Poor Citizens Research Articles

PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT OF POOR CITIZENS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION TO HOUSING BY INDIVIDUAL STATE BODIES

In Russia, an extensive system of bodies involved in the protection of the rights of citizens has developed.At the same time, their work often affects not only the resolution of a particular dispute, but also affectsthe entire system of social relations in a certain area. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation andthe highest judicial bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation may invalidate, respectively,certain provisions of the regulatory act at the level of the Russian Federation or its constituent entity. TheProsecutor's Office of the Russian Federation has a significant impact on public relations, since it not onlyconsiders specific complaints, but also exercises overall control over the activities of public bodies. TheCommissioners for Human Rights of the Russian Federation and in its subjects have the opportunity to collecta large amount of factual material about the real state of affairs in any direction. A study of the activities ofthese bodies to protect the right of poor citizens to housing and the use of existing powers will allow us toevaluate the effectiveness of the mechanism for ensuring the rights of citizens.

Improving Handling Systems of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in Cameroon

In Cameroon, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is among the most important fruits with a consumption of about 35%. A 5-months study was conducted in two tomato production basins, namely Tsinfou and Litieu. This study aims to reduce postharvest losses of tomato for contribute to increase income and standard of living of producers in the Menoua division. The postharvest technics adopted by producers, transporters and traders were identified through investigations and direct observations. The rate loss of tomato and its deterioration over a certain period of time were evaluated. Also, the type, nature and causes of these postharvest losses were determined. The results from this study show that, inappropriate post-harvest technics are practiced in all links of the supply chain. The average rate loss during harvest, transport, conservation is 7.50%, 6.50% and 35.50% respectively. They are caused by mechanical, biological and microbial actions, environmental and socio-economic factors. These losses reduce actor's incomes and the availability of tomatoes on the market, hence the inaccessibility for poor citizens. Avoiding overloading and mixed transport of tomato crates with other products and using planks in lorry to overlap crates to minimize compression are two technics implemented by this study for reduce tomatoes postharvest losses. Establishment of affordable processing and conservation units, qualified workforce and maintaining a good state of roads should be adopted.

Legal Analysis of the Effective Use of School Operational Assistance Funds in North Halmahera District


 
 
 Regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture Number 6 of 2021 Concerning the Technical Guidelines for Regular School Operational Assistance states that the purpose of providing BOS Funds is to help with school operational costs, increase flexibility and quality of learning for students. The government hopes that every poor citizen can get an education and experience a better teaching and learning process. school operations in North Halmahera Regency. This study uses qualitative research. The population study was all schools in West Kao District, North Halmahera Regency with a sample of 11 schools. This research was conducted from June to August 2022. The research instruments were interviews and observations. The results showed that the use of BOS funds had not been effective so that the quality of education was still relatively low.
 
 

DISAGGREGATED ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ON THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

This study empirically investigated public expenditure and economic development of Nigeria. To achieve this objective, relevant data used spanning from 1981-2021 were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin for the period under review. Descriptive statistics, Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) Unit root test, Granger causality and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression were the analytical tools for this study. Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) was used as the dependent variable while capital expenditure on administration, capital expenditure on economic services, capital expenditure on Social and Community Services, capital expenditure on Transfers, recurrent expenditure on administration, recurrent expenditure on economic services, recurrent expenditure on Social and Community Services, and recurrent expenditure on Transfers as the independent variables. Based on the analysis, the F-statistic of the regression output stood at 56.23992, this implies that the regression plane is statistically significant. Also, the Prob.(F-Statistic) 0.000000 is less than the 0.05 level of significance implies that there is a statistical significant relationship between the variables. R2 = 0.933599 implies that about 93.36% of the total variation in the model specified was accounted for by the independent variables. RGDP and RES are platykurtic, CSCS, RA, and RSCS are mesokurtic, and CA, CES, CSCS, CT, and RT are leptokurtic, according to the descriptive analysis, which also showed that all the variables were normally distributed; All of the variables were stationary and significant at their respective values. RGDP granger caused CA, CES, CSCS, CT, RES, RSCS, and RT, so it is unidirectional causality, however RGDP granger cause RA while RA granger cause RGDP, therefore there is bi-directional causality between the two. There is the existence of a long-run relationship between the variables as the result the Johansen co-integration test indicates six co-integration equation. Therefore, public expenditure has significant impact on economic development of Nigeria. In conclusion, public expenditure (capital and recurrent) is an important determinants of economic growth and development in Nigeria. The study recommended that Government spending if properly managed will raise the nation’s production capacity and employment, which in turn increase economic growth in Nigeria, also government should increase its expenditure on rural development, roads, water and electrification in order to accelerate the level of productivity, increase income and raise the standard of living of poor citizens in Nigeria
 Keywords: Real Gross Domestic Product, Administration, Economic Services, Total Social and Community Services and Total Transfers expenditures.

Social Inequality of Russian Society in the Relationship of Investments, Household Inequality in Income, Expenditure and Consumption

The subject of the study is social inequality in Russian society, which determines the inequality of households in income, expenditure, consumption, ownership of financial assets and fulfillment of financial obligations, which requires the development of an effective state social policy to improve living standards, reduce inequality and poverty of Russian citizens. The objectives of the work are to identify the most socially vulnerable categories of the population on the basis of a sample survey of households and offer targeted social programs of state support. The study substantiates the need to strengthen the state's responsibility for the social inequality of Russian society and the adoption of economic measures to support socially vulnerable citizens. It is established that due to the lack of an adequate classification of the social hierarchy to date, the problem of social inequality and poverty is solved by supporting the most needy households in Russia. To do this, an analysis of the level and composition of available resources by socio-demographic type of households is carried out and a problematic category is identified, which currently includes large families. A gradation of households with financial difficulties in paying the payments set by them has been formed, mainly in terms of servicing consumer and mortgage loans. The measures proposed by the state to support households experiencing difficulties are given: an increase in the amount of social payments, primarily to families with children and wages for employees. The result of the social policy was a decrease in the number of poor Russian citizens. Conclusions are drawn about the need to reduce social inequality, which slows down economic growth and hinders the fight against poverty, by increasing the monetary incomes of the population, leading to a decrease in the number of citizens with incomes below the poverty line, as well as to improve citizens' personal assessment of their financial situation.

Manifestations and Perception of Economic Inequality of Citizens in Russia and the Impact of Personal Income Tax Deductions on it: Analysis of the Results of a Sociological Survey

The subject of the study is the manifestations and perception of economic inequality of citizens in Russia. Economic inequality is one of the global problems of our time. In Russia, it has been at a consistently high level for 30 years. The task of smoothing the inequality of citizens in Russia has been set at the highest state level. Research interest in this regard is the manifestations and subjective assessment or perception by citizens of the degree of inequality, regardless of its calculated statistical indicators, as well as the ability of the state to smooth inequality and overcome poverty. The purpose of the study is to identify and evaluate the manifestations of economic inequality of citizens in Russia, as well as its perception based on the results of a sociological survey to determine the prospects for smoothing inequality. The scientific novelty consists in identifying the manifestations and assessing the perception of economic inequality by Russian citizens based on the interpretation of the results of a sociological survey, as well as in substantiating the aggravating effect of personal income tax deductions on inequality. With the acute perception of inequality and injustice in the distribution of income in Russia, there is no intensification of protest sentiments and the risks of threats to socio-economic stability are not realized. Manifestations of inequality of citizens are the need to save on food and consumer preferences, tourist activity, the availability of credit obligations, the use of medical and educational services, the demand for personal income tax deductions. The current bias in favor of investment and property deductions for personal income tax to the detriment of social and standard deductions does not allow realizing the potential of their smoothing effect on the inequality of citizens. Property and investment deductions used by more affluent citizens lower the average effective personal income tax rate for them at a level lower than that of poor citizens, which leads to regressive income taxation.

CONSEQUENCES OF POVERTY FOR INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY

The article examines the main consequences of poverty for individual citizens and society as a whole. Among the consequences of poverty for individuals, physiological, psychological and communicative effects are distinguished. The physiological consequences of poverty are the unavailability of quality food, as well as quality medical, hygiene, and health services, which reduces both life expectancy and health in general. Psychological problems include stress, depression, alcohol and drug abuse, which can lead to suicidal tendencies. The communicative consequences mean that a poor person often loses social ties, and his or her circle of communication becomes quite limited. Poverty also affects society as a whole. Among the purely economic consequences, we singled out the Vicious Cycle of Poverty, to which many Western studies are devoted. Also, impoverished societies in general cannot afford goods and services that are not related to survival. Therefore, there is a low demand for various categories of services, in particular, educational ones. Poverty is one of the factors of labor migration, which is illustrated by the example of Ukraine. In the conditions of a transitional and a market economy in post-Soviet states, the desire to withstand competition on the world market under the conditions of high energy and material intensity of production has been reflected in the preservation of low labour costs. Low wages, in turn, are a direct factor in the formation of social and economic risks in the field of human development. Poverty is also associated with the phenomenon of social exclusion, which we consider as the process of excluding an individual or a social group from social relations. A special class of precariat is being formed. The precariat is capable of self-organization under certain conditions. This group of people is associated with the spread of shadow employment and other forms of violation of the law. Political problems caused by poverty are also important. Poor citizens in the vast majority of countries (at least in all democracies) have the right to vote. Accordingly, they often support populist movements. Poverty and unemployment lead people to support far-left and far-right parties. Far-right movements often have an anti-immigrant focus. Sometimes poverty, social exclusion, social deprivation and other related socio-economic factors lead to revolutions and coups. In our opinion, relative poverty is unavoidable in principle, since in any society there will always be more and less wealthy citizens. But absolute poverty, which puts a person on the edge of normal existence, can and must be overcome. According to this, most countries of the world, including Ukraine, declare themselves welfare states. The article uses the achievements of economic, political, sociological, psychological and other sciences, taking into account the interdisciplinary synthesis and the pluralism of approaches. Modern trends in the interpretation of the consequences of poverty, which can be traced in the works of Ukrainian and foreign authors, are analyzed.

The Power of the People: Everyday Resistance and Dissent in the Making of Modern Turkey, 1923–38 by Murat Metinsoy

<i>The Power of the People: Everyday Resistance and Dissent in the Making of Modern Turkey, 1923–38</i> by Murat Metinsoy

Environmental justice in a very green city: Spatial inequality in exposure to urban nature, air pollution and heat in Oslo, Norway

Poorer citizens are often more exposed to environmental hazards due to spatial inequalities in the distribution of urban blue-green space. Few cities have managed to prevent spatial and social inequality despite sustainable development strategies like compact city planning. We explore whether environmental injustice exists in a city where one would least expect to find it: a city with abundant nature, an affluent population governed by a left leaning social democratic city council, and an aggressive densification strategy; Oslo, Norway. Green space was measured with a satellite-derived vegetation index which captures the combined availability of gardens, street trees, parks and forest. Blue space was defined by the proximity of residential areas to the closest lake, river or fjord. We found that poorer city districts, often with greater immigrant populations, have less available blue-green spaces and are disproportionately exposed to hazardous air pollution levels, but not extreme heat compared to wealthier city districts. Citizens living within 100 m of a water body are likely to earn US$ 20,000 more per year than citizens living 500 m away from water, and a US$ 3000 increase in annual income corresponds to a 10 % increase in green space availability. Hazardous air pollution concentrations in the poorest city districts were above levels recommended by the WHO and Oslo municipality. Historical trends showed that districts undergoing population densification coincide with the lowest availability of blue-green space, suggesting that environmental justice has been overlooked in compact city planning policy. Despite Oslo's affluence and egalitarian ideals, the patterns of inequality we observed mirror the city's historical east-west class divide and point to spatial concentration of wealth as a core factor to consider in studies of green segregation. Urban greening initiatives in Oslo and other cities should not take spatial equality for granted, and instead consider socio-economic geographies in their planning process.

Food supply in the Arctic: Municipal authorities’ opinion

The UN experts rightly point out that “inequality between different regions of a particular country is often more significant than inequality between countries”. The article considers the issues of food provision for the hard-to-reach areas of the Yakut Arctic based on the survey of the municipal authorities in the Arctic regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) on the current situation and problems of food supply. In general, the issues of ‘northern delivery’ are most acute for the hard-to-reach territories of Russia. The article is based on the results of the expert survey - representatives of the municipal authorities in 10 out of 13 Arctic regions of Yakutia. According to the empirical data, in most settlements and villages of the Arctic regions of Yakutia, there are such problems as a shortage and a narrow list of provided products, their low quality and high prices, lack of food control, insufficient number of vegetable stores and warehouses. Due to the high food prices, the most vulnerable groups are poor citizens, among whom families with children prevail. Despite the average indicators of the economic access of food, the transport access to food in the Arctic regions of Yakutia is critically low. In these areas, the cost of a food basket in the consumer basket, on average for a five-year period, turned out to be significantly higher than the average for the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The food market of the Yakut Arctic is very specific, primarily due to the peripheral geographic location and the underdevelopment of the transport infrastructure. Significant volumes of food deliveries with the participation of the regional budget can only affect the minimum prices of products. The situation is aggravated by the lack of a unified legal framework and organizational structure for hard-to-reach territories; therefore, ensuring their food security requires additional research and special management decisions.

Evaluation of post COVID-19 energy poverty and global trading impact on energy affordability

Energy poverty become a serious global problem after COVID-19 among the developing and developed countries that must have to be addressed to meet United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Moreover, the factors contributes to energy poverty have given little attention. The study aims to overlooked on the energy affordability and accessibility among the Europeans living in Energy poverty. Therefore, study mainly concerning on the effecting factors such as bilateral commerce, globalization, and the quality of bureaucracy that possibly affect energy poverty. The influence of bilateral commerce on energy poverty was investigated using many robust panel data approaches, including cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL), common correlated effects generalized method of moments (CCE-GMM), and instrumental variable regression. Annual data utilizes from European nations (from 2000 to 2019). According to the econometric findings, bilateral commerce enhances energy accessibility while raising energy prices. Economic globalization was meant to raise energy costs and restrict fuel access for Europe’s poorest citizens. Study suggested that bilateral trade should be assessed to ensure energy demand and supply conditions meet to keep the energy pricing in the afforadbale range especially among the low income families in the Europen countries. Across models, these results are consistent, allowing us to propose fresh energy accessibility and affordability conclusions in line with the SDGs.

Functions of the Agency of Amil Zakat, Infaq, Sedakah and its Management in Gowa District, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

This paper describes the functions of the amil zakat, infaq, and alms institutions in the management of zakat in Gowa district. in addition to a discussion of the cultural system related to the implementation of the zakat. This study discusses the processes of zakat distribution, namely the real actions of the parties involved in the process of giving and receiving zakat. In this connection, it can be described as a form of activity carried out by individuals and BASNAZ in the context of distributing zakat to poor Gowa citizens. The results of this study indicate that the zakat practice carried out by Muzakki in Gowa district is not yet optimal. The management of zakat by BASNAZ in Gowa district in terms of collection and distribution, is not too significant because muzakki are still accustomed to handing over directly to mustahik so that the hope of making zakat can have implications for increasing the welfare of mustahik has not been done well.

The Impact of Digital Technology and Business Regulations on Financial Inclusion and Socio-Economic Development in Low-Income Countries

This study aims to test the impact of digital technology and business regulations on financial inclusion and socioeconomic development in low-income countries. Digital technology and business regulations are perceived to be powerful factors to spur financial inclusive economies and ease several social and economic ills and thus enhance the welfare of low-income nations which represent most world regions. Secondary data were collected for 77 low-income countries from different sources including World Bank, IMF, and UNDP while Smart PLS 3. software was employed for data analysis. This study is distinguished by casting a new angle of linking digital technology and business regulations as drivers of financial inclusion and socioeconomic development. It also presents financial inclusion as a means to an end. Furthermore, it contributes to the literature by providing an empirical evidence on the significant positive impact of digital technology and business regulations on both financial inclusion and socioeconomic development using PLS-SEM method. Thus, stakeholders, governments, and supporters ought to sustainably endorse adoption of digital finance and business environment to assist the poor low-income citizens get pulled into a better-quality life and more improved living standards.

Climate Change and India: Balancing Domestic and International Interests

In this paper, we analyze how India’s climate change policy is framed, formulated and implemented and argue that it requires carefully balancing of domestic and international interests. Given the country’s population size, composition and projected economic growth, India will, in the next few years, see its most significant energy demand upsurge along with a massive need for infrastructure. As projected by the International Energy Agency, “nearly 60% of its CO2 emissions in the late 2030s will be coming from infrastructure and machines that do not exist today”. As a result, policy choices made today by India’s decision-makers and international negotiators will have severe implications for the world. This paper analyzes global emission trends, climate change impacts and India’s international and domestic climate policies—from Paris to Glasgow and New Delhi to rural India. Furthermore, we examine the core constraints that Indian policymakers face and draw attention to shortcomings in India’s climate change policies, particularly concerning continued investment in coal despite the country’s widely lauded efforts to embrace renewables. We argue that fossil fuel subsidies are a delicate political issue with significant implications for many election-determining poor citizens—hence accompanying “just transition” measures are essential.

Social Justice Campaigns and Democratic Party Gains: How Georgia's Partisan Reformers Overtook North Carolina's Moral Advocates

AbstractHow did Democrats running for federal office win in Georgia in 2020–21, but not in North Carolina, a state long regarded as more “flippable”? This article uses newly assembled organizational data to situate recent Democratic fortunes in the context of two long-running statewide campaigns for racial and economic justice—led by North Carolina's Reverend William Barber II and Georgia's Stacey Abrams. We track shifting political opportunity structures and the organizational and strategic evolution of both movements during the 2010s, with a special focus on outreach beyond major metropolitan areas. Our findings suggest that social justice campaigns aiming to increase government responsiveness to poor minority citizens do better if they engage in persistent, locally embedded voter outreach along partisan lines rather than heavily relying on morally framed, media-friendly protests. This research also demonstrates how data on organizational networks can be assembled and used to explore historical-institutional hypotheses about the development and impact of social movements.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЇ БІДНОСТІ В ЕКОНОМІЧНІЙ НАУЦІ

The article attempts to generalize some interpretations of the poverty phenomenon in Economics. We take into consideration the fact that the problem of poverty has not only economic but also political, social, legal, cultural and other dimensions. In modern science, there is a pluralism of approaches to the definition, classification and measurement of poverty, that depend on the country, time frame and the researcher’s own opinion. Many publications of Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Danish, Chilean and other researchers have been used in this article. We have tried to apply the results of their researches to Ukrainian reality. Modern authors consider many dimensions of poverty. It can be explained as the financial, socioeconomic, moral and psychological state of a person, family or the whole population of a country or a region. Poverty is also considered as the inability of a certain section of society to participate in fullfledged social and economic life. Economic, financial, material, social, psychological and other factors of poverty have been considered. Positive correlation between physical abilities and disabilities and poverty has been shown. Some features of the worldview and behavior of the poor are described. Active, passive and parasitic poverty have been distinguished. People who suffer from active poverty usually rely on their own resources. Due to social mobility, some of these people are sometimes able to raise themselves above the category of the poor. Passive poverty means the lack of resources due to the circumstances that are beyond people’s control. Parasitic poverty is tightly connected with the use of other people’s resources and is characterized by deviant behaviour, which is generally condemned by society and punished by the state. The main indicators of poverty are given. Absolute and relative poverty are considered. Relative poverty cannot be eliminated, since even in the richest countries there are people who cannot afford the benefits available to others. It has been shown that poverty is hereditary, and the children of poor parents are more likely to become poor in the future. Families with many children are often poor, so they cannot afford good education for their children. Therefore, young people without good education remain poor. It has been underlined that poverty is associated with social exclusion and deprivation. Poor citizens do not have the opportunity to organize themselves, as well as to maintain social ties and defend their interests. The interpretations of poverty given by Ukrainian scientists have been considered. In particular, the authors analyze poverty as a consequence of the de-industrialization in independent Ukraine. Special attention has been paid to the following trend: the smaller a town or a village, the higher the level of poverty.

Does community-based health insurance protect women from financial catastrophe after cesarean section? A prospective study from a rural hospital in Rwanda

BackgroundThe implementation of community-based health insurance in (CBHI) in Rwanda has reduced out of pocket (OOP) spending for the > 79% of citizens who enroll in it but the effect for surgical patients is not well described. For all but the poorest citizens who are completely subsidized, the OOP (out of pocket) payment at time of service is 10%. However, 55.5% of the population is below the international poverty line meaning that even this copay can have a significant impact on a family’s financial health. The aim of this study was to estimate the burden of OOP payments for cesarean sections in the context of CBHI and determine if having it reduces catastrophic health expenditure (CHE).MethodsThis study is nested in a larger randomized controlled trial of women undergoing cesarean section at a district hospital in Rwanda. Eligible patients were surveyed at discharge to quantify household income and routine monthly expenditures and direct and indirect spending related to the hospitalization. This was used in conjunction with hospital billing records to calculate the rate of catastrophic expenditure by insurance group.ResultsAbout 94% of the 340 women met the World Bank definition of extreme poverty. Of the 330 (97.1%) with any type of health insurance, the majority (n = 310, 91.2%) have CBHI. The average OOP expenditure for a cesarean section and hospitalization was $9.36. The average cost adding transportation to the hospital was $19.29. 164 (48.2%) had to borrow money and 43 (12.7%) had to sell possessions. The hospital bill alone was a CHE for 5.3% of patients. However, when including transportation costs, 15.4% incurred a CHE and including lost wages, 22.6%.ConclusionTo ensure universal health coverage (UHC), essential surgical care must be affordable. Despite enrollment in universal health insurance, cesarean section still impoverishes households in rural Rwanda, the majority of whom already lie below the poverty line. Although CBHI protects against CHE from the cost of healthcare, when adding in the cost of transportation, lost wages and caregivers, cesarean section is still often a catastrophic financial event. Further innovation in financial risk protection is needed to provide equitable UHC.

تحديد دور العيادات القانونية بموجب قانون المساعدة القانونية النيجيري

Legal aid and the provision of legal assistance to poor and indigent citizens forms a core to the promotion, protection and enforcement of fundamental human rights especially for a vast majority of Nigerians who live below the poverty line and cannot afford the services of legal practitioners which constitutes a major impediment to access to justice. When individuals have access to legal aid, they are able to enforce and seek the protection of their basic rights in line with the principles of equality and the rule of law. In furtherance of these objectives, the Legal Aid Act of Nigeria 2011 was passed, which provided a mechanism for a scheme to provide legal assistance to those entitled to such services. The law sets out the operational framework for legal aid, the scope of legal aid, those entitled to legal assistance and specially recognizes the role of non-state actors such as NGO’s, Law Clinics and Paralegals in providing legal aid. This paper identifies and maps the role of law clinics as provided under the law in the areas of criminal defense, advice and assistance in civil matters and community legal services. The work will also highlight some of the challenges that hinder the effective provision of legal assistance under the scheme, which include insufficient personnel and funding for the scheme.

Territorial differentiation of the socio-economic development of Republic of India

India is one of the countries in the world that shows dynamic growth in the development of all spheres of social and economic life of the population. At the same time, it is characterized by colossal differences in the level and quality of life of citizens. The work reveals territorial disparities in the level of social and economic development of the state. A comprehensive typology of the states and union territories of India was created, based on the economic and social statistics of the National Institute for Transformation of India. Economic development was considered in the context of a macroeconomic approach and is associated with the study of the gross regional product by administrative units of the state according to indicators of three sectors of the economy: primary, secondary, and tertiary. We analyzed social development in the context of five categories of indicators for the states and union territories of India: education, demography, poverty, infrastructure, and public finance. Principal component analysis was taken as the key analysis method. For each block, dozens of actual indicators were used in the structure of economic and social analysis. During analysis of variance and analysis of eigenvectors within the framework of the principal component method, latent indicators were determined that determine the level of development of each sector of the economy and the level of development of each category of social indicators. The factors of spatial development, which determine the territorial differentiation of the socio-economic life of the population by states and union territories of India, are highlighted. The functioning and development trends of the administrative-territorial units of India are assessed. Five states and union territories were ranked as the lowest, eight as low, eleven as medium, and six as high socio-economic development. The state with the highest level of socio-economic development was Maharashtra. It is the only administrative unit in India that has taken a leading position in the typology for many separate blocks of economic and social development. Against the background of an increase in economic growth and social indicators, a large gap remains in the country between wealthy and poor citizens, which complicates more effective socio-economic development of both individual regions of the country and India as a whole. This aspect should become a priority in the development of India.

The production of counter-space: Informal labour, social networks and the production of urban space in Dhaka

Access to public space for earning livelihoods is important for street vendors in global south cities. However, due to continuous population growth and the demand for lands by the real estate development sector, pressure on land is very high in the global south. Consequently, global south cities such as Dhaka provide ‘no place’ for its poor migrant citizens. Yet, the urban poor are able to appropriate public space for livelihoods. Drawing on a case study of Sattola slum in Dhaka, this article investigates how the urban poor access to public space for livelihoods and construct counter-spaces by breaking the planned order of the city. This article argues that the urban poor are able to construct counter-spaces with the tacit support of translocal social networks as well as with the support of a range of state and non-state powerful actors who are compromised by the benefits and profits they extract from vendors. This article draws on qualitative data generated through in-depth interviews with 94 informal workers and 37 key informants. This article contributes to urban sociology literature demonstrating that the urban poor are able to construct counter-spaces drawing on a range of everyday tactics and appropriating public space by quietly breaking the planned order of the city.