Poor Educational Background Research Articles

Temporal developments in intergenerational transmission of education: Case for black South Africans

This paper investigates trends in intergenerational transmission of education among black South Africans – changes in correlation between parents’ and children's education. Using data for 1954–1993 birth cohorts, we find a decrease in intergenerational transmission of education over the last four decades. The decline is strongest in the lower tail of the educational distribution. Nevertheless, a considerable portion of children's education still depends on family background. Children from poor educational backgrounds face significant barriers to attaining higher levels of education while the reverse applies to those from rich backgrounds. This suggests that initiatives to weaken the intergenerational link, particularly at higher levels of education, should target the offspring of educationally deprived parents.

A Case-Control Study of Sudden Unexplained Nocturnal Death Syndrome in the Southern Chinese Han Population

To study the epidemiological characteristics of sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS) in the southern Chinese Han population during 2007 to 2013, we gathered 879 SUNDS victims from Dongguan City and in the Longgang District in Shenzhen City as the case group then selected 879 all-cause death cases, adopting a 1:1 pair method, as the control group I and collected 8142 all-cause death cases from the Bao'an District in Shenzhen City as the control group II, simultaneously. Case information collected was statistically analyzed. The annual incidence of SUNDS is 1.02 and 2.23 per 100,000 person-years for Dongguan City and in the Longgang District, respectively. The number of male and female victims is drastically different, with a ratio of 13.92:1, whereas the incidence between the 2 sexes is significantly different (χ2 = 78.734, P < 0.01), with an odds ratio value of 11.32 (95% confidence interval, 5.75-22.28). The age of death of SUNDS cases ranges from 17 to 55 years with a median age of 35 years; furthermore, the difference of distribution of age of death between the SUNDS victims and the all-cause death population is significant (χ2 = 767.12, P < 0.001). The birthplace of SUNDS victims is distributed throughout 27 provinces of China, but the difference between the SUNDS victims and the all-cause death population is not significant (χ2 = 27.273, P > 0.05). The monthly incidence of SUNDS is relatively higher from March to June, whereas the difference of monthly distribution between SUNDS victims and all-cause death population is significant (χ2 = 9.869, P < 0.05), with an odds ratio value of 1.42 (95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.76). Although the majority of SUNDS occurred during midnight sleep, they were mostly discovered from 7 to 9 am once the inmates or spouses woke in the morning. A total of 97.74% of the SUNDS victims were blue-collar factory workers with a high-intensity labor and poor education background. This investigation confirmed the stability of epidemiological characteristics of SUNDS in South China and implicated that risk factors of this fatal disease still exist. The efficient strategy of early identification such as molecular diagnosis for SUNDS is extremely urgently required.

UNIVERSITY EDUCATION AND POVERTY DYNAMICSLINKAGESIN NIGERIA: A STATE LEVEL ANALYSIS USING LOGIT AND PROBIT MODELS

Poverty is said to exist when people lack the means to satisfy their basic needs. Thus, improving the educational attainment of the population is an important requirement to reduce poverty amid the populace and foster development. However, Nigeria with her wealth, still facing enormous challenge in effort made at national level to reduce poverty. The aim and objective of this study is to give insight into the factors that affect or influence poverty in spite of attainment of university education in Nigeria. Percentage data from thirty-six States of the country including the Federal Capital territory Abuja were collated and analyzed through a qualitative response model design. Results from the Probit and Logit models used for analysis reveal that of all variables analyzed, only percentage of household heads with poor educational background was significant at 5% level for all variables analyzed. This indicates a situation that a state with degree educational level of household heads as 0.2 percent, is more likely to be poor when compared to non-poor degree educational level of household head. However, in other way to reduce effect of poverty on educated households, it is recommended that various states’ government should provide graduates with the training and support necessary to help them establish a career in small and medium sized business

HIV virological failure and drug resistance among injecting drug users receiving first-line ART in China

ObjectiveTo explore HIV virological failure and drug resistance among injecting drug users (IDUs) receiving first-line antiretroviral treatment (ART) in China.DesignA series of cross-sectional surveys from 2003 to 2012 from the...

Trends in the Intergenerational Transmission of Education Among Black South Africans

This paper investigates trends in intergenerational transmission of education among black South Africans – changes in correlation between parents' and children's education. Using data for 1954-1993 birth cohorts, we find a decrease in intergenerational transmission of education over the last four decades. The decline is strongest in the lower tail of the educational distribution. Nevertheless, a considerable portion of children's education still depends on family background. Children from poor educational backgrounds face significant barriers to attaining higher levels of education while the reverse applies to those from rich backgrounds. This suggests that initiatives to weaken the intergenerational link, particularly at higher levels of education, should target the offspring of educationally deprived parents.

Experiences of Parents in their Children’s’ Education: a case of Kieni West District, Nyeri County, Kenya

Parents play an invaluable role in laying the foundation for their children learning. This study was set to investigate the experiences of parents in their children’s education in twenty one public secondary schools in Kieni West District in Nyeri County-Kenya. The objectives of this study were to :(i)Investigate the nature of experiences parents face in their children’s education.(ii)Establish the extent of interaction between parents and teachers and (iii) to explore views about the experiences faced by parents in their children’s education. Twelve public secondary schools were randomly selected. The population of the study was five thousand three hundred and eighty one students. In total, 130 form three students, 76 teachers and 113 parents participated in this study. The research study employed both qualitative and quantitative techniques in collecting and analyzing data. The study purposively sampled form three students. The study used two sets of instruments namely: questionnaire for teachers and students and a structured interview schedule for parents. These instruments were piloted for reliability and validity. Measures of central tendency such as mode, mean, median, frequency and standard deviation were used to present the findings of the study. Results based on research area indicated that 73% of the parents lacked school fees and 79.8% of the parents experienced difficulties and painful experiences during their time .Poor education background of the parents and lack of adequate time to assist their children affected their level of involvement. Further 98.2% of the parents felt that organized parental involvement programmes can improve their relationship with their children. Major recommendations included among others identifying sourced of funds to aid in school fees and holding parent’s awareness programmes.

Survey on epidemiologic factors associated with the age of natural menopause and menopausal symptoms in Jiangsu women

To investigate the epidemiologic factors associated with the age of natural menopause and menopausal symptoms in a large population at age of 40 to 65 years in Jiangsu Province. From May 2010 to Oct.2011, a total of 20 275 women (40 to 65 years) attending health examination in Jiangsu Province were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data of demographics, menopausal status, chronic diseases, reproductive history. Also the menopausal symptoms were evaluated by Kupperman menopause index (KMI). Cox proportional hazards regression model and Logistic regression were performed to identify risk factors for earlier age of natural menopause and menopausal symptoms, respectively. The overall median age at natural menopause in Jiangsu women was 50 years.Lower educational level, poor economic status, lower body mass index (BMI), age at menarche less than 14 years, nulliparity and smoking were associated with earlier onset of natural menopause (P < 0.05). The most frequently symptoms in perimenopausal women were fatigue (46.84%, 1880/4014), insomnia (44.67%, 1793/4014) and muscle/joint pain (43.80%, 1758/4014), while sexual problems (57.06%, 3463/6070), muscle/joint pain (53.30%, 3235/6070) and insomnia (51.03%, 3097/6070) were predominant symptoms in postmenopausal women. After adjusting for confounding factors, it was revealed that women with poor educational background, low income, divorce, higher BMI, higher parity, and smoking presented positive correlation with menopausal symptoms (P < 0.05). The study suggested that an estimate of median age at natural menopause were 50 years in Jiangsu women. The main factors contributing to earlier onset of menopause and menopausal symptoms were lower educational level, poor economic status, and smoking. Moreover, there were different menopausal symptoms between perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, which provided the important insights for physicians to prevent and treat menopause symptoms in their clinical practice.

Patient Characteristics Associated with Non-Adherence to Anti Tuberculosis Treatment in Sri Lanka

Introduction: Sri Lanka had achieved a significant improvement in the tuberculosis control including a reduction of the default rate since introduction of the DOTS strategy to the National TB control Programme in 1997. Patients’ adherence to anti TB treatment may be measured using either process oriented or outcome oriented definitions. Default rate is an outcome oriented definition that may be used as an indicator of poor patient adherence to anti TB treatment. One of the main obstacles in achieving the best tuberculosis (TB) control is that patients do not complete full course of anti TB treatment. A prospective cohort study was carried out with the objective to identify patient characteristics that associate with defaulting anti tuberculosis treatment. Methodology: This was a prospective cohort study of new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients registered for treatment between 1.6.2008 and 31.8.2008 in seven districts in Sri Lanka. Data on the patient characteristics and the plan of management were collected at the beginning of the treatment using a pre tested structured questionnaire. During the follow up and at the end of the treatment, results of sputum microscopy and the treatment outcome were recorded. The patients who interrupted treatment for 2 months or more (defaulters) during the course of treatment were again investigated in the field. In the statistical analysis, patient characteristics of the defaulters were compared with the characteristics of patients who were cured. Results: There were 22 defaulters giving a default rate of 4.59%. Being a male, poor educational background, having a casual job, regular smoking, and regular alcohol use were significantly associated with defaulting treatment (p &lt; 0.05). Sinhalese had lower default rate than other ethnic groups. At the field investigation, 43% of the defaulters were found not living in the addresses given to the treatment providers. Field investigators have further reported that financial reasons, substance abuse, feeling well, and lack of family support also as causes of defaulting treatment. Conclusion: Identification of risk factors by careful patient interview, early home visit, and monitoring of patient behaviour early in the course of treatment will help to predict whether adherence is likely to be a problem. So that, the treatment provider will be able to arrange a flexible and patient centered approach to ensure maximum adherence. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases &amp; HIV/AIDS; 2012; IX(2) 19-25 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v9i2.7974

Distance education on digitization: evaluation of an application in Turkey

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate a distance education program in the field of digitization which was carried out in Turkey in 2011. In total, 805 people, comprising librarians, archivists and museum specialists, applied for three certification programs. The paper evaluates the distance education in terms of content and organization on the basis of participants' opinions and determines how and to what extent the education has changed the awareness of participants on digitization and digital content management and their level of theoretical and practical knowledge.Design/methodology/approachThe research questions of the study are: What are the qualities of the participants on digitization and digital content management? In other words, what is the level of education background of the participants and what level of education do they need? What are the qualifications (in terms of content, presentation of the content and general organization) of the distance education program? To what extent has the distance education contributed to the enhancement of participants' level of awareness on digitization and digital content management, and to the improvement of theoretical and practical knowledge?FindingsIn the research, the literature on the issue has been reviewed, and then a theoretical model has been developed. The research findings have been presented within the framework of the theoretical model. According to the research findings, the participants have poor educational background, and most of the participants had attended such an education program for the first time.Originality/valueThe participants were satisfied with the program in terms of content and organization. The program has improved their level of theoretical and practical knowledge and awareness on digitization.

Quality of life and psychological impact in adult patients with hemorrhagic moyamoya disease who received no surgical revascularization

ObjectivesSurgical treatment for adult hemorrhagic moyamoya disease (MMD) remains controversial. A large proportion of Chinese adult patients with hemorrhagic MMD still choose conservative treatment. In this study, we investigated to assess psychological function and quality of life (QoL) in adult patients with hemorrhagic MMD who received no surgical revascularization. Methods26 adult patients with hemorrhagic MMD who presented with only intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), 20 patients with spontaneous IVH whose DSA results were negative and 30 healthy controls were identified and matched for age, gender, living area, etc. Psychological function and QoL were evaluated by Short Form-36 (SF-36), Symptom Check List 90 (SCL-90), Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and daily life questionnaire respectively one year after the initial stroke. Multiple logistic regression model was built up to screen out the independent risk factors related to depression and reduced QoL. ResultsHeavier social and mental burden was observed in adult patients with hemorrhagic MMD compared with the patients with spontaneous IVH. The QoL of cases was particularly reduced in the psychological domains. 19 (73%) cases developed depression, indicating the probable higher incidence of psychological disorder in Asian patients. Multiple logistic regression analysis suggested the independent risks of reduced QoL and depression involved in personality types and education background. ConclusionsOur data revealed that poor education background or introverted personality type may be attributed to the development of depression in Chinese adult hemorrhagic MMD patients who received no surgical revascularization associated with QoL impairment. The treatment decisions for these patients should consider the possible improvement of QoL.

Risk Factors for Depressive Illness among Elderly Gopd Attendees at Upth

Depression among the elderly is associated with very high morbidity and suicide rates. In view of the fact that this cohort of patients often have concomitant psychosocial and biomedical health concerns it would be of interest to determine the risk factors for developing this debilitating illness. Objective: To determine the risk factors for depressive illness among elderly patients attending the GOPD of UPTH. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 elderly GOPD attendees at UPTH, Nigeria. The respondents completed a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire containing the Geriatric Depression Scale (a depression screening tool). Results: The male to female ratio was 1:1.5. Most of the patients fell into the 65-69 year age group. The men were significantly more educated than the women. 42 (28%) of the patients were found to be depressed. 34 (80.9%) of them were female. This difference was statistically significant. In addition, older age groups, urban dwelling (especially with children), poor family support, marital disharmony, widowhood, bereavement, poor educational background and low social status were found to be risk factors for depressive illness in the elderly. Prior history of depression, stressful life events, regular usage of antidepressant drugs, antihypertensives, antidiabetic and anti oncotic agents were also found to be risk factors. Ironically, unemployment and living alone were not found to be risk factors.

An Epidemiological Study on Socio Demographic Profile and Ante Natal Care Coverage of Mothers who Delivered their Babies in a Block Primary Health Centre in a Part of Rural India

Background and objective: This study was done to get an idea about the socio demographic profile and assess the ante natal care coverage of mothers who delivered their babies in a block primary health centre in a part of rural India. Materials and methods: This study was an observational and descriptive type of epidemiological study for 2 months. Sample size was n=180. Pretested questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha 0.871), ante natal cards, bed head tickets and other medical records were used as study tools. Results: 51.1% mothers were married before 20 years and 60.0% mothers were of less than 20 years age during 1st pregnancy. 50.6% mothers and 48.9% husbands of the mothers were illiterate. 86.1% mothers belonged to Below Poverty Level (BPL) category. 55.6% mothers were primi para. 49.4% women were late registered (booked) after 16 weeks of gestation, and 17.8% mothers were not registered at all. Only 15% mothers had 4 or more than 4 complete ante natal checkups done. 70.6% mothers received complete course of tetanus toxoid vaccine. 83.3% mothers did not receive different health and dietary advices and 28.9% mothers were not at all aware of the danger signs of pregnancy. Only 27.8% mothers received full dose of iron and folic acid supplementation. About necessary laboratory investigations and ultra sonography of feto-placental profile, only 12.8% mothers completed all necessary tests. Discussion and conclusion: Poor socio economic conditions, poor educational background and lack of awareness about the need of proper ante natal checkups, investigations, care and coverage might impose a heavy toll on maternal and infant mortality rates in future in these parts of the developing countries

Factors associated with the age of natural menopause and menopausal symptoms in Chinese women

ObjectiveTo investigate the factors associated with the age of natural menopause and menopausal symptoms in a large population of Chinese middle-aged women. Study designIn this cross-sectional study, a total of 20,275 women (40–65 years) attending health screening in Jiangsu Province of China were enrolled. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data of demographics, menopausal status, chronic diseases, reproductive history, etc. Also we evaluated the severity of menopausal symptoms by Kupperman menopause index (KMI). Main outcome measureMenopausal age and scorings of Kupperman menopause index. ResultsThe overall median age at natural menopause was 50 years. Lower educational level, poor economic status, lower body mass index (BMI), age at menarche less than 14 years, nulliparity and smoking were associated with earlier onset of natural menopause (P<0.05). The most frequently symptoms in postmenopausal women were sexual problems (57.05%), muscle/joint pain (53.29%) and insomnia (51.02%), while fatigue, insomnia and muscle/joint pain were predominant symptoms in pre- and peri-menopausal women. After adjusting for confounding factors, logistic regression analysis revealed that women with poor educational background, low income, divorce, higher BMI, higher parity, smoking and chronic diseases presented higher KMI scores (P<0.05). ConclusionThe study provided an estimate of median age at natural menopause in Chinese women. The main factors contributing to earlier onset of menopause and severity of menopausal symptoms were lower educational level, poor economic status, and smoking. Thus, this study provides important insights for physicians to prevent and treat menopause related symptoms.

Psychological and social adjustment to blindness: Understanding from two groups of blind people in Ilorin, Nigeria

Blindness can cause psychosocial distress leading to maladjustment if not mitigated. Maladjustment is a secondary burden that further reduces quality of life of the blind. Adjustment is often personalized and depends on nature and quality of prevailing psychosocial support and rehabilitation opportunities. This study was aimed at identifying the pattern of psychosocial adjustment in a group of relatively secluded and under-reached totally blind people in Ilorin, thus sensitizing eye doctors to psychosocial morbidity and care in the blind. A cross-sectional descriptive study using 20-item Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) and a pro forma designed by the authors to assess the psychosocial problems and risk factors in some blind people in Ilorin metropolis. The study revealed that most of the blind people were reasonably adjusted in key areas of social interaction, marriage, and family. Majority were considered to be poorly adjusted in the areas of education, vocational training, employment, and mobility. Many were also considered to be psychologically maladjusted based on the high rate of probable psychological disorder of 51%, as determined by SRQ. Factors identified as risk factors of probable psychological disorder were poor educational background and the presence of another medical disorder. Most of the blind had no access to formal education or rehabilitation system, which may have contributed to their maladjustment in the domains identified. Although their prevailing psychosocial situation would have been better prevented yet, real opportunity still exists to help this group of people in the area of social and physical rehabilitation, meeting medical needs, preventive psychiatry, preventive ophthalmology, and community health. This will require the joint efforts of medical community, government and nongovernment organizations to provide the framework for delivery of these services directly to the communities.

Spondyloarthritis und Lebensqualität

To measure the disease activity of spondyloarthritides (SpA), quality of life is assessed in addition to inflammation and functional impairment. To measure quality of life in ankylosing spondylitis (AS), the generic measurement instruments SF-36, SF-12 and EQ-5D are available in German, whereby the SF-36 is the instrument primarily used in clinical investigations. Compared to the normal population, AS patients experience a reduced quality of life. In woman and patients with a poor educational background, quality of life was particularly reduced.Measuring quality of life is also a generally recognised part of evaluating psoriasis arthritis (PsA), for which only SF-36 and EQ-5D are available in German-speaking countries. The instrument most frequently used in clinical studies is SF-36. The quality of life in PsA patients, in terms of both physical and mental components, was found to be significantly lower than in the normal population. Although PsA patients shared a similar reduction in quality of life to AS patients, they nevertheless enjoyed a better quality of life than rheumatoid arthritis patients.

This article has been retracted: Trends in the frequency of blood donors donating blood to be tested for HIV in Shiraz from 2004 to 2006

A number of studies have indicated that some blood donors may donate blood in order to obtain an HIV test. These particular donors pose a serious hazard to the health care system by increasing the risk of HIV being transmitted through the donated blood. The study was undertaken to discover the effectiveness of new measures introduced to reduce the number of donors using blood donation centres to obtain an HIV test. The measures included increased educational information regarding the hazards of HIV transmission through donated blood, and the availability of special HIV clinics offering free services and anonymity. A survey of blood donors was undertaken over a period of 3 years, from 2004 to 2007. The cross-sectional survey involved 14 752 volunteers and all the participants were asked to complete a questionnaire which covered areas such as demographic characteristics and their motivation for donating blood. During the first year of the survey, it was discovered that 14. 2% of donors donated blood in order to be tested for HIV, and in the following 2 years it was 11. 2 and 9. 3%, respectively. A significant decrease was shown during the survey (P < 0. 05). The majority of these particular donors were found to be young, single, men with poor educational backgrounds and first-time blood donors. Over the period of this study, a reduction in the number of donors using blood donation centres in order to be tested for HIV was clearly evident. This positive downward trend may be attributed to the success of the new measures introduced.

Mothers, fathers and daughters: Intergenerational transmission of education in Greece

This study explores the role of intergenerational mobility in the educational attainments of Greek women. We use data from the most recent Greek Household Budget Survey and the last three Greek censuses (1981, 1991 and 2001). For analytical and estimation purposes we utilize mobility indicators, regression analysis, decomposition techniques and conventional discrete choice models. Overall, our results point to the presence of substantial educational mobility across generations over the last 30 years. However, daughters’ educational attainment still depends, albeit to a lesser extent, on parental education and especially on mothers’ education. To address the remaining inequalities, policy needs to target families with poor parental educational and income backgrounds.

The prevalence and related risk factors of anxiety and depression symptoms among Chinese pregnant women in Shanghai

To investigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression of the pregnant women during the prenatal period, and provide information for further epidemiological study. With ethics committee approval, a total of 527 recruited pregnant women from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji University Medical School were selected at four hospitals that affiliated to the University. By applying a self-designed questionnaire for hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale, we evaluated anxious and depressive symptoms in these women. The prevalence rates of anxiety and depression in these Chinese pregnant women during prenatal period were 6.8% and 4.8%, respectively, whereas the co-prevalence rate of both anxiety and depression was 3.4%, and anxiety and/or depression 15.0%. The relationship between the prevalence rate of anxiety/depression and the age distribution was proven negatively correlated (chi2 = 1.478, P = 0.016) by the trend chi-squared test. Among all three groups, the prevalence rate of anxiety and depression was highest in the group of below 20 years old, lowest in the group of over 30 years old, and in-between in the group of 20 to 30 years old. Logistic regression analysis showed that lower age was a risk factor (odds ratio (OR) = 10.094, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.418-71.838). Meanwhile, poor educational background (OR = 1.929, 95% CI: 1.101-3.379) was a relevant risk factor as well. We suggest that introduction of psychological health instruction programs for pregnant women, especially the younger ones, should be strengthened. Besides, the essential intervention measures may be applied if necessary.

Trends and factors associated with maternal mortality in Abakaliki, Nigeria.

Maternal health indices are poor in Nigeria. Regular audit of maternal deaths is vital to planning and maternal care delivery. The aim of the study was to evaluate and determine the trend of maternal mortality ratio in a Federal Medical Centre and analyze associated factors. A retrospective review of available data on all maternal deaths between January 2000 and December 2005 at the Federal Medical Centre Abakaliki was carried out.The 38 maternal deaths recorded out of 4193 deliveries during the study period resulted in a maternal mortality ratio (MMR) of 906 per 100,000 live births. In the two triennial intervals (Jan.2000- Dec.2002 and Jan.2003-Dec.2005) reviewed the MMR were 1017 and 799 per 100,000 live births respectively. The unbooked parturient accounted for over 74% of the deaths. Grandmultiparity, primigravidity, poor educational background, extremes of reproductive age and economic adversity were major factors associated with such deaths. Haemorrhage was the commonest cause of mortality during the period. Women\'s education and empowerment, provision of adequate and subsidized maternal care especially immediate postpartum are advocated to reduce maternal mortality to the barest minimum in Nigeria. Keywords : trend, maternal death, delay, unbooked, referral. Ebonyi Medical Journal Vol. 6 (1) 2007 pp. 30-36

Dental caries experience and treatment needs of green marble mine laborers in Udaipur district, Rajasthan, India

The study was undertaken at Kesariyaji, located in Udaipur district of Rajasthan. There are about 3 million workers who marble mine at Rajasthan. Living conditions of these workers are substandard and most of them are immigrant workers living in tiny shacks. Majority of them belong to lower socioeconomic status with poor educational background. The present study was carried out to estimate dental caries prevalence and treatment needs of laborers working in the green marble mines of Udaipur district. The data was collected using the methods and standards recommended by the WHO. Dentition status and treatment needs along with decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index, and decayed, missing, and filled surfaces score were recorded. Standard error of mean was calculated for all the mean values of treatment needs. There were three examiners, who were trained before the survey for inter-examiner variability, and the reliability was tested by means of weighted kappa statistics, which was 90%. The study population comprised 513 men in four age groups of 18-25, 26-34, 35-44, and 45-54 years, respectively. The mean DMFT for all age groups was 3.13 with highest mean of 4.0 for the age group of 45-54 years. Mean decayed teeth were 2.60, 3.33, 1.46, and 1.5 for the age groups 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, and 45-54 years, respectively. Filled component was nil for all age groups. Most of the subjects required one surface filling with a very less proportion needing pulp care. The missing component constituted the major part of DMFT index in the 45-54 years age group and the absence of filled component in the whole study population implies that the treatment needs of the study population are unmet. Thus, intervention in the form of oral health promotion and curative services are the need of the hour.