Pomological Characters Research Articles

MORPHOLOGICAL AND YIELD-RELATED POMOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF INTRODUCED OLIVE (OLEA EUROPEA) CULTIVARS IN RAINFED AREA OF POTHOWAR PUNJAB

This study aims at pomological characterizing of 09 olive cultivars planted in the field area of Barani Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Chakwal to estimate genetic variability in Ottobratica, Hamdi, FS-17, Gerboi, Arbequina, Persia, Nabali, Koroneiki and Earlik. Following pomological traits: fruit and stone weight (g), fruit and stone size (cm), fruit and stone shape index (length/width) and flesh to stone ratio were studied. Data for studied traits were collected in 2019 according to the International olive council descriptor. A significant genetic difference was noticed in the morphological characteristics of both fruit and stone. Different pomological characters were expressed by each cultivar. A wide range of variation was noticed in fruit weight (1.33-5.57g), stone weight (0.20-0.63g) and flesh/stone ratio (0.90-4.96). Based on their fruit shape, studied cultivars were classified into two groups i.e., ovoid and elongate. However, no significant difference was recorded for the stone shape, as all the studied cultivars had the same elongated stone shape. Concerning the fruit size, high fruit size (4-6g) was observed in FS-17, Hamdi, Earlik and Persia whereas Koroneiki, Nabali and Gerboi had the smallest ones (>2g). Based on our results, Earlik, Hamdi and FS-17 are suggested to be more appropriate for table olive production. Thus, an evaluation of genetic diversity through this study can help in the varietal development of olive for table and oil purposes.

Determination of pomological characters of ‘Mandora’ tangor grafted on different rootstocks under Cyprus ecological conditions

Determination of pomological characters of ‘Mandora’ tangor grafted on different rootstocks under Cyprus ecological conditions

PM 4/17 (3) Certification scheme for olive trees and rootstocks

<scp>PM</scp> 4/17 (3) Certification scheme for olive trees and rootstocks

Identification of the promising mango (Mangifera indica L.) genotypes based on morphological and pomological characters.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the choicest fruit crops of the tropical and subtropical regions in the world. Morphological and pomological diversity of 18 mango (M. indica) genotypes (with 3-10 replications for each genotype, 81 trees in total) was evaluated from four areas of Sistan-va-Baluchestan province, Iran. There were significant differences among the genotypes investigated based on the traits recorded. Harvest date ranged from late May to early August. Fruit skin ground color was highly variable, including light green, green, light yellow, yellow, and orange. The values of fruit dimensions-related characters were as follows: fruit length: 45.67-142.21 mm, fruit diameter: 37.51-94.13 mm, and fruit weight: 44.58-469.42 g. Peel and pulp percentages ranged from 65.24 to 92.45%. The quantity of fiber on stone was intermediate in most of the genotypes. Fruit weight showed positive standardized beta-coefficient (β) values with stone weight (β=0.66, p < .00) and pulp and skin content (β=0.44, p < .00). Thus, these two key variables are the main traits accounting for fruit weight, and they should be considered together in breeding programs. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed 21 components explaining 85.44% of the total variance, and the first principal component (PC1) was positively correlated with fruit-related traits. A dendrogram created using Euclidean distances and the Ward's method revealed two main clusters. High dissimilarity levels among the studied genotypes showed high variability in the germplasm. Based on the traits related to fruit quality, seven genotypes, including GulabKhas, Chaunsa, Ghalami, Soldan, Porteghali, KalmiBozorg, and Jangal, were superior and are recommended to use for cultivation in commercial orchards for area-specific and in breeding programs.

Pomological and phenological characterization, genetic variability and genetic diversity of walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes in the Kodaikanal hills of Western ghats

The walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the most important temperate nut crops grown in India. The present investigation was conducted to study the variations available in the walnut population found in the Kodaikanal hills of Tamil Nadu.&nbsp; Twelve selected walnut genotypes of seedling origin were evaluated for their phenological and pomological characters. The results revealed that among the genotypes, two of them (JR-7 and JR-11) were early in the first leafing (2nd - 3rd April). Genotypes JR-1, JR-3, JR-7, JR-8 and JR-12 were earlier in harvesting (15th – 20th October) than the other genotypes. High variation for nut and kernel characteristics was also observed among the genotypes evaluated. Genotypes, JR-5, JR-7, and JR-8 were identified as promising as they recorded higher kernel weight (6.00 g), nut weight (12.00 g) and kernel per cent (48%) than other genotypes. Diversity analysis (Mahalanobis D2 statistics method) resulted in a total of five clusters from the 12 walnut genotypes using 10 biometrical traits. More number of walnut genotypes were accommodated in cluster IV and cluster V with three genotypes each whereas cluster I, cluster II and cluster III comprised of two walnut genotypes each. Intra and inter cluster distance of five clusters was assessed and it varied from 1.29 to 10.82 and 7.66&nbsp; to 21.36. Maximum intra cluster distance was recorded by cluster V (10.82) followed by cluster IV (3.14). Inter cluster distance was high between cluster III and cluster IV (21.36) followed by cluster IV and cluster V (20.55). Principal component analysis of 12 walnut genotypes with 10 quantitative traits resulted in the formation of three principal components viz. PC I, PC II and PC III with eigenvalues of 4.06, 1.84 and 1.44, respectively. These superior genotypes could be used for cultivation or as parents in future breeding programmes. Keywords: &nbsp;Juglans regia L., walnut, variation, phenological and pomological characters, Kodaikanal

Identification of the promising olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars based on morphological and pomological characters.

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an ancient tree and can tolerate drought very well. In the present study, morphological and pomological diversity of 24 olive cultivars (5–15 replications for each cultivar, 243 trees in total) was evaluated. There were significant differences among the cultivars studied based on the characters recorded. The CV was more than 20.00% in 46 of 50 characters measured. Leaf length ranged from 27.07 to 78.54 mm, and leaf width varied from 5.42 to 23.06 mm. Ripening date ranged from late‐August to early‐October. Fruit length ranged from 13.04 to 33.72 mm, fruit diameter varied from 10.24 to 23.71 mm, fruit weighted from 0.97 to 9.61 g, and the range of fruit flesh thickness was 1.63–7.65 mm. There was high variability in terms of fruit color, ranging from light green to black. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) performed based on the mean of replications with Euclidean distance and Ward method grouped the cultivars into two major clusters. Differences in many of the morphological traits were observed across the cultivars. These sets of data were used to identify unique and desirable cultivars morphologically. The present research demonstrates that local olive cultivars have unique characteristics that differentiate them from imported cultivars. Thus, local cultivars provide novel genetic resources that should be conserved.

Analysis of ‘Marrakesh limetta’ (Citrus × limon var. limetta (Risso) Ollitrault, Curk & R.Krueger) horticultural history and relationships with limes and lemons

Citrus (Rutaceae) species have a relevant role in the culture of the Mediterranean countries, not only for their gastronomic or medicinal value, but especially for their ornamental and symbolic importance. The interest on Citrus diversity led to collect and cultivate numerous cultivars around the Mediterranean Sea, at least since the Roman period. Their image is documented in mosaics, paintings, sculptures and coins since the first millennium BC. Among these, sweet and sour limettas Citrus × limon var. limetta (Risso) Ollitrault, Curk & R.Krueger stand for their history and conservation status. Presently sour limetta is cultivated in Morocco, especially in Marrakesh, and in the Valle de Ricote (Murcia, Spain). Our work has three main objectives: to characterize sour limetta on the basis of Spanish and Moroccan populations, as well as its cultural relevance throughout history, especially in painting, gastronomy, agriculture and gardening, to determine their relationships with limes and lemons and to evaluate the availability and state of conservation of that legacy.We analyze and illustrate the morphology of the plant, flowers and fruits of sour limetta and their differences with other related citrus species and cultivars: sweet limetta, lemon, common lime, Persian lime, bergamot, mellarosa, Meyer lemon, rough lemon, Pursha Romana lime, Palestine sweet lime, Pomum Adami lemon and Rangpur lime. The above species and cultivars were selected on the base of their known ancestry and pomological characters. The distinctive characters are useful for the identification of sour limetta in the field but also for the identifying images of this plant in paintings. We analyzed the ancestry of the different taxa involved and compared the classification based on phenotypes with the classification based on the proportion of ancestors’ genomes in each individual taxa. The image of sour limetta appears in different paintings, from the van Eyck's Ghent Polyptych (early 15th century), and numerous still life works by Italian and Spanish authors of the 16th to 18th centuries. A peculiar type of evidence is provided by presence of limetta in the pictorial catalogues of the Medici's fruit collections displayed in a series of paintings by Bartolomeo Bimbi.This distinctly sour limetta is sold in the markets of Rabat (and other cities of Morocco), either fresh, candied or brined and canned. It is an important ingredient of traditional Moroccan cuisine. Although sour lime was a widely used ingredient in Italian cuisine during the 17th century, its state of preservation is deplorable outside of Morocco, and even there it is gradually replaced by lemons. We recommend its cultivation as a resource both for obtaining rootstocks as well as for its fruits, both for Moroccan cuisine and that of other parts of the world for the excellent aromas and flavors that they contribute to the dishes. In this way, by promoting its crop, we will prevent it from disappearing. It is also important to preserve sour lime in germplasm banks.

Influence of irrigation regimes on yield, pomological parameters and population development of Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisd. (Acari: Tetranychidae) in strawberry

In this study, the effect of full (IR100), 50% (IR50), 75% (IR75) and 125% (IR125) irrigation levels on population development of the carmine spider mite (CSM) as well as on yield and some pomological properties of ‘Fortuna’ strawberry cultivar grown in high tunnels were evaluated in two consecutive growing seasons (2016–2017 and 2017–2018). The numbers of CSM were significantly lower on strawberry leaves which were irrigated by IR50 and IR75 in both growing seasons. Full (IR100) and highest (IR125) irrigation levels were the most favorable for the development of CSM populations. On the other hand, in the CSM thriving period (2017), the fruit weight was generally high in the plots with the highest irrigation (IR125) level. Although there was no interaction with the CSM population, fruit acidity (%) increased in the IR100 and IR125 irrigation levels, possibly due to stress in plants, when CSM population was highest (in March). In the absence of CSM, fruit acidity was significantly high in the plots where water stress was experienced. While no significant interaction was found between the pomological characters and the CSM population, the mites affected the yield significantly in that plants were more productive under IR 75 even when there was a CSM population. This study suggests that the application of IR75 level in Fortuna strawberry is related to lower CSM population growth and significantly higher yields.

Salicylic acid and kaolin effects on pomological, physiological, and phytochemical characters of hazelnut (Corylus avellana) at warm summer condition

Climate change and population increase are two challenges for crop production in the world. Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is considered an important nut regarding its nutritional and economic values. As a fact, the application of supporting materials as foliage sprays on plants will decrease biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the effects of salicylic acid (0, 1 mM and 2.5 mM) and kaolin (0, 3% and 6%) sprays were investigated on morphological, physiological, pomological, and biochemical characteristics of hazelnut. The results showed that 1 mM salicylic acid and 6% kaolin had the best effects on nut and kernel weight compared to control. Biochemical parameters such as chlorophyll a, b, a + b, and carotenoid contents showed that salicylic acid and kaolin improved pigment concentration. Proline and antioxidant contents such as phenolic acids, SOD, APX, and CAT enzyme activities increased by these applications. On the other hand, lipid peroxidation, protein content, and H2O2 content were decreased. Based on the tolerance index result, Merveille de Bollwiller cultivar showed the highest tolerance while 'Fertile de Coutard' had the lowest value. Therefore, hazelnut performance may be improved through exogenous application of the signaling (salicylic acid) and particle film (Kaolin) compounds in warmer climates.

Screening of the superior F1 segregating populations of barberry (Berberis spp.) for cultivation based on phenotypic characterizations

Iranian seedless barberry, with a long history in the human diet, is consumed as dried fruit and also has valuable medicinal properties. In the present study, morphological and pomological characters of the F1 interspecific progenies of barberry (Berberis spp.) were evaluated to select superior ones. There were significant variations among the F1 progenies based on the measured characters. Full blooming date ranged from 20 April to 09 May. Fruit ripening date varied from 01 November to 04 December. Besides, 100-fresh berry weight ranged from 9.00–41.00 g with an average of 22.18, while 100-dry berry weight varied from 2.28 to 10.01 g with an average of 5.56. Berry taste was predominantly sour, while very sour, sour-sweet, and sweet tastes were also observed. Berry skin and pulp colors were highly variable, including light orange, bright red, light red, red, crimson, and red-black. Two progenies (0202 and 0205) were seedless, and also in 20 progenies, there was no seed in some berries and only one seed in the rest berries. Principal component analysis (PCA) classified the characters into 21 principal components that could justify 77.74% of the total variance. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) performed with Euclidean distance and Ward’s method divided the progenies into two main clusters based on morphological traits. According to the ideal values of the characters related to fruit quality, including berry weight, berry skin color, berry taste, seedless, and/or small seed, 11 progenies were promising that might be directly cultivated and used in breeding programs.

Preliminary Evaluation of Morphological and Pomological Characters to Illustrate Genetic Diversity of Apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) in Afghanistan

Afghanistan assumed to be a part of the diversity center of Central Asian group of apricots but due to lack of proper collection, precise detection and documentation of distinct variability, the apricot diversity in the country is under unknown and unprecedented threat. This study, therefore, was run in Badam-Bagh research station for two consecutive seasons (2016-2017) to assess 28 various characters of 20 native Afghan apricot accessions. Results showed a high variability among studied genotypes. Leaf and fruit characteristics such as leaf blade length, leaf blade width, fruit weight, kernel weight, mesocarp percentage, kernel bitterness and fruit quality like total soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity, skin color and fruit shape which subsequently determines customer appeal and marketability, displayed huge variation. Based on fruit weight, there were two groups of apricot genotypes; small fruits (&lt;37 g) and large fruits (&gt;37 g). Accessions with large fruits embrace: “Amiri”, “Bid-Mushk”, “Hassan-Khili”, “Jibraelli”, “Koorpa”, “Qandak”, “Pir-Naqshi”, “Seyed-Abadi”, “Salari-Sorkh”, and “Saqi”. Most genotypes were early flowering and intermediately ripening in nature. Kernels of only “Walayati” accession had strong bitterness and remained were sweet-kernelled. The mesocarps of most accessions were very weakly adhered to stones. PCA showed 86.15% of total variance among genotypes to be due to first seven components. UPGMA cluster analysis separated 20 accessions into 2 main groups (13 accessions in the first and 7 accessions in the second groups). The results exhibited that morphological characters of leaf and fruit and pomological characters are of immense importance in fast and easy description of apricot genotypes. This is per se the first study on genetic diversity of apricot accessions performed in Afghanistan. The results would provide opportunity for apricot breeders to select accessions with elite and premium characters in terms of marketability and adaptability for particular growing sites.

Selection of Dried and Table Apricots in Nevsehir and Nigde Regions, Turkey

Apricot, for which Turkey is recognized as a top producer and the leading country in the world, is one of the most produced stone fruits in Turkey. For long time ago, apricot has been grown with the nursery plants obtained from the seeds in Nevsehir and Nigde provinces caused a wide range of germplasm resources in this area (Cappadocia area). Each apricot tree shows different characteristics and could be a variety candidate. With this study, phenological and pomological characters of 91 genotypes were determined and among them 15 of the best promising genotypes were given in this paper. Considering the experimented 15 genotypes, 8 genotypes gave higher Brix value (SSC) (27-31%) than ‘Hacihaliloglu’ variety (25-26%) which was the most common dried apricot variety in Turkey. Regarding the fruit weight, which is an important aspect for both dried and table fruits, high valued genotypes were also determined. The fruit weight of 11 genotypes were higher than 50 g with the values between 51.45 g and 84.02 g. As a result of this study, candidates for dried and table apricot genotypes were identified.

Selection of the promising almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) genotypes among seedling origin trees

Almonds, Prunus amygdalus L., are among the most popular tree nuts on a worldwide basis and rank first in tree nut production. The present study was carried out on 187 almond seedling origin trees to select the superior genotypes based on morphological and pomological characters. Significant differences were found among the studied genotypes. Nut weight ranged between 1.20 and 6.68 g with an average of 3.50, while kernel weight ranged from 0.39 to 2.06 g with an average of 0.93. The average of double kernels and blank nuts was 15.11% and 4.04%, respectively. Kernel weight showed positive correlations with leaf and nut dimensions. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated 16 components that explained 72.51% of the total variance and nut and kernel dimensions and weight made the biggest contribution in distinguishing the genotypes. Regarding ideal values of the important and commercial characters of almond such as fruit yield, nut weight, shell hardness, kernel shape, kernel weight, and kernel taste, 24 genotypes were superior and could be used as a parent in breeding programs and also might be singled out directly for cultivation in the orchards.

Morphological variabilities of Crataegus monogyna and C. pentagyna in northeastern areas of Iran

Crataegus L. genus belongs to the Rosaceae family having beneficial effects on human health. In the present study, phenotypic diversity of Crataegus pentagyna and C. monogyna from northeastern parts of Iran was evaluated. The studied accessions of both species showed significant differences based on morphological and pomological characters measured. Leaf length ranged from 19.00 to 47.64 mm in C. pentagyna and 19.77 to 53.11 mm in C. monogyna. Ten-fruits weight varied from 2.75 to 7.80 g in C. pentagyna and 3.08 to 12.80 g in C. monogyna. The number of seeds was 3 to 5 in C. pentagyna, while only one seed was observed in the fruits of all the C. monogyna accessions. Fruit weight was positively correlated with leaf and fruit dimensions, while it was negatively correlated with fruit density. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that fruit traits contributed the most to accession diversity and followed by leaf traits. The accessions were grouped into two major clusters and separated based on their related species by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram. Regarding the important characters influencing fruit yield and quality, 13 accessions of C. monogyna and also five accessions of C. pentagyna were superior and could be used as a parent in breeding programs and also might be singled out directly for cultivation. The current study provided data that could be used to enhance the conservation and reasonable utilization of the remarkable wild Crataegus.

Phenotypic, pomological and chemical variations of the seedless barberry ( Berberis vulgaris L. var. asperma)

Abstract Berberis vulgaris L. var. asperma known as seedless barberry, is a shrub which produces edible berries. In the present study, 133 individuals of this fruit species from different regions of Khorasan-e-Jonoobi province from the eastern area of Iran were evaluated using 36 morphological and six fruit chemical characters. Considerable phenotypic, pomological and chemical variations were found among the studied individuals. For some phenotypic and pomological characters, variability found ranged from 155.00 to 410.00 mm in bunch length, 27.28 to 73.53 mm in bunch width, 25.05 to 128.85 g in bunch weight, 7.40 to 10.84 mm in berry length, 4.39 to 8.05 mm in berry width and 0.11 to 0.43 g in berry weight. For chemical characters, total soluble solids (TSS) varied from 15.00 to 31.00%, and titratable acidity (TA) ranged from 0.15 to 0.49%. In addition, anthocyanin content varied from 0.07 to 0.70 mg/g fresh fruit weight, and also ascorbic acid ranged from 45.05 to 180.18 mg/100 g fresh fruit weight. Bunch weight was highly positively correlated with bunch length (r = 0.49) and bunch width (r = 0.41). Berry weight was highly positively correlated with bunchlet weight (r = 0.26), berry length (r = 0.31) and berry width (r = 0.48). In addition, TSS was positively correlated with anthocyanin content (r = 0.30) and negatively correlated with TA (r = −0.29). The individuals were grouped into two main clusters, and clusters were divided into several sub-clusters with high diversity among the individuals according to each of phenotypic and chemical traits. The results of the current study indicated that the individuals studied must be conserved as valuable genetic resources. Also, it was found very important to enrich the seedless barberry gene pool to find several valuable well-adapted individuals suitable for the production.

The I.V.I.A. germplasm collection of persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.)

The germplasm collection of persimmon located at IVIA includes 93 accessions. They come from local surveys carried out in European Mediterranean countries plus introduced cultivars from those countries where genetic resources of persimmon are available. Most of the accessions introduced come from the National Persimmon Genebank of Japan. The task of the germplasm collection is to conserve and characterize all the accessions as well as to provide information useful for persimmon breeders, technicians or growers. Studies of this collection included analysis of pomological characters related to the tree, leaves and fruits along with phenological and molecular marker data. A summary of data from a set of collection accessions is presented in this report. The main traits reported included flowering, ripening and pomological traits. Sugar, acidity, shape, firmness, yield and astringency descriptions are described. The most important cultivar grown in Spain, 'Rojo Brillante', is used as a reference cultivar. Results indicated that the flowering period is narrow. Most of the accessions flower in May, however the range of ripening is wider, from 'Agakaki', an earlier variety, ripening in September to 'Edoichi', a variety from Italy that ripens at the beginning of December. Diversity in the collection is being increased by means of new introductions, mainly nonastringent varieties from Japan.

Pomological diversity of the Italian blood orange germplasm

Blood oranges have been cultivated in Italy since the early 19th century. Growers and breeders were able to identify and collect many somatic mutants, which differed in their major pomological traits, such as fruit size and firmness, pulp and peel pigmentation, and ripening period.Recently, in the framework of a genetic resource conservation program, most of the accessions collected at CREA in recent decades were planted in a single block to evaluate their characteristics. The presence of many selections in the same block, of the same age and grafted on the same rootstock is extremely important for a reliable characterization of the pomological characters, particularly pigmentation, which is strongly influenced by both the environment and the rootstock. The collection consists of 88 genotypes, including old lines and nucellar selections. Some commercial Tarocco, Moro and Sanguinello varieties were also included in the collection to facilitate comparison among clones. Moreover, the pomological features of 20 elite Tarocco clones cultivated nearby in the same experimental station were used as a further reference. The pomological characterization, based on 13 traits and performed in two consecutive years, revealed significant variability. Some genotypes showed strong year-to-year variability, mainly in fruit pigmentation, probably due to different climatic conditions during winter. Similarly, other traits such as fruit size, total soluble solids and acidity also varied among and within the varietal groups. These findings have a potential utility in identifying promising clones, which might fulfil the growing market needs such as higher anthocyanin content and longer shelf life.

'REBOLLA 1' PEACH CULTIVAR: LATE RIPENING AND LEAF CURL (TAPHRINA DEFORMANS - BERKELEY) RESISTANT

The cultivar “Rebolla 1” was obtained from a leaf curl (Taphrina deformans - Berkeley) resistance breeding program, started in the 1990s at DOFI, today the Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science (DiSPAA) at the University of Florence. It is a late ripening, white peach with medium-high resistance to T. deformans (class 2: from a few up 10% infected leaves). It is also characterized by high adaptability, productivity and good pomological characters. The flower is showy; flowering time is intermediate; ripening time about September 10th (+ 45 Romestar). Fruit is round and irregular, large (AA-AAA); skin has cream-white background and 30% mellow of red overskin. Flesh is white, slightly clingstone, firm, very sweet, with high contrast between sugars and acids.

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF SOME GRAPE CULTIVARS (VITIS VINIFERA) GROWN IN THE TARBIAT MODARES UNIVERSITY (TMU) COLLECTION VINEYARD

There are a wide range of grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars and clones grown in different macro- and microclimatic conditions of Iran that produce high quality fruit. Grape germplasm in Iran is known to exhibit good diversity in seeded and unseeded fruit, and in berry size, shape and color of the skin, as well as in berry flesh color, and is rich in various physiological and pomological characters. This germplasm provides a good gene pool and excellent working material for specific breeding objectives. Studying various characters of this germplasm in relation to cultivar/clone names is needed to determine synonyms for the different planting regions of Iran is an important task in grape breeding programs as well as in vineyard establishment. The aim of the present research was to identify the name and monitor morphological grapevine and fruit characteristics of some cultivars/ clones within the Tarbiat Modares University (TMU) grape collection vineyard. Six cultivars were identified with different fruit maturity attributes. There are early, mid- and late season maturing grape cultivars in the vineyard with low to high total soluble solid (TSS) at the time of harvest. According to the results and based on the TMU breeding objectives, details on the grapevine as well as fruit characteristics will be discussed.

Tunisian “Chemlali” oil variety registered designation of origins predicted by pomological characters, fatty acids composition and organoleptic analysis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to build a class model to confirm the authenticity of olives from Bi'r al Malluli, Tunisian region, in order to obtain the Designation of Origin (DO).