Farm Ponds Research Articles

Quality profile of QSU-farm pond irrigation system: Its suitability as irrigation waters

The quality of available water must be tested to check its suitability prior to its use. The physicochemical analysis of the QSU-farm pond water system has been done to assess its quality for irrigation needs. The quality analysis was made through the estimation of its temperature, pH, salinity, Total Dissolved Solids, Electrical Conductivity, alkalinity, chloride, hardness, iron, and sulfate as irrigation water criteria. The analytical data were processed and compared with the standard permissible limit set for irrigation waters. Regarding the suitability of the farm pond water system for irrigational purposes with the measured quality criteria, the farm pond waters were within the safe limits except for few parameters that did not meet the required irrigation standard limit criteria which need immediate attention. The quality profile results may be used as a basis for future management and strategic intervention.

DETECTION OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA AFFECT EXTERNAL ORGANS OF CYPRINUS CARPIO IN WASIT PROVINCE

The present study was aimed to find the most common causative agents relates to skin ulceration in most common fish farming (ponds and cages) affects Cyprinus carpio in Wasit province harvested from three different regions. The laboratory isolation and detection of bacteria in this study was carried out in medical laboratory techniques in Middle Technical University and Central Public Health Laboratory in Baghdad from September to December 2020. For this study 240 infected common carp Cyprinus carpio L. were used, 120 samples from cages and 120 samples from ponds. Samples were taken from three regions, which represented the north, central, and south of the governorate. Samples from skin ulcers were taken from affected areas in the body of the fish, skin, gills and fins, then transporting to the laboratory to perform bacterial culture. The present study illustrates that the common causative agent of ulceration in fish skin, gills and fins was bacteria with most detected bacteria were Aeromonas hydrophila (56.7%) in cages and (37.5%) in ponds, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (40.83%) in cages and (35.08%) in ponds, and Citrobacter freundii (41.66%) in cages and (25.8%) in ponds through the months including in this study. In conclusion, the most important pathogenic bacteria related to skin ulceration in both cages and ponds in all three locations in Wasit province were Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Citrobacter freundii. The infection rate was higher in cages compared to ponds because of increase pollution by sewage and organic compound and due to stress condition resulting from higher stoking density.

Pelatihan Dan Belajar Pengolahan Bandeng Cabut Duri Untuk Ibu PKK Dasa Wisma Matahari Di Dusun Gayam, Desa Soko, Kecamatan Glagah. Kabupaten. Lamongan

Lamongan is known as a producer of various fishery commodities, both marine fishery and freshwater fishery products. This is directly proportional to the large number of fish farmers scattered in several areas of Lamongan. In Gglagah sub-district itself there are several groups of farmers where the main commodities are fresh vanamei shrimp and milkfish. The problem arose from April to July where there was a big harvest in several areas in East Java, especially Lamongan Regency, so that some fishery commodities such as milkfish, especially in Glagah District, Lamongan Regency experienced a significant decline in prices. One of the efforts to utilize the fish so that it has a high selling value is by processing milkfish into semi-finished products, namely batari (milkfish pull out thorns). The price of unplugged milkfish has a very economical price, in traditional markets with small sizes it can reach Rp. 10,000/head with a net weight of 130-180 grams, while large sizes with a net weight of 330-380 grams can reach a price of Rp. 20,000/head. Planned Location for the implementation of internal community service at the University of Muhammadiyah Gresik is in Guayam Hamlet, Soko Village, Glagah District, Lamongan Regency, a village where the majority of the population are pond farmers, approximately 75% of pond farmers and 25% are factory workers. The purpose of implementing the internal community service activities at the University of Muhammadiyah Gresik is to first open up business opportunities and job opportunities. The second is to cultivate an entrepreneurial spirit in the community and the third is to produce processed products of Milkfish Cabut Duri. The methods used are lecture and discussion methods, knowledge transfer and demonstration methods. Through guidance in UMG's internal community service program, it is hoped that PKK can utilize all parts of milkfish whose selling price is low from April to July into processed products with high economic value. so that farmers and villagers will benefit

Strategi usaha tambak ikan bandeng (Chanos chanos) di Desa Bipolo Kecamatan Sulamu

This research aims to find out the business strategy of milkfish ponds (Chanos chanos) in Bipolo Village of Sulamu Subdistrict. This research was conducted for a period of 1 (one) month, in the Bipolo Village Area of Sulamu Subdistrict with the number of research samples as many as 13 people who worked as bandeng pond cultivators in Bipolo Village. The methods used in this study in the form of interviews, observations, documentation, and analysis are used, namely SWOT analysis. From the results of the study showed that the business development strategy with SWOT analysis lies in quadrant I. That is, it has progressive strengths and opportunities using so (Strength Opportunities) strategy. The strategies used are the management of natural resources and increasing the capacity of human resources to maximize the quantity and quality of production of bandeng fish, conducting market analysis to determine the production cycle of milkfish. The results of the SWOT matrix recommend that the strategy for the development of milkfish enlargement business is to maximize existing resources by increasing the capacity of pond farmers to milkfish enlargement techniques.
 
 Keywords: Milkfish Pond Bussines, Strategy, SWOT Analysis

Identifying Potential Sites for Rainwater Harvesting Structures in Ghazi Tehsil, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, Using Geospatial Approach

Rainwater harvesting is an important step towards maximizing the water availability and land productivity in arid and semi-arid areas. The present study shows that the area of Ghazi Tehsil within Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan, has great potential for rainwater harvesting due to its feasible climatic and topographic conditions. This area of 348 km2 normally receives high rainfall annually, but, due to hilly terrain, the bulk of rainwater is lost in the runoff process. In order to enhance agricultural output for such a large area, the practice of rainwater harvesting is a sustainable and decisive approach. However, the selection of appropriate sites for rainwater harvesting on a large scale presents a critical challenge. In such areas, geospatial technology has proved very decisive in the identification of potential sites. In this study, we have used the HEC-GeoHMS tool (ArcGIS 9.3) to compute a curve number to represent the effects of rainfall against the hydrological soil group and landcover. Subsequently, the curve number was used as an input parameter in the soil conservation service runoff-curve number (SCS-CN) method to estimate surface runoff potential for different combinations of landcover and hydrological soil groups. It was observed that runoff was higher in mountainous areas and relatively low in plain areas. Finally, to identify the potential sites for rainwater harvesting, weighted overlay analysis-based related thematic map layers were further reclassified, and weights were assigned according to the technical guidelines of suggested international standards and under consideration of the study area’s topographic, hydrological, and climatic factors. As a result, about 20% of the area was found suitable, 52% less suitable, and 29% as not suitable. Furthermore, relative suitability was assigned to the results of suitable sites as an input for the identification of potential sites for different rainwater harvesting storage structures. These results show that 10% of the area was suitable for farm ponds, 5.74% for check dams, 21.5% for Nigarims, and 8.9% was found to be suitable for gully plugs. The comparison of our GIS-derived and field-based results spatially affirms that the analyzed results were agreeably overlaid in the context of spatial results for check dams, gully plugs, and Nigarims.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI HASIL PANEN UDANG VANAME (Litopenaeus vannamei) DI PERTAMBAKAN KECAMATAN DEKET DAN KECAMATAN KARANGBINANGUN KABUPATEN LAMONGAN

The Vannami Shrimp, also known as The White Shrimp, is one of many shrimp species, which is one of the most famous fish pond commodities with huge consumers. Deket and Karangbinangun District in Lamongan is the two district in East Java Province, Indonesia, that have massive produce and contribution to this Commodity Production. This Research uses Descriptive Methods; Descriptive Methods Research can usually be defined as the depiction or analysis of analytic descriptive or analytic quantitative. This Research used a survey method where the pond farmers from Deket District (n=48) and Karangbinangun District (58). The Average Age Farmers Data in Deket District is around 46 years old, while Karangbinangun District is approximately 53 years old. The Average Education Level Farmers Data in Deket District is about ten years old or in the Junior High School Level, while Karangbinangun is around seven years old. Also, in Deket District, about 37% are Full-Time Farmers while 63% are just Part-Time Farmers. The Width of Pond Data in Deket District is around 6158 Square Feet, while in Karangbinangun, around 4479,40 Square Feet. The result of this Research has been reserved, so the conclusion based on the statistic analysis using the T-Test and the Factors Correlation for Increasing Productivity has a significant impact in The T-Test on that Two District, The Significant Influencing Productivity Factor: “Age, Ponds Width, Community and Harvest Product” and The Factors that have a connection with Productivity including Respondent Factor (Age, Educational Level); Nature Factor (pond Width); and Input Factor (amount feed, fertilizer use).

ANALISIS PENGARUH MODAL KERJA DAN TENAGA KERJA TERHADAP PENDAPATAN PETANI TAMBAK GARAM DI KECAMATAN KALIANGET KABUPATEN SUMENEP

This study aims to determine whether there is an effect of working capital and labor on the income of salt pond farmers in Kalianget District, Sumenep Regency. This study uses quantitative methods with questionnaires, documentation, and observation data collection techniques. The method used is multiple linear regression analysis, analysis of determination (R2), and hypothesis testing. This data collection technique was carried out by distributing questionnaires to 78 respondents, namely smallholder salt pond farmers in Kalianget District, Sumenep Regency. The results of this study prove that partially working capital and labor have a significant effect on the income of smallholder salt pond farmers in Kalianget District, Sumenep Regency. Simultaneously working capital and labor have a significant effect on the income of salt farmers in Kalianget District, Sumenep Regency.

Effects of environmental and agronomic factors on pond water quality within an intensive agricultural landscape in subtropical southern China

Water quality deterioration, such as eutrophication, can contribute to the degradation of farm pond ecosystems, threatening numerous ecological services and socioeconomic benefits. However, the variability of water quality and the complexity of influencing variables pose large uncertainties for pond management practices and watershed planning. This study integrated a self-organizing map (SOM) and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to evaluate the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) variations in 39 typical farm ponds in the Dongting Lake basin, and related the variations to pond internal factors, external environment, and agronomic management. The results indicated that 39 monitored farm ponds faced a high risk of eutrophication owing to high N and P levels, and that total N (TN), total P (TP), and particulate P (PP) generally exceeded the threshold of level V surface water quality standards in China (2.0 mg N L−1 and 0.2 mg P L−1). Simultaneously, pond water quality showed high spatiotemporal variability, and pollution hotspots occurred mostly during the overlapping periods of fallow-dry-winter and planting-rainy-spring. Based on the constructed SEM model, external environmental factors (meteorology, catchment landscape composition, configuration, topography, and soil chemical properties), pond internal characteristics, and agronomic management combined explained 60.2 ± 2.9 % and 54.2 ± 3.1 % of the N and P variations, respectively. There were intricate interactions among the above latent variables, including such meteorology positively moderated the paths of soil chemical properties→pond P and landscape composition→pond N and P; landscape composition, soil, and pond internal characteristics mediated the effects of other variables on variations of N and P. The total effects (indirect effects + direct effects) of landscape composition on the variations of pond N and P were higher than those of other variables. Among all the indicators composing latent variables, agricultural and residential land area percentage, rainfall, water depth, and fish farming were relatively important in pond water quality variations. The constructed model and analytical results offer essential information for the accurate management and restoration of pond water quality.

Mangrove microbial community recovery and their role in early stages of forest recolonization within shrimp ponds

Shrimp farming is blooming worldwide, posing a severe threat to mangroves and its multiple goods and ecosystem services. Several studies reported the impacts of aquaculture on mangrove biotic communities, including microbiomes. However, little is known about how mangrove soil microbiomes would change in response to mangrove forest recolonization. Using genome-resolved metagenomics, we compared the soil microbiome of mangrove forests (both with and without the direct influence of shrimp farming effluents) with active shrimp farms and mangroves under a recolonization process. We found that the structure and composition of active shrimp farms microbial communities differ from the control mangrove forests, mangroves under the impact of the shrimp farming effluents, and mangroves under recolonization. Shrimp farming ponds microbiomes have lower microbial diversity and are dominated by halophilic microorganisms, presenting high abundance of multiple antibiotic resistance genes. On the other hand, control mangrove forests, impacted mangroves (exposed to the shrimp farming effluents), and recolonization ponds were more diverse, with a higher abundance of genes related to carbon mobilization. Our data also indicated that the microbiome is recovering in the mangrove recolonization ponds, performing vital metabolic functions and functionally resembling microbiomes found in those soils of neighboring control mangrove forests. Despite highlighting the damage caused by the habitat changes in mangrove soil microbiome community and functioning, our study sheds light on these systems incredible recovery capacity. Our study shows the importance of natural mangrove forest recovery, enhancing ecosystem services by the soil microbial communities even in a very early development stage of mangrove forest, thus encouraging mangrove conservation and restoration efforts worldwide.

Investment planning to minimize climate risk in agricultural production: an optimization model for a semi-arid region in India

ABSTRACT This study undertakes a prioritization of investments for upscaling context-specific climate-smart agriculture (CSA) technologies across several districts in the semi-arid Telangana state of India. We first analysed the trade-off between expected agricultural income in these districts and deviation from it under drought and normal weather scenarios. We extended the conventional MOTAD model with climate-smart technologies to assess their role in minimizing this trade-off under various weather scenarios. For our analysis, we relied on a five-year (2010–2011 to 2014–2015), district-level panel dataset on the cost of cultivation and crop production of 11 major crops under six different climate-smart technologies and farmers’ traditional practices (FTPs). This dataset included a collation of official statistics on the cost of cultivation, focus group interviews with farmers over the years and data from experimental plots operated by regional agricultural research stations. We found that the adoption of CSA technologies in Telangana, compared to FTPs, led to a 16% reduction in production risk while achieving optimum levels of crop income. Under FTPs, in a scenario of the high probability of drought, the production risk is increased by 12% while the adoption of CSA technologies reduced this risk by 25%. Our study suggests that increasing investments in farm ponds and unpuddled machine transplanting of rice can minimize the risk-return trade-off in a higher drought frequency scenario. The study fills a critical gap by generating evidence, and developing a robust planning tool, for policymakers to make informed decisions on investments in resilience-enhancing CSA.

Prioritising sub-watersheds using morphometric analysis, principal component analysis, and land use/land cover analysis in the Kinnerasani River basin, India

Abstract Due to the depletion of natural resources including land and water as a result of rapid population increase, industrialisation, and urbanisation, effective resource management is essential for long-term development. The Kinnerasani Watershed in Telangana State was chosen for the research based on morphological analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and land use/land cover (LULC) analysis in this study. A catchment's morphometric characteristics, PCA, and LULC analysis can be estimated using geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) approaches. The watershed generated 24 sub-watersheds (SWs) in all (SW1–SW24). SWs were ranked using morphometric features, PCA, and LULC features. To determine the final priority of SWs, several morphometric characteristics, including linear, shape, and relief aspects, have been estimated for each SW and given ranks based on compound parameter values. To prioritise SWs, the PCA was used to extract five parameters from morphometric characteristics. The LULC analysis used four characteristics to prioritise the SWs. SW3, SW9, and SW12 have been prioritised for morphometric analysis; SW2 and SW3 have been prioritised for PCA; and SW17, SW19, SW23, and SW24 have been prioritised for LULC analysis. The common SWs within each priority according to three different methodologies are SW4, SW6, SW10, SW13, SW15, and SW21. The results show that the high-priority locations have greater runoff and soil erosion issues, so it is essential to design and implement watershed management techniques such as check dams, construction of farm ponds, and construction of earthen embankments in these areas. The decision-making authorities might use the findings to plan and implement watershed management initiatives to minimise soil erosion in high-priority locations.

Using technology acceptance model to understand fish farmers’ intention to use black soldier fly larvae meal in Nile tilapia production in Kenya

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to identify the underlying socio-psychological factors that influence pond and cage farmers’ intentions to adopt Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) in Kenya. Based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this study empirically investigated the relationship between TAM constructs, namely Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU), Perceived Usefulness (PU), Attitude towards Use (ATT), and Behavioral Intention (BI) to use BSFL. The study used a cross-sectional survey design to collect primary data from 211 randomly selected cage operators (98) and pond farmers (113) in Kenya’s Siaya, Kisumu, and Homabay Counties. A structural equation model was employed to examine hypothesized paths in the uptake of BSFL meal with the aid of SmartPLS 3. The inner model path coefficients suggested that ATT had the strongest effect on farmers’ intentions to adopt BSFL (0.411). Further, PU had a greater relative influence on intention to adopt BSFL than PEOU based on the model path coefficients of 0.319 and 0.178 respectively. This indicates that the more respondents believe BSFL is useful in their fish farm's production conditions, the more likely they are to adopt BSFL. Consequently, these findings have direct implications for policy development and the potential use of BSFL in aquaculture.

Solar Powered Water Pumping System Automation and Control Using a Microcontroller for Aquaculture

This work represents an automated solar-powered water pumping system for a fish farm located off-grid in a rural area of Pakistan. The ultrasonic water level sensor is used with the microcontroller Arduino UNO to automate the pumping system. The water level sensor is connected to the microcontroller based on the sensor programming and sensor data extraction from the water ponds of the fish farm. The microcontroller controls the water pump automatically to switch ON/OFF. This solution is very cost-effective for local farmers, and no human is needed on the site to monitor and operate the water pumping system for the fish farm. The designed system can reduce labor costs and effectively provide fish farms a smooth automated water pumping system.

Geospatial Technique Integrated with MCDM Models for Selecting Potential Sites for Harvesting Rainwater in the Semi-arid Region

Severe droughts and mismanagement of water resources during the last decades have propelled authorities in the Kurdistan Region to be concerned about better management of precipitation which is considered the primary source of recharging surface and groundwater in the area of interest. The drought cycles in the last decades have stimulated water stakeholders to drill more wells and store uncontrolled runoff in suitable structures during rainy times to fulfill the increased water demands. The optimum sites for rainwater harvesting sites in the Qaradaqh basin, which is considered a water-scarce area, were determined using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), sum average weighted method (SAWM), and fuzzy-based index (FBI) techniques. The essential thematic layers within the natural and artificial factors were rated, weighted, and integrated via GIS and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches. As a consequence of the model results, three farm ponds and four small dams were proposed as future prospective sites for implementing rainwater harvesting structures. The current work shows that the unsuitable ratio over the study area in all methods AHP, SAWM, and FBI occupied 12.6%, 12.7%, and 14.2% respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) and receiver operating characteristics were used to validate the model outcomes. The AUC values range from 0.5 to 1, meaning that all MCDM results are good or are correctly selected. Based on the prediction rate curve for the suitability index map, the prediction accuracy was 72%, 57%, and 59% for AHP, SAWM, and fuzzy overlay, respectively. The final map shows that the potential sites for rainwater harvesting or suitable sites are clustered mainly in the northern and around the basin’s boundary, while unsuitable areas cover northeastern and some scatter zones in the middle due to restrictions of geology, distance to stream with the villages, and slope criteria. The total harvested runoff was 377,260 m3 from all the suggested structures. The proposed sites may provide a scientific and reasonable basis for utilizing this natural resource and minimize the impacts of future drought cycles.

The Impact of Cooperative Membership on Rural Households’ Farm Income: The Case of Aquaculture Farmers in the Eastern Region of Ghana

Purpose: This study examined the effect of farmers’ involvement in aquaculture cooperatives on rural households’ farm income in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Approach/Methodology/Design: The data were gathered through questionnaires administered to four hundred (400) rural fish farming households. The endogenous switching regression (ESR) technique was used to resolve the self-bias of variables selection. For robustness of the results, Heckman selection model was later used to assess the treatment impact while accounting for endogeneity bias resulting from selection on unobservable variables. The heterogeneous analysis was performed to examine the impacts of cooperative involvement on rural fish farming households’ farm income. Findings: Based on the ESR outcomes, the study found that households’ credit access, extension services accessed by household heads, educational attainment by household heads, and household size significantly influence cooperative members’ farm income. However, farm (pond) size, household heads’ age, and households’ farming experience had no significant impact on cooperative members’ farm income. Using the problem confrontation index, the cooperative aquaculture farmers claimed that the deployment of primitive tools, high post-harvest losses, unavailability of improved feeds, high costs of chemicals, and low yield were the most severe obstructions in fish production. In contrast, the study established that the topmost pressing constraints confronting the non-cooperative member farmers were the inaccessibility to credit facilities, low productivity, high post-harvest losses, unavailability of improved feeds, and high costs of chemicals. Originality/value: This study highlighted that technical training, credit access, market outlets, bargaining power, input supplies, and increased prices of their products were the benefits the members derived from their involvement in aquaculture cooperatives in the study area.

Pengaruh Religiusitas dan Pendapatan terhadap Kepatuhan Membayar Zakat Hasil Tambak

The collection of zakat malls in Indonesia is growing every year. However, the collection rate is still low. One type of zakat mal is zakat from ponds. Pond cultivation until now is counted as a business that provides extraordinary income. The revenue generated by the product encourages the community to develop the business. This study aims to determine the effect of religiosity and income on compliance with paying zakat from ponds. This study uses a survey method with a quantitative research approach. The population in this study were pond farmers in Ma'rang District, Pangkep Regency. Determination of the sample using non-probability sampling method with purposive sampling type. The criteria that have been set by the author in this case the respondents are pond farmers who are Muslim, have been farming for at least 3 years and are obliged to pay zakat. The sample used in this study was 100 respondents. The data analysis used was multiple linear regression analysis using the IBM Statistics SPSS version 26 application. The results showed that religiosity had an effect on compliance with paying zakat from ponds. Income has an effect on compliance with paying zakat from ponds.

TEKNIK BUDIDAYA UDANG DENGAN SISTEM POLIKULTUR DI KELURAHAN TAMARUPA KEC. MANDALLE KABUPATEN PANGKEP

Pangkajene Islands Regency is a coastal area where most of the population depends on their life as aquaculture farmers. In this village there is a farmer group "Sipakaenre II" who will become partners in this community service activity. The main problem faced by the shrimp farming farmer group “Paraikatte”, Tamarupa Sub-district, Kec. Mandalle (Partner) in managing his business is the low production in milkfish cultivation because the cultivation activities are still conventional with the monoculture method and the high price of feed. Recently, the price of factory-made feed (pellets) has increased significantly. This service activity aims to increase the production and income of farming communities in the coastal area of ​​Tamarupa Village by conducting: 1) Counseling to groups of pond farmers to provide knowledge, understanding and skills in CBIB-based polyculture shrimp farming techniques, 2) Introduction of polyculture-based shrimp farming technology. CBIB so that farmers can increase production by obtaining yields from both commodities in one cycle of cultivation. 3) Counseling/assistance on the application of group cultivation techniques in the application of the CBIB-based polyculture shrimp farming system. The approach method offered to partners to achieve the objectives of this community partnership program is a participatory method in which partners are directly involved in the implementation of activities from preparation to implementation of these activities. The implementation of the approach method is in the form of counseling and training or demonstration. After this activity is carried out: 1) There is an increase in understanding, knowledge and skills of farmer group partners about shrimp culture technology with a CBIBt-based Polyculture system, 2) An increase in aquaculture production due to maintaining two commodities simultaneously in one cultivation business cycle.

Drivers of adoption intensity of pond aquaculture: The case of Ghana

Ponds contribute just about 7% to Ghana’s total aquaculture production. This is partly attributable to low rate of adoption, small holdings and low adoption intensity. Thus, this study generates empirical data on determinants of pond aquaculture adoption intensity among farmers in the study area. A total of 356 respondents were selected from five regions of Ghana using multi-stage sampling. A Two-Stage Heckman regression revealed that adoption and intensity of adoption are positively influenced by gender, extension service, membership of farmer-based group, knowledge of pond aquaculture, fish price and freehold land while the transition ecological zone of Ghana showed a negative relationship with both adoption and intensity (farm size). A Poisson regression showed that adoption intensity (by number of management innovations) is significantly and positively influenced by education, income, extension service, membership of a farmer group, labour and total pond area but negatively correlated with household size and distance from farm to nearest commercial town. The average adoption level of management innovations is 50% with water quality management innovations being the least adopted. We recommend policy interventions to facilitate: increased extension contacts (especially in the transition zone of Ghana); promotion of pond farmers associations; adoption of more management innovations; institutional support in the areas of awareness, capacity building, financing (e.g. “smart subsidies”), and easy access to suitable land and inputs to accelerate the participation of more women and the youth in pond aquaculture.

Farm Pond Water Quality May Change During the Day

Farm Pond Water Quality May Change During the Day

3D Modeling of Evolved Urban Fabric around Farm Ponds

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