Irrigation Ponds Research Articles

DELIVERY MODEL FORAGE FEED FOR SUPPORTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF BALI CATTLE ON MARGINAL LAND (Case Study District Gerokgak, Buleleng, Bali)

This research is aimed at overcoming the limited forage problem at marginal land that adversly affects the sustainability of forest. The research was done at Gerokgak District, Buleleng Regency, Bali Province from April 2010 until March 2011. Because the feed problem is complex and dynamic, systems dynamic modelling was used as the method. This method supported with participatory rural appraisal methods for system identification, mean absolute percentage error method for analysis validity of model, and sensitivity analysis to determine the scenarios of feed scenarios. Simulation results showed that the feed available on the actual conditions (in 2009) is only able to meet 64.5% of the total feed required, and potentially to 48.5% in the long term (year 2034). In that period, the feed supply of 52,629 tons / year increased to 74,886 tons/year while consumption increased from 81,403 tons/year to 155,834 tons/year, thus it potentially increases the damage of forest because the burden of forests as the source of feed would increase from 35.5% to 51.5%. To overcome these problems, five scenarios was developed to increase the feed supply. From the five alternative scenarios, the highest increase of feed supply successively given by Scenario 2 (planting field boundary with forage plants), followed by Scenario 1 (introducing the new technology in maize and rice cultivation), Scenario 5 (building feed storages), Scenario 4 (increasing the number of forest community groups from four to 14) and the last is the Scenario 3 (plantingcorn in the dry season by utilizing irrigation ponds) Those scenarios give the potential additional supply of feed 51.6%, 30.1%, 10.1 %, 3.1% and 0.1% respectively. Partially, no single scenario can provide sustainable feed supply; to do so the combination of at least two scenarios must be implemented.keywords: forage supply model, Bali cattle, marginal land, system dynamicRai

Exploring synergistic benefits of Water-Food-Energy Nexus through multi-objective reservoir optimization schemes

This study proposed a holistic three-fold scheme that synergistically optimizes the benefits of the Water-Food-Energy (WFE) Nexus by integrating the short/long-term joint operation of a multi-objective reservoir with irrigation ponds in response to urbanization. The three-fold scheme was implemented step by step: (1) optimizing short-term (daily scale) reservoir operation for maximizing hydropower output and final reservoir storage during typhoon seasons; (2) simulating long-term (ten-day scale) water shortage rates in consideration of the availability of irrigation ponds for both agricultural and public sectors during non-typhoon seasons; and (3) promoting the synergistic benefits of the WFE Nexus in a year-round perspective by integrating the short-term optimization and long-term simulation of reservoir operations. The pivotal Shihmen Reservoir and 745 irrigation ponds located in Taoyuan City of Taiwan together with the surrounding urban areas formed the study case. The results indicated that the optimal short-term reservoir operation obtained from the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) could largely increase hydropower output but just slightly affected water supply. The simulation results of the reservoir coupled with irrigation ponds indicated that such joint operation could significantly reduce agricultural and public water shortage rates by 22.2% and 23.7% in average, respectively, as compared to those of reservoir operation excluding irrigation ponds. The results of year-round short/long-term joint operation showed that water shortage rates could be reduced by 10% at most, the food production rate could be increased by up to 47%, and the hydropower benefit could increase up to 9.33 million USD per year, respectively, in a wet year. Consequently, the proposed methodology could be a viable approach to promoting the synergistic benefits of the WFE Nexus, and the results provided unique insights for stakeholders and policymakers to pursue sustainable urban development plans.

Impact of storm runoff on Salmonella and Escherichia coli prevalence in irrigation ponds of fresh produce farms in southern Georgia.

To examine Salmonella and Escherichia coli in storm runoff and irrigation ponds used by fresh produce growers, and compare Salmonella serovars with those found in cases of human salmonellosis. We collected water before and after rain events at two irrigation ponds on farms in southern Georgia, USA, and collected storm runoff/storm flow within the contributing watershed of each pond. Salmonella and E.coli concentrations were higher in ponds after rain events by an average of 0·46 (P<0·01) and 0·61 (P<0·05) log10 most probable number (MPN) per 100ml respectively. Salmonella concentrations in storm runoff from fields and forests were not significantly higher than in ponds before rain events, but concentrations in storm flow from streams and ditches were higher by an average of 1·22 log10 MPN per 100ml (P<0·001). Eighteen Salmonella serovars were identified from 155 serotyped isolates, and eight serovars were shared between storm runoff/storm flow and ponds. Seven of the serovars, including five of the shared serovars, were present in cases of human illness in the study region in the same year. However, several serovars most commonly associated with human illness in the study region (e.g. Javiana, Enteritidis, and Montevideo) were not found in any water samples. Salmonella and E.coli concentrations in irrigation ponds were higher, on average, after rain events, but concentrations of Salmonella were low, and the ponds met FDA water quality standards based on E.coli. Some similarities and notable differences were found between Salmonella serovars in water samples and in cases of human illness. This study directly examined storm runoff/storm flow into irrigation ponds and quantified increases in Salmonella and E.coli following rain events, with potential implications for irrigation pond management as well as human health.

Temporal Stability of Escherichia coli Concentrations in Waters of Two Irrigation Ponds in Maryland.

Fecal contamination of water sources is an important water quality issue for agricultural irrigation ponds. Escherichia coli concentrations are commonly used to evaluate recreational and irrigation water quality. We hypothesized that there may exist temporally stable spatial patterns of E. coli concentrations across ponds, meaning that some areas mostly have higher and other areas mostly lower than average concentrations of E. coli To test this hypothesis, we sampled two irrigation ponds in Maryland at nodes of spatial grids biweekly during the summer of 2016. Environmental covariates-temperature, turbidity, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, and nutrients-were measured in conjunction with E. coli concentrations. Temporal stability was assessed using mean relative differences between measurements in each location and averaged measurements across ponds. Temporally stable spatial patterns of E. coli concentrations and the majority of environmental covariates were expressed for both ponds. In the pond interior, larger relative mean differences in chlorophyll a corresponded to smaller mean relative differences in E. coli concentrations, with a Spearman's rank correlation coefficient of 0.819. Turbidity and ammonium concentrations were the two other environmental covariates with the largest positive correlations between their location ranks and the E. coli concentration location ranks. Tenfold differences were found between geometric mean E. coli concentrations in locations that were consistently high or consistently low. The existence of temporally stable patterns of E. coli concentrations can affect the results of microbial water quality assessment in ponds and should be accounted for in microbial water quality monitoring design.IMPORTANCE The microbial quality of water in irrigation water sources must be assessed to prevent the spread of microbes that can cause disease in humans because of produce consumption. The microbial quality of irrigation water is evaluated based on concentrations of Escherichia coli as the indicator organism. Given the high spatial and temporal variability of E. coli concentrations in irrigation water sources, recommendations are needed on where and when samples of water have to be taken for microbial analysis. This work demonstrates the presence of a temporally stable spatial pattern in the distributions of E. coli concentrations across irrigation ponds. The ponds studied had zones where E. coli concentrations were mostly higher than average and zones where the concentrations were mostly lower than average over the entire observation period, covering the season when water was used for irrigation. Accounting for the existence of such zones will improve the design and implementation of microbial water quality monitoring.

Investigation of Piping in an Irrigation Pond

Investigation of Piping in an Irrigation Pond

Conservation of Irrigation Ponds Focusing on their Relationship with Local Residents: In Commemoration of Kamata and Ikegami （2001）

Conservation of Irrigation Ponds Focusing on their Relationship with Local Residents: In Commemoration of Kamata and Ikegami （2001）

Factors of Basin Change in Pond Irrigation Systems Formed in Meiji and Taisho Era

Factors of Basin Change in Pond Irrigation Systems Formed in Meiji and Taisho Era

Yenice–Davutköy (Çanakkale) Sulama Göletlerinin Fizikokimyasal ve Mikrobiyolojik Kalitesinin Araştırılması

Bu çalışmanın amacı, sulama göletlerinin mevsimsel su kalitesinin değişimlerini belirlemektir. Dört farklı mevsim için Yenice ve Davutköy sulama göletlerinin 3 farklı örnekleme noktasından yüzey suyu örnekleri toplanmıştır. Bu göletlerin su kalitesini belirlemek amacıyla çözünmüş oksijen, pH, tuzluluk, elektriksel iletkenlik, kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı, biyokimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı, amonyum, nitrit, nitrat, fosfat, toplam sertlik, klorür ve sodyum adsorpsiyon oranı (SAR) parametreleri incelenmiştir. Ulusal ve uluslararası su kalite standartlarına göre, fiziko-kimyasal parametreler sınır değerleri sağlamaktadır. ABD tuzluluk diyagramında C1−S1 sınıfında yer almaktadır. Tuzluluk ve sodyum değerine göre sulama suyu olarak kullanıma uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yenice ve Davutköy göletlerinin mikrobiyal kalitesi için sıcaklığa bağlı olarak mezofil ve psikrofil aerob bakteri oranı belirlenmiştir. Düşük sıcaklıklarda yüksek seviyede psikrofil bakteri belirlenirken yüksek sıcaklıklarda mezofil bakteri sayısı artmaktadır. Psikrofil aerob canlı sayısı (PAC) mevsimlere göre değerlendirildiğinde, sıcaklık artışına bağlı olarak pearson korelasyon analizine göre istatistiksel olarak önemli güçlü negatif korelasyon bulunmuştur (r=-0,635). Fekal kirlilik indikatörü olan E.coli sayısının yaz mevsiminde Davutköy göletine ait istasyonlarda 110 kob/100ml ve 50 kob/100ml olarak belirlenmiştir. Diğer istasyonlarda ise E.coli tespit edilmemiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Yenice ve Davutköy sulama göletlerine ait suların tarımsal aktiviteye uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Influence of Phoslock® on legacy phosphorus, nutrient ratios, and algal assemblage composition in hypereutrophic water resources.

Acceleration of eutrophication in freshwater resources can result in prolific growth of nuisance algae, notably cyanobacteria. In this research, we evaluated the ability of an in situ P binding technology (Phoslock®) to alter available water column and sediment P, and the subsequent impact on nutrient ratios and algal assemblage composition. Two golf course irrigation ponds with legacy nutrient loads and chronic cyanobacterial blooms were treated with Phoslock and monitored for 2years post-treatment. Phoslock significantly (P < 0.05) decreased water column total P levels and shifted mobile sediment P fractions (i.e., labile, reductant-soluble, organic) to the residual fraction. Total N/P ratios (by mass) significantly increased and were sustained at over 30:1 in the Hickory Meadows irrigation pond and 100:1 in the Chockyotte irrigation pond throughout the study. Consequent changes in the algal assemblage included decreases in dominance and overall density of cyanobacteria as well as a shift away from scum-forming genera (e.g., Microcystis spp. and Anabaena [Dolichospermum] sp.) to planktonic forms (e.g., Pseudanabaena sp. and Planktolyngbya sp.). This research provides information regarding mitigation of in situ water and sediment P toward shifting nutrient ratios and altering algal assemblage composition.

ため池におけるアメリカザリガニProcambarus clarkii(Girard)のカニ籠等を用いた個体数抑制と侵入防止

ため池におけるアメリカザリガニProcambarus clarkii(Girard)のカニ籠等を用いた個体数抑制と侵入防止

Evaluating the U.S. Food Safety Modernization Act Produce Safety Rule Standard for Microbial Quality of Agricultural Water for Growing Produce

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has defined standards for the microbial quality of agricultural surface water used for irrigation. According to the FDA produce safety rule (PSR), a microbial water quality profile requires analysis of a minimum of 20 samples for Escherichia coli over 2 to 4 years. The geometric mean (GM) level of E. coli should not exceed 126 CFU/100 mL, and the statistical threshold value (STV) should not exceed 410 CFU/100 mL. The water quality profile should be updated by analysis of a minimum of five samples per year. We used an extensive set of data on levels of E. coli and other fecal indicator organisms, the presence or absence of Salmonella, and physicochemical parameters in six agricultural irrigation ponds in West Central Florida to evaluate the empirical and theoretical basis of this PSR. We found highly variable log-transformed E. coli levels, with standard deviations exceeding those assumed in the PSR by up to threefold. Lognormal distributions provided an acceptable fit to the data in most cases but may underestimate extreme levels. Replacing censored data with the detection limit of the microbial tests underestimated the true variability, leading to biased estimates of GM and STV. Maximum likelihood estimation using truncated lognormal distributions is recommended. Twenty samples are not sufficient to characterize the bacteriological quality of irrigation ponds, and a rolling data set of five samples per year used to update GM and STV values results in highly uncertain results and delays in detecting a shift in water quality. In these ponds, E. coli was an adequate predictor of the presence of Salmonella in 150-mL samples, and turbidity was a second significant variable. The variability in levels of E. coli in agricultural water was higher than that anticipated when the PSR was finalized, and more detailed information based on mechanistic modeling is necessary to develop targeted risk management strategies.

The efficacy of aqueous leaf extract of &lt;i&gt;Solanum tuberosum&lt;/i&gt; on &lt;i&gt;Schistosoma mansoni&lt;/i&gt;-infected albino mice

Human schistosomiasis is one of the important diseases of helminth origin; it is among the most devastating infectious parasitic disease responsible for several deaths and economic losses amongst half of the world’s population. Control of schistosomiasis is solely dependent on chemotherapy. There is need to explore other control measures to interrupt the biology of the parasite. Solanum tuberosum had been used to control the intermediate host (snail) hence the choice of plant extracts to scientifically investigate the schistosomicidal efficacy. The mature leaves of Solanum tuberosum plant were collected from the potatoe research farm of National Root Crop Research Institute, Potatoe Programme, Kuru, Vom, and identified in the Federal College of Forestry, Jos, Nigeria. The Biomphalaria pfeifferi snail vectors were collected from the Miango Irrigation Ponds in Bassa Local Government Area of Plateau State and exposed to sun light for 45 minutes for cercarial shedding. Sixty (60) albino mice of eight weeks weighing between 18 and 25 g were divided into six Groups (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6), Group 1-5 were used for the experiments while Group 6 served as control. The skinned suspended tails were then immersed in the test-tube containing 150 cercariae suspension for mice infections. Group 1 was administered 1.5 mg/ kg, (2) 3 mg/kg, (3) 6 mg/kg, (4) paraziquantel 60 mg/kg divided into two doses respectively while Group 5 was infected but not treated while 6 was the uninfected control and feaces examined after 14 days post-treatment for egg recovery. The mice in the untreated Group 5 post infection (19 days) had the highest number of Schistosoma mansoni ova.Keywords: Solanum tuberosum; S. mansoni; B. pfeifferi; cercariae; albino mice and paraziquantel

The fauna of freshwater calanoid copepods in Japan in the early decades of the 21st Century: Implications for the assessment and conservation of biodiversity

AbstractIn copepods, morphologically‐indistinguishable but genetically‐different cryptic species complexes are frequently found, such as the Acanthodiaptomus pacificus complex that is commonly found in Japanese lakes and ponds. In the present study, the fauna of Japanese freshwater calanoid copepods were extensively reexamined using molecular techniques, and the autecology of each calanoid species was deduced based on the molecular identifications. Specimens were collected throughout Japan, identified by their morphological diagnostic characteristics, and then sequenced for the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mtCOI). In total, 13 species were found in the present study, and in most cases, only one species was collected from each waterbody. The A. pacificus complex occurred not only in high mountain lakes and pools of mountain moors but also in water bodies on low‐altitude plains. The occurrence of the other species was restricted to low‐altitude waterbodies, which were mostly man‐made irrigation ponds. Heliodiaptomus nipponicus and Neutrodiaptomus formosus, which are endemic to Japan, were found only in irrigation ponds, indicating that artificial waterbodies are currently indispensable to maintain the diversity of Japanese freshwater zooplankton. The results of mtCOI sequencing revealed the existence of putative cryptic species complexes such as Neutrodiaptomus formosus in Japan, and Neodiaptomus schmackeri, Sinodiaptomus sarsi, Heliodiaptomus kikuchii, and Eurytemora affinis across their Asian range. It is thus strongly recommended that any outcome of the freshwater zooplankton monitoring programs always be supplemented with DNA sequences in order to render that outcome sound and reliable also for future studies.

Transcriptome profiles of Daphnia magna across to the different water chemistry of surface water of the Korean Demilitarized Zone

The Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) has almost completely protected surface water conditions. Despite the water conditions of DMZ are excellent clear, downstream of river or natural irrigation ponds near the region are recently developed by human activities such as agriculture, ginseng fields or ecotourism. To understand the potential effect of physico-chemical characteristics of the DMZ water, the freshwater model Daphnia magna was exposed to water samples that were collected from four sites near the DMZ. RNA-seq identified some differentially expressed transcripts which are sensitive to small differences of water chemistry. Particularly transcripts coding for the stress responsive heat shock protein (Hsp) superfamily and innate immune system were significantly increased in response to the water samples of irrigation ponds and downstream of Seweol river where are analyzed to have low pH and high levels of chemical fertilizer nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). These water samples decreased mRNA expressions of crucial members which are involved in crustacean morphogenesis and reproduction metabolism (e.g. cuticle protein family, ecdysteroid metabolism, vitellogenesis). Evidence on the high transcriptional sensitivity of the aquatic model D. magna against small differences of water chemistry will be a useful strength for further applications in environmental and ecotoxicological genomics.

Examination of the link between life stages uncovered the mechanisms by which habitat characteristics affect odonates

AbstractThe larval and adult stages of amphibious animals are affected by both aquatic and terrestrial habitat characteristics, and each stage also affects the other. However, this link between life stages has been largely overlooked in previous studies. We examined the effect of aquatic and terrestrial habitat characteristics on the diversity of larval and adult odonates, taking into account the link between the two life stages. Species diversity of adult and larval odonates and aquatic plants, as well as patterns of land use, was investigated in 63 irrigation ponds. We created structural equation models, with paths from land use and aquatic plants characteristics to larval and adult stages of odonates, as well as between the two stages, and chose the best model based on the lowest Akaike information criterion. Adult odonates, but not larvae, were affected by aquatic and terrestrial habitat characteristics, suggesting that the former is the key stage for odonate communities. We observed a positive relationship between the diversity of aquatic plants and larval odonates, but this was in fact due to the effects of aquatic plants on adults, which carried over to the larval stage. Our study showed that a consideration of the link between life stages is crucial for a complete understanding of the relationship between habitat characteristics and amphibious animal populations.

特定外来生物オオクチバスの違法放流 : 岩手県奥州市のため池の事例(保全情報)

特定外来生物オオクチバスの違法放流 : 岩手県奥州市のため池の事例(保全情報)

Functions of Duckweed as a Natural Water Purifying Agent and as a Feed Source for Laying Hens

Duckweed plants have been seen to grow naturally in Jordan’s irrigation ponds. Their massive reproductive capacity causes the formation of a dense cover of these plants, and raises the attention towards studying their functions as a natural water purifying agent, and as a feed source for laying hens. Therefore, this paper examined the average percentages of nutrients’ removal by duckweed, and the production performance of laying hens. The results showed that the growth of duckweed in irrigation ponds serves as a purifier for irrigation water. These plants remove an average of 20% Ca, 33% Mg, 21% K, 13% Cl, 25% SO4, 35% PO4, 1.5% Na, and 40% NO3. The analysis of the water source in irrigation ponds showed that the heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu), are within Ideal Detection Limits. The analyzed duckweed samples contain 26% protein, 2913 Kcal/Kg metabolizable energy, 5.2 fiber, 3.1% fat, 4.3% Ca and 0.86% P. A feeding trial was conducted on laying hens by replacing part of soybean with percentage of duckweed, and proved its efficiency on laying hens egg production. The results highlight the importance of this research to undergo further studies as to the utilization of these plants as a water purifier, and as the future promising feed source for livestock sector.

Occurrence of the exotic freshwater shrimp Palaemon sinensis in central Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan

The exotic freshwater shrimp Palaemon sinensis was recently confirmed in rivers around the city of Higashihiroshima, central Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. To identify the potential introduction vector of P. sinensis, its occurrence was researched in bait shops and irrigation ponds in this area. Shrimp bait was sold in fishing bait shops as a product called “Shirasa ebi,” which was composed of Palaemon sinensis from January to May and in November and December, and Palaemon paucidens from May to December. P. sinensis was also confirmed in an irrigation pond located in Higashihiroshima. The body length frequency of P. sinensis showed a bimodal distribution in November, indicating that the shrimp reproduced in the pond.

Retrieval of Chlorophyll-a and Total Suspended Solids Using Iterative Stepwise Elimination Partial Least Squares (ISE-PLS) Regression Based on Field Hyperspectral Measurements in Irrigation Ponds in Higashihiroshima, Japan

Concentrations of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and total suspended solids (TSS) are significant parameters used to assess water quality. The objective of this study is to establish a quantitative model for estimating the Chl-a and the TSS concentrations in irrigation ponds in Higashihiroshima, Japan, using field hyperspectral measurements and statistical analysis. Field experiments were conducted in six ponds and spectral readings for Chl-a and TSS were obtained from six field observations in 2014. For statistical approaches, we used two spectral indices, the ratio spectral index (RSI) and the normalized difference spectral index (NDSI), and a partial least squares (PLS) regression. The predictive abilities were compared using the coefficient of determination (R2), the root mean squared error of cross validation (RMSECV) and the residual predictive deviation (RPD). Overall, iterative stepwise elimination based on PLS (ISE–PLS), using the first derivative reflectance (FDR), showed the best predictive accuracy, for both Chl-a (R2 = 0.98, RMSECV = 6.15, RPD = 7.44) and TSS (R2 = 0.97, RMSECV = 1.91, RPD = 6.64). The important wavebands for estimating Chl-a (16.97% of all wavebands) and TSS (8.38% of all wavebands) were selected by ISE–PLS from all 501 wavebands over the 400–900 nm range. These findings suggest that ISE–PLS based on field hyperspectral measurements can be used to estimate water Chl-a and TSS concentrations in irrigation ponds.

An experimental study on the grape orchard: Effects comparison of two irrigation systems

Abstract Table grape (Vitis vinifera cultivars) is a major cash crop in the Nashik district of India, which requires irrigation water throughout the year as per demand instantly. Canal irrigation is the adopted irrigation systems in the study area, but canal irrigation has got several serious disadvantages, such as mismatching rotation schedules and crop water demands, water allotment system and restrictions on the use of efficient irrigation methods. The storing the canal water in the farm pond instead of directly applying to the field using the free flooding method is alternate solution to overcome the disadvantages of the canal irrigation system. Once the canal water storing in the pond, it increases the possibilities to use the advance irrigation system like drip, subsurface, sprinkler etc. to enhance water use efficiency. The comparative study between the canal water directly applying for the field and canal water storing in the farm pond then use for irrigation, executed through the field experiments carried out on the grape orchard during a period April 2013 to March 2016. Results have been evaluated based on grape yield, water-productivity, berry size, and biomass. Water productivity (kg·m-3) with respect to water delivery to crop through the pond irrigation method was found 37% higher than the canal irrigation method during the study period. Based on the results, this study recommended the use of the farm pond to store the canal water and use it as per crop demand using advance irrigation systems.