Pomological Analysis Research Articles

Study of the Genome Diversity of Cornus L. and Mespilus L. Cultivated in the Northern Regions of Azerbaijan

Cranberry and medlar are common in the Guba, Gusar, and Sheki regions of Azerbaijan. A study was conducted to determine the habitats of wild growing forms and biomorphological features. Identification was carried out based on molecular markers. A comparative study of the biomorphological characteristics of genotypes, economic indicators, pomological analysis and assessment of similarity by quantitative indicators was carried out.

Postharvest monitoring and consumer choice on traditional and modern apricot cultivars

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit qualities are affected by harvest date and rapid off-tree ripening progression that limits their shelf life and marketability. Nowadays, consumers are generally dissatisfied with the sensory quality of apricot fruit sold on large-scale retail channels. Pomological analysis (color, firmness, total soluble solids, and total acidity), volatile organic compounds fingerprint and sensory evaluation were performed during the postharvest in two different apricot genotypes with the objective to: (1) characterize and compare two different apricot cultivars at harvest and at different postharvest times; (2) understand how the sensory quality changes during the postharvest process; (3) elucidate which sensory quality parameters drive the consumer's choice. For this purpose, ‘Portici’ (traditional cultivar) and ‘Lady Cot’ (modern one) grown in the same environment, were evaluated at commercial maturity harvest and for the following 15 days. Results indicate that the sensory quality of the selected cultivars was different, with ‘Portici’ showing better performances in terms of aroma, sweetness and juiciness, while ‘Lady Cot’ stood out in terms of firmness. Results also indicate a different trend of the traits analyzed and of the shelf-life, that was reduced for the traditional cultivar.Graphical abstract

Genetic and Pomological Determination of the Trueness-to-Type of Sweet Cherry Cultivars in the German National Fruit Genebank

Genebank collections preserve many old cultivars with ancient breeding history. However, often, cultivars with synonymous or incorrect names are maintained in multiple collections. Therefore, pomological and genetic characterization is an essential prerequisite for confirming trueness-to-type of cultivars in gene bank collections. In our study, 1442 single sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees of the German Fruit Genebank were evaluated according to their trueness-to-type. For this purpose, pomological analysis was performed, in which the accessions were assigned totheir historical cultivar names. The pomological identifications were based on several historical reference sources, such as fruit references from historical cherry cultivar and fruit-stone collections, as well as historical pomological literature sources. In addition, the cherry trees were genetically analyzed for cultivar identity using 16 SSR markers. Based on pomological characterization and genetic analysis for the majority of the trees (86%), cultivar authenticity could be confirmed. Most markers were highly discriminating and powerful for cultivar identification. The cherry collection showed a high degree of genetic diversity, with an expected heterozygosity He = 0.67. Generally, high genetic admixture between cultivars of different geographic origin and year of origin was obtained after STRUCTURE analysis, demonstrating the extensive exchange of genetic information between cherry cultivars in the collection over time. However, the phylogenetic tree calculated by DARwin reflected the geographic origin of selected cherry cultivars. After parentage analysis with CERVUS, paternity could not be confirmed for three cultivars, indicating the necessity of further pedigree analysis for these cultivars. The results of our study underlined the general importance of evaluating the authenticity of cultivars in genebank collections based on genetic and pomological characterization.

The Timing of Vegetative and Generative Development of 'Memecik' and 'Gemlik' Olive Cultivars

The research is carried out to determine the effects of different dates and temperatures on shoot length, fruit weight, oil content %, and maturity index of Gemlik and Memecik olive cultivars. The phenological growth stages of cultivars in ‘yield’ year were also described in the study using the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, Chemische Industrie) scale. The shoot length observations were made on trees in the ‘on’ and ‘off’ periods between March 15, 2017, and December 29, 2017, every 15 days. It was determined that the shoot elongation of the trees in the ‘off’ period was even longer compared to the trees in the ‘on’ year. While the fruit weight of Gemlik had the highest value (3.775 g) on October 30, it had the highest value (3.330 g) on November 15 in Memecik. While fruit weight increased for 153 days for Gemlik, this period was determined as 122 days for Memecik. The maximum oil contents (%) were determined in Gemlik with 29.071 % on December 30 and in Memecik with 22.180 % on December 15. The maturity index of olive fruits reached its maximum level on December 15 in both varieties. As a result, it has been revealed that there is no serious difference between the phenological stages of the trees in the period of ‘on’ and ‘off’ depending on the periodic fruit yield. Moreover, the shoot development is generally more in the trees with ‘off’in terms of the course of shoot development, and when the pomological analysis regarding the productivity status are examined, there are some serious differences.

Effects of Fruit/Leaf Ratios on Fruit Characteristics in Kiwifruit

The present study was carried out in order to determine effects of hand thinning on fruit quality and yield. The branch based fruit thinnings were applied at six different rates of fruit/leaf (F/L) (1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, 1/6). The study conducted two years and pomological analysis were performed in collected fruits from the branches. According to the results, the highest values in terms of fruit/leaf ratio were obtained from 1/1 F/L application for yield, total soluble solids (HM-TSS) and titratable acidity at harvest maturity (HM-TA) period; 1/2 F/L application for TSS at ripening period (RP-TSS) and fruit peel colour both at harvest maturity (HM-FPC) and ripening period (RP-FPC); 1/3 F/L application for vitamin C content; 1/5 F/L application for fruit weight and fruit flesh colour at the ripening period; 1/6 F/L application for fruit firmness, fruit lenght, fruit diameter, titratable acidity at ripening period (RP-TA) and titratable acidity at harvest maturity period (HM-TA). It can be concluded that the better results obtained from the applications of 1/5 and 1/6 F/L thinning ratio in view of yield and quality, and so these applications may suggested to be applied in practice.

Gama Işını Uygulamasıyla Geliştirilen Robinson Mutant Popülasyonunun Değerlendirilmesi

Amaç: Turunçgil meyvelerinde tohum sayısının yüksek olması, yüksek organoleptik özelliklere sahip olsa bile çeşidin tüketiciler tarafından istenmemesine yol açmaktadır. Turunçgil meyve türlerinde mutasyon ıslahı yöntemiyle çekirdeksizliğin elde edilebileceği bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada akut gama ışını uygulamasıyla geliştirilmiş olan Robinson mutant popülasyonu, erken dönemde meyve kalite kriterleri bakımından değerlendirilmiştir.Materyal ve Metot: Popülasyon Robinson 4/4 mandarin tipinin aşı kalemlerine 50 gy dozunda 6oCo kaynaklı akut gama ışını uygulanarak elde edilmiş ve ıslah programı sonucu elde edilen M2V3 aşamasındaki 554 adet bitki araziye dikilmiştir. Bitkiler arasında ikinci yılında 10 adedin üzerinde meyve tutumu olan 73 adet bireyden alınan meyve örneklerinde 19 pomolojik karakter incelenmiştir. Pomolojik analizlerden elde edilen bulgular popülasyon varyabilitesini inceleyebilmek amacıyla ‘Dağılım analizi’ne tabi tutulmuştur.Bulgular: Çalışmada mutantların meyve çapları 55.27 mm ile 73.60 mm arasında, meyve ağırlığı ise 74.20 g ile 192.50 g arasında değişim göstermiştir. Meyve başına düşen tohum sayısının ise 0 ile 3.55 arasında olduğu saptanmıştır. İncelenen bireylerin %29’u az çekirdekli (≤1 adet) olduğu, bunların iki tanesinin ise tamamen çekirdeksiz olduğu saptanmıştır.Sonuç: Denemede incelenen bitkilerin açıkta serbest tozlama koşullarında 2 bireyin tamamen çekirdeksiz olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca meyve ağırlığı, meyve yüksekliği, meyve çapı gibi irilik değişkenleri bakımından popülasyon genelinin Robinson mandarin çeşidiyle benzer özellikler gösterdiği gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada öne çıkan bitkisel materyal ile yeni parseller kurularak mutantların performanslarının değerlendirilmesine devam edilmektedir.

Reclamation of the Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo L.) Genotypes Cultivated around Karasu, Sakarya

This investigation was carried out during 2015-2016 in the Sakarya area. Strawberry trees were selected by including naturally growing trees. In this selection study, each tree was considered as a tree species and 50 species of strawberry trees were examined. In the study of phenological observation, pomological analysis and Weighted Grading method were applied on Strawberry tree genotypes. 100 fruit samples were collected during the research years of 2015 and 2016 and 10 fruits were studied because of the importance of each species. The fruit weight ranged between 1.70 g and 9.03 g, width from 11.42 mm to 30.52 mm, length 10,15 mm to 14.09 mm, and the handle thickness was 1.13 mm to 3.29 mm, the number of fruits in a bundle wass 3 to 8, the amount of soluble dry matter 15 to 32%, fruit juice pH 3,09 to 3.51. At the end of the study, 5 genotypes with superior characteristics were selected.

Unveiling Kiwifruit Metabolite and Protein Changes in the Course of Postharvest Cold Storage.

Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward fruit is renowned for its micro- and macronutrients, which vary in their levels during berry physiological development and postharvest processing. In this context, we have recently described metabolic pathways/molecular effectors in fruit outer endocarp characterizing the different stages of berry physiological maturation. Here, we report on the kiwifruit postharvest phase through an integrated approach consisting of pomological analysis combined with NMR/LC-UV/ESI-IT-MSn- and 2D-DIGE/nanoLC-ESI-LIT-MS/MS-based proteometabolomic measurements. Kiwifruit samples stored under conventional, cold-based postharvest conditions not involving the use of dedicated chemicals were sampled at four stages (from fruit harvest to pre-commercialization) and analyzed in comparison for pomological features, and outer endocarp metabolite and protein content. About 42 metabolites were quantified, together with corresponding proteomic changes. Proteomics showed that proteins associated with disease/defense, energy, protein destination/storage, cell structure and metabolism functions were affected at precise fruit postharvest times, providing a justification to corresponding pomological/metabolite content characteristics. Bioinformatic analysis of variably represented proteins revealed a central network of interacting species, modulating metabolite level variations during postharvest fruit storage. Kiwifruit allergens were also quantified, demonstrating in some cases their highest levels at the fruit pre-commercialization stage. By lining up kiwifruit postharvest processing to a proteometabolomic depiction, this study integrates previous observations on metabolite and protein content in postharvest berries treated with specific chemical additives, and provides a reference framework for further studies on the optimization of fruit storage before its commercialization.

Farklı Derim Dönemlerinin Kısa ve Nötr Gün Çilek Çeşitlerinde Meyve Kalite Özellikleri ve Fitokimyasallar Üzerine Etkileri

In this study, the effect of different harvest period on fruit quality and phytochemical properties of short and day neutral strawberries was investigated. For this purpose, two day-neutral ('Fern', 'Kabarl') and four short day ('Camorosa', 'Sweet Charlie', 'Rubygem' and 'Festival') strawberry varieties were harvested at three different harvest period. Harvested fruits were analysed 15 and 30 days intervals for short and day-neutral varieties. Pomological analysis such as fruit size, firmness, fruit weight, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), pH and total anthocyanin, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were studied. Results of the present study indicated that fruits from later harvest periods displayed smaller fruit size, lower pH and TSS content but higher TA and fruit firmness. Also, both short and day neutral varieties have higher phytochemical content at later harvest period in terms of total phenolics, total anthocyanin and antioxidant capacity.

Eğirdir ekolojik şartlarında yetiştirilen bazı şeftali çeşitlerinin fenolojik ve pomolojik özelliklerinin tespiti

In this study conducted in Egirdir Horticultural Research Institute in 2006-2007 years, phenological and pomological characters of 16 peach varieties were determined. According to results, the earliest and latest bud swelling was observed in Lovell and Early White Giant varieties, respectively. Morettini 5/14 and Golden Jubilee varieties had the earliest and latest bud burst dates. While Redhaven was the first blooming variety, Shasta and Golden Jubilee were the latest blooming varieties. South Haven was the latest full blooming variety. It was determined that the earliest ripening variety was Morettini 5/14, the latest one was Muir. According to pomological analysis results it was the biggest fruit was South Haven (258 g), the smallest fruit was Morettini 5/14 (133.4 g). The highest level of malic acid was obtained from Fair Haven (% 0.74) and the lowest one from Andross (% 0.46). Early White Giant (2.9 kg cm-2) variety had the highest fruit firmness. Morettini 5/14 (0.96 kg cm-2) variety had the lowest fruit firmness. The variety having the highest TSS (total soluble solids) values was Halford (% 16.6), and the lowest one was Morettini 5/14 (% 10.7). When the dates of phenologic observation of varieties in this study and climate range of Egirdir region were compared, it could be said that winter cool in Egirdir was not dangerous for peach. However spring late frost which may happen in some years can be dangerous, especially in the bud burst and beginning bloom. Because of this reason it will be helpfull to take cautions to diminish the frost injury.

THE EFFECTS OF POST-HARVEST WAXING ON SHELF LIFE OF SATSUMA MANDARIN TYPES

Shelf life research is being conducted with the aim of maintenance of fruit quality from harvest to the consumer's table. Some postharvest applications on mandarin fruits are shown to be drastically effective on storage. During this research, post-harvest waxing has been applied on different satsuma mandarin types (SAE 3, SAE4, SAE13) and the effect on shelf life has been investigated. The control group has been left untreated during the trials. Satsuma mandarin types have been kept for 10 days under 20°C±1 and at 55-60% relative humidity and calculations and pomological analysis have been conducted. During the shelf life period (10 days), % weight loss and some pomological criteria such as titratable acid amount, fruit juice amount, total soluble solid amount, total soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio, change in rind thickness have been examined. In three different 'Satsuma' mandarin types, weight loss in waxed fruits have been observed to be less than that in fruits left unwaxed during shelf life trials.

PROMISING CHESTNUT GENOTYPES FROM SLOVENIA

Large phenotypic, as well as genotypic diversity is a characteristic of domestic chestnuts grown in Slovenia. Those seedling trees are spread in numerous populations over a total surface area of 253,000 ha. They vary in nut quality, as well as in productivity, tree characteristics, health status, and climatic adaptability. Such material provides a good opportunity for genetic improvement. During research conducted from the 1990's, we have studied 336 genotypes, in detail. Over three successive years, each tree was included in a pomological analysis of its nuts. The absence of chestnut blight, and tree vigour were also recorded. Ten quality genotypes were chosen during the period 1999 - 2008. 'Kozjak-1' originating in the Stajerska region, 'MP-23', 'Avbar', and 'Martin', grown in the Dolenjska region, 'Suhor(A)06', 'S-15/b', and 'S-248' are from Bela Krajina, while 'Loza', 'L-voda', and 'L-Frelih' originating in Vipavska dolina. Not one type had more than 90 nuts/kg. 'Kozjak-1' and 'L-voda' had the heaviest and the largest nuts with 61 and 65,3 nuts/kg, respectively. 'MP-23', 'Martin', 'L-voda' and 'L-Frelih' had transversally-broad elliptical shape, typical for marrons, whereas 'Avbar', 'Loza', and 'Suhor-15/b' were slightly globose. The weakest pellicle penetration into the embryo was observed for 'L-Frelih'. Eight preselected genotypes out of 12, had monoembryonic fruits, and in nine genotypes, dark vertical stripes were clearly visible on the pericarp. 'Avbar' had the most attractive fruits, which were large, and reddish-black, with wide and long hilum.

Wild edible species of Rubus at Nature Park Medvednica (NW Croatia)

The flora in the Republic of Croatia is rich with p lant species due to its climate conditions and geographical location. Edible fruit species contain ing a great amount of various vitamins, antioxidanc e and minerals are of a significant importance in creatin g biodiversity of species. Escpecially important ar e representatives of wild edible berries. In order to preserve the biodiversity it is necessa ry to protect the interesting plant material (in si tu) and to generate a collection (ex situ) ‐ gene bank to be used in breeding programmes. The adaptability to edaphic and climatic conditions is an advantage of this mat erial in breeding programme. Researches were carried out in July a nd September 2007 in the area of Nature Park Medvednica, with an aim to determine the presence of Rubus sp, their determination and their disposition in t he Nature Park Medvednica. This research has determined seven types of Rubus sp. and their location in Nature Park Medvednica is presented on corresponding map. The species Rubus discolor L. was found the most prevalent. For this reason the chemical and pomological analysis of Rubus discolor fruits were carried out. Chemical analysis included measurment of total soluble solid (TSS) and total a cidity (TA). Monitoring of pomological traits in th is experiment covered fruit weight, height and width, and number of druplets.

SELECTION OF SEEDLING ROOTSTOCK FOR APRICOT

The aim of this study is to select promising wild apricot rootstocks among wild apricot populations propagated by seeds naturally found in Malatya, Erzincan, Nev?ehir, Sivas and Elaz?g provinces. In the first stage, land scans were carried out between 2007 and 2009 and 756 genotypes were determined which could be suitable for the characteristics of the rootstock by considering the phenotypic characteristics. On land surveys, the wild apricot trees that are healthy, productive, bitter seeds, thornless, dwarth growth habit and smooth trunk structure was selected. Among the marked wild apricot types were selected 240 types in 2008, 262 types in 2009 and 254 types in 2010. Seeds taken from these determined wild apricot trees were planted for 2 years in Erzincan and Malatya locations and germination experiments were carried out. In the study, Hasanbey and Hac?halilo?lu apricot varieties were used as control plants. Seed germination percentage, seedling diameter, height, diameter and high homogeneity were determined. At the end of three years of germination experiments were evaluated according to weighting ranking score and finally 8 types that has hight score selected for Malatya location and 18 types for Erzincan location. In the second step, these 26 types after selected in germination tests, was grafted by cv. Hac?halilo?lu in Malatya and by cv. Hasanbey in Erzincan. After grafting success, shoot diameter, homogenity, shoot length and homogenity were evaluated. Then, the data was selected according to weighting ranking score and finally 7 types (58/6, 58/7, 24/111, 24/7, 24/25, 24/33 and 44/8) that has hight score selected for Malatya and Erzincan locations, and transferred to the third stage. In third stage, collection orchards will be established and rootstocks-scion, yield, phenological observations, pomological analysis, tree growth and habit will be evaluated.