Treatment Ponds Research Articles

Wastewater treatment with microalgal-bacterial aggregates: The tradeoff between energy savings and footprint requirements

Microalgal-bacterial aggregates (MBAs) have recently attracted significant attention as a potential replacement for conventional, suspended-growth wastewater treatment processes. This article evaluates MBAs for full-scale implementation from the perspective of oxygen supply, land use, and energy savings. The results suggest that under ideal conditions, photosynthesis and atmospheric diffusion would provide at most only 2.7% of the oxygen demand in a conventionally designed, nitrifying activated sludge process, which is equivalent to approximately 1.5% of typical treatment plant-wide energy requirements. The results also suggest that a wastewater treatment process using MBAs and relying on solar photosynthesis and atmospheric diffusion for oxygen would have nearly the same footprint as an equivalent well-mixed wastewater treatment pond. While photosynthesis and passive atmospheric diffusion are capable of providing significant oxygen for suspended-growth wastewater treatment processes, the tradeoffs between footprint requirements and energy savings should be carefully considered.

Microbiome analysis reveals Microcystis blooms endogenously seeded from benthos within wastewater maturation ponds.

Toxigenic Microcystis blooms periodically disrupt the stabilization ponds of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Dense proliferations of Microcystis cells within the surface waters (SWs) impede the water treatment process by reducing the treatment efficacy of the latent WWTP microbiome. Further, water quality is reduced when conventional treatment leads to Microcystis cell lysis and the release of intracellular microcystins into the water column. Recurrent seasonal Microcystis blooms cause significant financial burdens for the water industry and predicting their source is vital for bloom management strategies. We investigated the source of recurrent toxigenic Microcystis blooms at Australia's largest lagoon-based municipal WWTP in both sediment core (SC) and SW samples between 2018 and 2020. Bacterial community composition of the SC and SW samples according to 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing showed that Microcystis sp. was dominant within SW samples throughout the period and reached peak relative abundances (32%) during the summer. The same Microcystis Amplicon sequence variants were present within the SC and SW samples indicating a potential migratory population that transitions between the sediment water and SWs during bloom formation events. To investigate the potential of the sediment to act as a repository of viable Microcystis cells for recurrent bloom formation, a novel in-vitro bloom model was established featuring sediments and sterilized SW collected from the WWTP. Microcystin-producing Microcystis blooms were established through passive resuspension after 12 weeks of incubation. These results demonstrate the capacity of Microcystis to transition between the sediments and SWs in WWTPs, acting as a perennial inoculum for recurrent blooms.IMPORTANCECyanobacterial blooms are prevalent to wastewater treatment facilities owing to the stable, eutrophic conditions. Cyanobacterial proliferations can disrupt operational procedures through the blocking of filtration apparatus or altering the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) microbiome, reducing treatment efficiency. Conventional wastewater treatment often results in the lysis of cyanobacterial cells and the release of intracellular toxins which pose a health risk to end users. This research identifies a potential seeding source of recurrent toxigenic cyanobacterial blooms within wastewater treatment facilities. Our results demonstrate the capacity of Microcystis to transition between the sediments and surface waters (SWs) of wastewater treatment ponds enabling water utilities to develop adequate monitoring and management strategies. Further, we developed a novel model to demonstrate benthic recruitment of toxigenic Microcystis under laboratory conditions facilitating future research into the genetic mechanisms behind bloom development.

EFFECT OF OXYTETRACYCLINE ON MORPHOMETRY AND METABOLIC ACTIVITIES OF POLY-CULTURED TILAPIA AND ROHU

Oxytetracycline, an antimicrobial agent has been playing a potent role in aquaculture to control the bacterial diseases, but it’s over dose may pose an undesirable effect. However, the purpose of the experiment was to evaluate the impacts of dietary oxytetracycline on the primary productivity, growth performance, biochemical activity, as well as immunity performance of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and rohu (Labeo rohita) in a polyculture system. Oxytetracycline was mixed with feed at 100 mg/kg and fed with no antibiotic was denoted as the control. A total of 480 fish were cultured for 70 days, comprising 240 tilapia (with a length of 14.63 cm and weight of 59.85 g in an average) and 240 rohu (with a length of 11.43 cm and weigh of 24.6 g in an average). The findings indicated that there was not any significant (p >0.05) change in the growth of treated fishes in comparison with the control one. Amylase activity increased significantly (p <0.05), while superoxide dismutase activity increased but in a non-significant (p >0.05) way in the both of fish species. Protease and catalase activities were found to decline significantly (p <0.05) in both species. There was no significant increase in plankton abundance in the treatment ponds. Spectrometry study of chlorophyll-a revealed in control and treatment ponds where, there found no significant (p> 0.05) variation among each week. These results suggested that oxytetracycline dosing rate at 100 mg/kg having no significant impact on the growth and enzymatic activity of poly-cultured tilapia and rohu as well as primary productivity of the pond. A therapeutic dose (100 mg/kg) of oxytetracycline is subjected to be safe, polyculture.

Efficient treatment of tannery wastewater through aeration, coagulation, and algal pond.

Tannery wastewater effluents contain many toxic and carcinogenic heavy metals and physiochemical parameters that need to be removed before these effluents enter in the main water bodies or rivers. In this study, the effluents from the tannery industry are treated through aeration, coagulation, and Chlorella vulgaris pond treatment processes for the removal of physiochemical: parameters only. The effect of removal efficiencies (%) was studied on the physicochemical parameters, including salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The key results showed that the removal of EC, TDS, turbidity, TSS, BOD, and COD was 80.2%, 67%, 81%, 80.8%, 68.6%, and 100%, respectively, in raw wastewater treatment having 25, 50, and 70 g of algae C. vulgaris doses. The removal efficiencies (%) of salinity, EC, TDS, turbidity, TSS, BOD, and COD were 83%, 87.1%, 77.1%, 80%, 40%, 97%, and 98%, respectively, during coagulated wastewater treatment with three doses of algae. The observed improvement in treated wastewater indicated that the removal efficiencies (%) of salinity, EC, TDS, turbidity, TSS, BOD, and COD were 85.7%, 39.3%, 81.3%, 67.8%, 50.3%, 97%, and 98%, with C. vulgaris. This study confirmed that the treatment of tannery wastewater by these processes increased the pollutant removal efficiencies as all the physiochemical parameters were exceeding the permissible limits. This research will be helpful to treat the industrial wastewaters or effluents before it further mixes up in the main water streams. In this way, water quality will be better, aquatic life will be saved, and further researchers can analyze more ways for efficient treatments as they have a baseline data through this study findings. One of the most pollutant sources in terms of both physical and chemical parameters is the produced wastewater from tannery industries. The effluents from tannery industry are treated through aeration, coagulation, and algae ponds treatment processes. These treatment made the tannery wastewater as environmental friendly.

Utilizing net traps to manage pyralid insect population in pond ecosystems: investigating seasonal abundance and their association with duckweeds

A one-year (May to April) study was done about the seasonal abundance of pyralid insect (Synclita occidentalis: Pyralidae), its association with the duckweed (Spirodela sp.), and the effectiveness of emergent trap as a control measure of pyralid insect in mini ponds ecosystem. The adult insects were non-feeding and selected duckweeds for oviposition and larval development. The larvae of different instars were used duckweed fronds as a trophic source (food). For this, the insect attains pest status in its larval stage. The duckweed production is highly hampered due to the attack of this pyralid insect in pond ecosystem. During experiment, two seasonal peaks were noted, one in summer and another in autumn (larvae and adults). The highest relative seasonal abundance of the adults was recorded in June (0.2) and larvae was in August (0.23). The lowest abundance of the adults and larvae was found 0.001 and 0.01, respectively during winter season. In this experiment, it was found that larvae used duckweed fronds as food in maximum 18.86 ± 0.86 and minimum 13.33 ± 0.70. The larva also built protective cases in duckweed fronds. The highest length of the larval cases was 27.07 ± 1.7 mm and width was 14.8 ± 1.75 mm. The larval feeding habit and case-making adaptability give this insect pest status. From the experiment, it was also found that the length and width of the larval cases greatly varied in different seasons and not positively correlated (P > 0.005). The total seasonal abundance of larval cases was lower in treatment ponds (54) than control (103); and not varied significantly (P > 0.005) between the experimental ponds. In addition, the net trap of adult’s emergent had an important role in suppressing pyralid pest population especially in summer. This situation indicated that it might be a key contribution as a control planning during the peak season of pyralid pest outbreak for the management of duckweed in aquatic ecosystems. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2023, 9(2): 99-108

Epidemiology of Chlamydia sp. infection in farmed Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) in Thailand

BackgroundAlthough Chlamydia sp. causes widespread disease outbreaks in juvenile crocodiles in Thailand, data regarding the epidemiology, and risk factors of such infections are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and possible risk factors associated with Chlamydia sp. infections on Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) farms in Thailand. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to December 2019. Samples were collected from 40 farms across six regions in Thailand. Conjunctival, pharyngeal, and cloacal swab samples were analyzed for Chlamydiaceae nucleic acids using semi-nested PCR followed by phylogenetic analysis based on the ompA gene fragment. Risk factors of infection were analyzed using chi-square and univariate regression to calculate odds ratios.ResultsThe prevalence of Chlamydia sp. infection across all regions was 65%. The ompA phylogenetic analysis showed that Chlamydia sp. detected in this study was genetically closely related to Chlamydia crocodili and Chlamydia caviae. The risk factors for infection were water source, reusing treated wastewater from the treatment pond, not disposing of leftover food, low frequency of water replacement in the enclosure of juvenile crocodiles, and lack of water replacement after the death of a crocodile.ConclusionThe prevalence of Chlamydia sp. infection in farmed crocodiles in Thailand was 65% during the study period. Cloacal swabs were superior to conjunctival and pharyngeal swabs due to their higher sensitivity in detecting Chlamydia sp., as well as their lower invasiveness. Good management and biosecurity in crocodile farming can reduce the risk of Chlamydia sp. infection.

Modeling and Optimizing Wastewater Stabilization Ponds for Domestic Wastewater Treatment

In Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (WSPs), baffle walls (BWs) have the dual benefit of reducing area requirements and increasing contaminant removal efficiency up to a certain threshold. However, this advantage is mitigated by the increased demand for construction materials, highlighting the need for optimization. Effectively optimizing WSPs to suit diverse climatic regions can substantially alleviate nationwide wastewater treatment challenges. This study focuses on optimizing WSPs across seven distinct climatic regions in Turkey. In the initial phase, a comprehensive analysis was conducted using design spreadsheets for the WSPs to determine the best configuration based on traditional methodology (TM). The results demonstrated a significant decrease in WSPs area and hydraulic retention time (RT), validating the effectiveness of BWs provision. However, this approach requires additional time and effort. Subsequently, mathematical modeling (MM) was used to further reduce the time required for the optimization process. Using the interior-point algorithm in MATLAB and the generalized reduced gradient (GRG) algorithm in MS Excel Solver, both algorithms within MM effectively decreased the WSPs area and RTby approximately 10%, while decreasing the required concrete volume by approximately 5% compared with TM. As other algorithms may yield better optimization, they can be investigated by developing specialized software for WSPs. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-11-014 Full Text: PDF

Feasibility of Water Quality from Treated Domestic Wastewater Effluent in Bojongsoang WTTP, Bandung District for Fish Farming

Bojongsoang Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTTP) is a place for processing wastewater in domestic activities in Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia before being released into the aquatic environment. This study aims to determine the feasibility of water quality from domestic wastewater treatment for fish farming activities at the Bojongsoang WTTP in January - June 2023. The survey method was used with purposive sampling technique and conducted at five research stations with two replicates. The efficiency of reducing sewage treatment at the Bojongsoang WTTP is able to reduce the BOD5 value by 73%, reduce ammonia by 66%, reduce TSS by 38%, increase DO by 75% and the temperature and pH parameters are stable as expected. The results of testing six water quality parameters from processed domestic wastewater at the Bojongsoang WTTP, some ponds are at high levels and exceed water quality standards. So that it is not suitable if it is used as a fish farming pond that will be consumed or traded. The performance of each WTTP treatment pond is not yet optimal in accordance with the aims and objectives of wastewater treatment (WTTP), namely to reduce (eliminate) polluting substances so that they can be used for agricultural and fishery needs.

Influence of different Wastewater Treatment Processes on the rate and characteristics of MPs released from WWTPs in Fiji, South Pacific

The global effects of MP (MP) pollution on the environment are concerning, and they are exacerbated by the multiple sources of pollution in aquatic environments such as urban runoff, waste mismanagement, industrial pollution, and so on. South pacific islands host a large diversity of aquatic flora and fauna and given its ecological significance it is necessary to identify the sources of MP pollution in the region. To date, very little attention has been given to identify whether effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are acting as a significant source of MP in the South Pacific region and its countries. Therefore, the present study analyzed and compared the treatment methods and fate of MPs in the country’s two main WWTPs: 1) the Kinoya WWTP (simple secondary clarifier and trickling filter) and 2) Natabua WWTP (secondary pond treatment system). Sampling locations were based on the different treatment stages, and samples were collected from each stage of treatment before effluents were released into the ocean. Kinoya WWTP had an average of 3.45 ± 0.3 particles/L in the inlet stage and released an average of 0.3 ± 0.26 particles/L of MP through the outlet with 91% removal efficiency (RE) with an output equivalent of 4500 particles per day. The initial stage of treatment from the anaerobic pond outlet at Natabua had an average of 2.9 ± 1.05 particles/L, and the maturation outlet had an average of 0.53 ± 0.42 particles/L, a removal efficiency of 81% and thus an output equivalent of 4558 particles/L of MP. Polymer analysis under FTIR confirmed that cellophane or semi-synthetic cellulose and polypropylene were common polymers in the final effluent in Kinoya WWTP, and Natabua plant has cellophane or semi-synthetic cellulose, polypropylene and polyethylene were observed as common polymers. Although there are numerous study that have compared wastewater treatment processes, this is the first study in Fiji that investigates the efficiency of the two methods of water treatment process in the context of microplastic pollution and emphasizes the effectiveness of the treatment stages in determining the concentration of MP released into the ocean.

Effects of operational processes and equipment in palm oil mills on characteristics of raw Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME): A comparative study of four mills

The characteristics of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is a crucial factor affecting the yield and quality of biogas produced from anaerobic digestion. Hence, it is essential to understand how the operational processes and equipment in palm oil mills can affect POME characteristics and subsequently, biogas production efficiency. This study aims to evaluate the effects of different operating systems in four Palm Oil Mills (POM), including the usage of three-phase decanters, sludge separators, sludge recirculation, empty fruit bunch (EFB) press, water consumption, and sterilization systems, on POME characteristics such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total solids (TS), suspended solids (SS), pH, and oil and grease (OG). Experimental data was collected over a two-year period (from July 2019 to June 2021) at four POMs in Malaysia (A, B, C, and D). The ANOVA analysis showed that differences in the operational process flow and equipment led to significant variations in POME characteristics among the four mills. POM A was the only mill equipped with a three-phase decanter, which reduced the TS concentration in POME and recorded the lowest TS content (25,580 mg/L) compared to POM B, C, and D. However, the COD of POM A was still high due to the continuous addition of effluent from the empty fruit bunch (EFB) press station. POM B used a conventional cages system (CCS) for sterilization, whereas other POMs adopted a continuous sterilization (CS) system. POM B and D had the highest COD (more than 80,000 mg/L) due to low water consumption, absence of decanter, and direct discharge of sterilizer condensate to the sludge pit. POM C has achieved considerably lower TS content (29,144 mg/L) and the lowest COD level of 59,576 mg/L due to the highest water consumption. The hydrocyclone effluent from the kernel crushing plant (KCP) further diluted the POME in POM C. It is recommended to use sludge separators (instead of the three-phase decanter) and continuous sterilization system to produce desirable POME characteristics for maximum biogas generation. The water: FFB ratio should be kept below 1.2 m3/TFFB to maintain moderate COD, BOD, and TS content. This study provides essential information for POME biogas plant developers and POM owners to understand the mill process background and predict the POME qualities before designing an anaerobic digester or effluent treatment ponds.

Assessing the impacts of zeolite on water quality, growth performance, heavy metal content and health condition of farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The rapid expansion and intensification of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) aquaculture in Bangladesh results in an increasing tendency of administering more pharmaceuticals in fish health management. Hence, with the aim of investigating the effects of zeolite (a water and sediment treatment compound) on water quality, growth performance, hematology, gut microbial content, and heavy metal content of Oreochromis niloticus, an experiment was performed for 126 days in six experimental earthen ponds (each pond size is one decimal). The stocking density was 300 fry/decimal. Zeolite was applied directly into the water in treatment ponds at a rate of 200 g/decimal during pond preparation and 100 g/decimal/15 days intervals during the culture period as recommended by the manufacturing company. The results indicated that zeolite had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on all growth indices assessed in all three experimental stages (0–42 days, 43–84 days, 85–126 days) in treatment ponds compared to control ones, except condition factor (CF) at the first stage. Hematological results implied that the application of zeolite in treatment pond water had no significant effect on the red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) of experimental fish blood compared to the control. However, a significant effect on the blood glucose level and total viable count (TVC) of the experimental fish gut was observed due to the addition of zeolite in the treatment ponds. Zeolite supplementation in treatment pond water significantly reduced the concentrations of different heavy metals in pond sediment, water and fish flesh compared to the control. Therefore, zeolite could be recommended for administration in aquaculture. Further research is required to find out whether a higher or lower dose of zeolite improves the water quality, growth performance and health condition, and decreases the heavy metal content of fish or not.

Comparison between biofloc technology system and aquamimicry in the cultivation of Litopenaeus vannamei in lined ponds in Southern Brazil

This work compared biofloc technology and aquamimicry technologies in Litopenaeus vannamei lined ponds, using a density of 60 shrimp·m-2. The experiment lasted 120 days, with two treatments, bioflocs (TBio) and aquamimicry (TMi), and three replications for each. In both treatments, the average values of the water quality parameters were as follows: temperature was 24.0 ± 0.32 °C, dissolved oxygen was 8.00 ± 0.45 mg·L-1, pH was 8.40 ± 0.20, and alkalinity was 240.01 ± 37.15 mg·L-1. The control of water quality was effectively maintained in both treatments, indicating the aquamimicry system’s capability to efficiently recycle the nutrients found in the lined ponds’ water. Furthermore, both treatments demonstrated efficiency in shrimp production, and the shrimp from the TMi treatment reached an average final weight of 11.73 ± 2.21 g, average survival of 53.3 ± 15.2%, and productivity of 3.56 ± 0.15-ton·ha-1. The TBio shrimp reached a final weight of 11.48 ± 1.25 g, survival of 63.3 ± 8.16%, and productivity of 4.08 ± 1.10-ton·ha-1. The present study demonstrated that TMi treatment pondspresented zootechnical performances close to those of TBio treatment ponds. The results achieved can contribute to the improvement of this cultivation system to use it in higher stocking densities.

Study of traffic-related pollution and its treatment with a particular focus on microplastics in tunnel wash and road runoff water.

Treatment of tunnel wash runoff water and road runoff water before it reaches the environment is recommended to limit the negative consequences of traffic-related pollution. The efficiency of existing water treatment systems to remove traffic-related microplastic (MP) has not been sufficiently documented. Expanding the knowledge about traffic-related MP and documenting the treatment efficiency of MP in road tunnel wash water (TWW) and road runoff (RRW) treatment systems were the objectives of the presented project. TWW from the Tåsen tunnel, Norway, and RRW from the Fossbekken sedimentation pond were investigated in summer and winter situations. Six commonly available polymer types, tire rubber tread particles (TRP), and road marking paints (RMP) were analyzed in the selected samples. About 0.12 and 0.26 μg/L of polymers were identified in winter and summer TWWs. Significantly higher tire rubber and road marking paint concentrations were identified in the winter sample compared to summer sample. Suspended particle concentration in the Fossbekken RRW treatment pond effluent was lower in the summer than in the winter sample. About 0.002 and 0.0008 μg/L polymer masses were identified in winter and summer samples, respectively. TRP in the winter and summer samples were 0.7 and 0.2 μg7/L, and 13.4 μg/L RMP was found in the winter sample, while it was only 0.008 μg/L in the summer sample.

End-of-season supplementary feeding in European carp ponds with appropriate plant protein and carbohydrate combinations to ecologically boost productivity: Lupine, rapeseed and, triticale

The present study investigated end-of-season (July–September) supplementary feeding strategies for European fishponds (carp farming), which suffer from collapsed natural food base (protein availability). Treatment ponds receiving white lupine (Lupinus albus), resulted in higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content (276.1 mg n − 3 PUFA 100 g−1) in skinless fillet of Cyprinus carpio than control ponds receiving triticale (179.5 mg n − 3 PUFA 100 g−1). Despite lupine being richer in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) than triticale, eutrophication was likely suppressed in treatment ponds. Treatment ponds (∼120 g acid detergent fiber, ADF kg−1 lupine) had higher water transparency and lower water column P than control ponds (∼31 g ADF kg−1 triticale). Surprisingly, triticale (8.5% digestible protein; low DIAASLYS 36%) resulted in similar yield (∼1 ton ha−1) as lupine (26.5% digestible protein; higher DIAASLYS 52%, but low DIAASMET 32%). Therefore, protein quality (methionine) deficiency in lupine was investigated. It was balanced iso‑nitrogenously (38% crude protein) with rapeseed expeller meal (Brassica napus): diets T1 (only lupine; Met 0.9% of protein) → T2 (75% lupine: 25% rapeseed; Met 1.2% of protein) → diet T3 (50% lupine: 50% rapeseed; Met 1.4% of protein). A gradual improvement in yield, N and P retention values was observed from T1 to T3 but it did not exceed a low protein (16% crude protein) ‘control’ diet (only triticale; Met 1.9% of protein). Nutrient conversion to fish biomass (protein efficiency ratio and P: N retention ratio) seemed highest in ‘control’ followed by ‘T3’. This could be attributed to starch-mediated protein sparing effect or high organic matter digestibility of triticale (ADCNFE 76%; ADCOM 72%). Which is lacking in either lupine or rapeseed (ADCNFE ≤ 1%; ADCOM ≤ 34%) due to predominance of fibrous carbohydrates (non-starch polysaccharides, NSP). However, in ponds, they may still enhance the food web. In absence of starch, higher ADF influx in pond carp gut may halve absorption of n-3 PUFA from zooplankton. The study concludes end-of-season supplementary feeding with high DIAASMET, LYS protein combinations (e.g., lupine-rapeseed) and inclusion of starch sources (e.g., triticale) could achieve higher yield and nutrient efficiency in ponds. Most proteinaceous plant feedstuff are rich in NSP or ADF and may contribute to improving pond water quality or food web. Balanced supplementary feeds (e.g., 50% triticale +25% lupine +25% rapeseed expeller), that feed both fish (starch, optimum DIAASprotein) and pond (NSP, ADF) are suggested.

Use of modern geometric design of fish ponds to increase welfare and blood parameters

Fish currently suffer from a lack of well-being due to the large number of pollutants in the water and the lack of space given to them, which makes them afraid and uncomfortable, which leads to a lack of welfare and, thus, a lack of production and poor quality of meat. This study was designed using a modern geometric design (DGD) of basin design, which is an H-mark. Three hundred fishes were used and distributed in three treatments with four replications; each treatment consisted of 100 fishes, and each replicate included 25. The first treatment was a control treatment (C), represented by raising fish in regular ponds, and the second treatment was fish farming using novelty design ponds in the shape of the H sign (ND). The third treatment was the fish farming treatment in earthen ponds (EP). The statistical analysis findings demonstrated that the ND treatment significantly improved the condition. ( p≤0.05) in the number of red blood cells, over the rest of the treatments, and significantly ( p≤0.05) for HD hemoglobin, was superior to the rest. In PCV, the ND treatment was a significant improvement compared with the rest of the treatments if the highest value was recorded, the results demonstrated significant changes between the experimental treatments at the level (p 0.05). The outcomes revealed that the number of white blood cells significantly increased with ND therapy (p 0.05). Cells, over the rest of the treatments, and a significant improvement ( p≤0.05) for H/L compared with the rest of the treatments; there were no significant differences between the experimental treatments, but there was a significant improvement ( p≤0.05) in ND treatment in the Glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride HDL, LDL, GPT, and GOT, over the rest of the treatments. Using a novelty design in the ponds helped the fish increase their well-being due to their feeling of comfort and lack of fear, which improved their behavior, blood traits, and growth performance. Keywords: Modern Geometric Design, Fish Ponds, Blood Traits, Behavior Traits, and Growth Performance

Floating treatment wetlands using Vetiveria zizanioides and Heliconia psittacorum in aquaculture wastewater treatment

The most important things needed in aquaculture are good quality and quantity of water resources. The residue from the use of pellets as additives and the results of the excretion of aquatic biota will produce liquid waste characteristics with high nutrient and organic matter content. One of the efforts to treat wastewater is using floating treatment wetlands (FTWs). This study aimed to analyze the changes in nutrients and organic matter concentrations and the removal efficiency using Vetiveria zizanioides and Heliconia psittacorum in a sewage treatment system using FTWs by grouping water quality parameters as observational variables whose linear correlations are in the line to become one main component using the PCA (Principal Component Analysis). The research was conducted on a laboratory scale using tarpaulin ponds with a batch system, the source of wastewater from catfish ponds with 12 treatment variations namely plant type, surface area, and pond depth, and observed for 30 days. Parameters monitored include total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), nitrate (NO3 −), nitrite (NO2 −), ammonia (NH4 +), orthophosphate (PO4 3-), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and in situ measurement of parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, temperature, and conductivity. At the end of the experiment, it was seen that treatment pond 7 (Heliconia psittacorum, surface cover area 50%, depth 100 cm) effectively removed 75.35% of TN and 90.70% nitrate, treatment pond 1 (Vetiveria zizanioides, surface cover area of 100%, depth of 100 cm) effectively removed TP 92.55%, the treatment pond 5 (Heliconia psittacorum, the surface cover area of 100%, depth of 100 cm) effectively removed ammonia by 94.64% and nitrite by 97.93%. Almost all treatments tested can reduce COD concentrations, while the phosphate in the study showed a fluctuation until the end of the experimental period. Based on the PCA results on day 30, TN, TP, conductivity, phosphate, COD, nitrate, pH, and temperature can represent the characteristics of changes in the concentration of organic compounds and nutrients in aquaculture wastewater compared to other parameters.

Analysis of Emerging Contaminants in Surface Water, Aquaculture Ponds and Wastewater Treatment Facilities in the Taige Canal Basin

Analysis of Emerging Contaminants in Surface Water, Aquaculture Ponds and Wastewater Treatment Facilities in the Taige Canal Basin

Inlet retrofitting improves the hydraulic performance of a waste stabilization pond

Wastewater is transitioning from being viewed as a waste to being utilized as a resource in the production of reclaimed water. Reclaimed water, obtained through waste stabilization pond treatment technologies, has the potential to offset potable water needs for irrigation purposes as well as fertilizers for crop growth. In developing countries, where waste stabilization ponds are widely used, a major issue is the lack of maintenance which can lead to considerable amounts of sludge piled at the bottom of the pond. This sludge accumulation reduces the treatment capacity of the waste stabilization pond and possibly, the treatment efficiency which is vital for reuse purposes. In cases for which desludging of the pond is a challenge, retrofitting the pond inlet can offer an alternative to improve pond hydraulic performance. In this study, two inlet retrofit geometries are investigated in a waste stabilization pond with significant sludge accumulation using computational fluid dynamics. It is seen that retrofitting the pond with a three-way pipe inlet increases the mean residence time of the pond from 21.9 days to 25 days over a single pipe inlet while significantly reducing the strength of short-circuiting.

Performance of municipal waste stabilization ponds in the Saharan desert (Morocco)

Abstract The majority of cities in the Saharan territory of south Morocco utilize waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) for municipal wastewater treatment because of their relatively low capital, operational costs, and minimal complexity. New national effluent quality regulations have been implemented in Morocco, and they will be applied to all treatment systems. In this study, we chose three cities that are located in the Saharan area characterized by an arid climate and water scarcity. They are facing the challenges of rapid urbanization and the need to improve wastewater treatment and management. Treatment performance is impacted by community water use, pond design, and climate. The performance evaluation concerns seven physicochemical parameters during the year 2020. Monitoring results showed that WSPs in this climate can achieve removal rates between 75% and 85% for organic pollution and total suspended matter, but were challenged to produce effluent quality that meets reuse standards. Performance and statistical analysis have been done and confirm the existence of correlations between these parameters and the climate of the region. For the improvement of the quality of these waters, it is legitimate to upgrade the three WSPs with a tertiary treatment with maturation ponds.

Response of Parasite Community Composition to Aquatic Pollution in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): A Semi-Experimental Study.

The response of parasite communities to aquatic contamination has been shown to vary with both type of pollutant and parasite lifestyle. In this semi-experimental study, we examined uptake of pharmaceutical compounds in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) restocked from a control pond to a treatment pond fed with organic pollution from a sewage treatment plant and assessed changes in parasite community composition and fish biometric parameters. The parasite community of restocked fish changed over the six-month exposure period, and the composition of pharmaceutical compounds in the liver and brain was almost the same as that in fish living in the treatment pond their whole life. While fish size and weight were significantly higher in both treatment groups compared to the control, condition indices, including condition factor, hepatosomatic index, and splenosomatic index, were significantly higher in control fish. Parasite diversity and species richness decreased at the polluted site, alongside a significant increase in the abundance of a single parasite species, Gyrodactylus sprostonae. Oviparous monogeneans of the Dactylogyridae and Diplozoidae families and parasitic crustaceans responded to pollution with a significant decrease in abundance, the reduction in numbers most likely related to the sensitivity of their free-living stages to pollution.