely associated with attention and learning problems. Further, significant interactions indicated that the association between victimization/bullying and attention/learning problems weakened as levels of daytime sleepiness increased. Results suggest the importance of assessing and addressing multiple contextual risk factors in adolescents attending alternative high schools to provide comprehensive intervention for students in these settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

The Relationship Between Lifestyle With The Event Of Hypertension In The Public Health Center I South Singkawang District Year 2016

Background: Lifestyle is an important factor that influence of Health behavior in the Community. this factor can contribute to increases Health status in the Community because Poor Health behavior can cause degenerative disease such as hypertension. The incidence of hypertension is related to Lifestyle and personality itself in the Community. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between lifestyle and the incidence of hypertension, including the description of lifestyle, the incidence of hypertension, and the relationship between lifestyle and the incidence of hypertension in the public health center I, South Singkawang district year 2016. Method: This study was used quantitative research methods with Correlational analytic study and a cross-sectional approach to determine the relationship between lifestyle, such as eating/diet, smoking habits, exercise habits with the incidence of hypertension. Result: Based on the results of this study, according to lifestyle, the highest percentage was obtained with a sufficient category of 8 respondents (24.2%), and according to the hypertension incidence, the highest percentage is in the medium category of 15 respondents (45.5%). Whereas according to the results of the Chi-square correlation statistical test, it was found that p = 0.001 (p &lt;0.05), this results show that there is a lifestyle relationship with the incidence of hypertension in the public health center I, South Singkawang district year 2016. Conclusion: that there is a lifestyle relationship with the incidence of hypertension in the public health center I, South Singkawang district year 2016

Cognitive Processes in Anxiety and Comorbid Physical Illness and Health Behavior: Introduction to the Special Issue.

Anxiety symptoms and disorders are the most common psychiatric problems world-wide and are vastly overrepresented among individuals with chronic illness and poor health behavior. The purpose of the current special series is to bolster attention and highlight new research on cognitive processes as a basic element that may undergird the association between anxiety and chronic illness and health behavior. Findings in this issue highlight cognitive-based risk and resilience factors related to anxiety in individuals with various chronic conditions problematic health behaviors.

Evaluation of Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index in the 12 Years Old Students of Tehran City, Iran

Aim: The main aim of this study was to Evaluate of Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index in 12 Year Old Students of Tehran City, and to identify related factors that affect dental caries within this group. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among students of 12 years old in Tehran, Iran. Dental caries status was assessed in terms of decayed teeth (DT), filled teeth (FT) and decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT). “Data were analysed using SPSS version 22; a multivariate regression analysis was used to determine statistically significant associations between DMFT and other variables (p &lt; 0.05). Results: A total of 416 respondents participated in the study. The mean age of the students was10.94 (SD=0.628) years, and the mean DMFT was 1.03 (SD=1.41). So that, in this study DT (0.53 ± 0.95) had the highest and MT (0.14 ± 0.47) had the lowest mean. A multivariate regression analysis model results showed a significant relation between high DMFT scores and such variables as increasing age, lower levels of mother's education, higher family income, lower frequency of tooth brushing and dental flossing, having a history of no visits to the dentist (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The current study shows that Iranian female students have a poor oral health behavior, as very few subjects use dental floss on a regular basis. Although there appeared to be a significant relationship between caries scores and demographic factors such as age and socio-behavioral variables include family income, the level of mothers' education, the frequency of dental brushing and flossing, and both the frequency and type of visit to a dentist.