Polyvinyl Chloride Bottles Research Articles

Radial basis function bipolar fuzzy neural network

This paper deals with radial basis function neural network on bipolar fuzzy sets. Bipolar Gaussian positive and negative membership function acts as activation function in this network. An algorithm is developed based on Radial basis function bipolar fuzzy neural network. Further, an example is given based on the technique of injection molding process using thermoplastic raw materials, to select the highly durable plastic material product. Four thermoplastic materials such as Polyethylene terephthalate, Polyvinyl chloride, Polypropylene, Polystyrene with physical composition such as oxygen barrier, rigidity, moisture barrier, resistance to sunlight are examined. The plastic processing technology is compared with radial basis function bipolar fuzzy neural network. Considering the feeding section as the input layer, the processing section as hidden layer and ejecting section as output layer, the durability of the thermoplastic materials are estimated. It is found that Polyvinyl chloride bottles are more enduring than the other three thermoplastic material bottles.

Colour‐switchable and photoluminescent polyvinyl chloride for multifunctional smart applications

Recycled polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste was used to prepare transparent materials with long-lasting phosphorescence, photochromic activity, hydrophobicity, strong optical transmission, ultraviolet (UV) light protection, and stiffness. Lanthanide-activated aluminate (LaA) microparticles were prepared using a high temperature solid-state procedure, and were subjected to top-down grinding technology to produce lanthanide-aluminate nanoparticles (LaAN). Laminated PVC bottles were shredded into a transparent plastic matrix, which was combined with LaAN and drop casted to produce smart materials for various applications. Smart windows and photochromic film for smart packaging can be made from recycled PVC waste by immobilizing it with various ratios of LaAN. Long-lasting phosphorescent translucent PVC smart windows and films need LaAN to be evenly dispersed in PVC without clumping. Different analytical methods were used to assess the material's morphological structure and chemical composition. Photoluminescence and decay spectra were all used to investigate the luminescence characteristics. In addition, the mechanical performance was studied. According to Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage laboratory colour measurements, this transparent PVC smart material becomes bright green under UV rays and turns a greenish-yellow in the dark. The PVC luminescence was observed to exhibit apparent emission bands at 429 and 513 nm when excited at 367 nm. Improvements were monitored in UV shielding and hydrophobicity when increasing the phosphor concentration. LaAN-immobilized PVC exhibited reversible photochromism. The present approach can be applied to various applications such as anticounterfeiting films for smart packaging, smart windows, and warning light marks.

Effects of overnight wilting and additives on the fatty acid profile, α-tocopherol and β-carotene of whole plant oat silages

The aim of the present study was to clarify whether the 3 advised additives (sodium caseinate, SC; propionic acid additive, PA; and tert-butylhydroquinone, TBHQ) could reduce the losses of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), α-tocopherol and β-carotene in wilted (overnight wilting for 14 h) and non-wilted whole plant oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Esk, dough stage) silage after ensiling for 100 d. Harvested whole plant oats from the 5 fields (100 m2 per field) were separately ensiled according to the following experiment design: 2 wilting levels (whole plant oat with and without overnight wilting were named as WWO and FWO, respectively) × 4 additives (without additive as the control, and with the 3 advised additives) × 4 copies per treatment. The additives-treated FWO and WWO were separately filled in silos (polyvinyl chloride bottle, 1 L), immediately. After ensiling for 100 d at room temperature, silos were opened and silages were sampled. Overnight wilting didn’t influence the contents of linoleic acid (C18:2n6) (P > 0.05), α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3) (P > 0.05) but resulted in losses of α-tocopherol (20.8 %) (P < 0.05) and β-carotene (27.4 %) (P < 0.05) in whole plant oats before ensiling due to multiplication of microbes, e.g., aerobic bacteria and yeasts. Compared with additive-untreated FWO silage, poorer fermentation quality was found in additive-untreated WWO because lactic fermentation was weakened while butyric fermentation was stimulated. Compared with the material before ensiling, ensiling increased contents of C18:2n6, C18:3n3 and PUFA either in FWO or WWO silage (P < 0.05) due to the high ratio of volatile fatty acids to lactic acid. The ensiling increased β-carotene loss (P < 0.05) but accumulated α-tocopherol in either FWO or WWO silage (P > 0.05). Moreover, only PA improved fermentation quality of FWO and WWO silages, demonstrated by the lowest pH and ammonia-N content and the highest lactic acid content (P < 0.05), and preserved C18:2n6, C18:3n3 and PUFA in FWO silage. All additives did not reduce α-tocopherol loss either in FWO or WWO silage but decreased β-carotene loss in FWO silage. In conclusion, using advised additives did not reduce the oxidation losses of PUFA, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene in overnight wilting whole plant oat silages, and PA is a potential additive to improve fermentation quality and preserve main PUFA, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene in non-wilted whole oat silages.

Roles of microbes and lipolytic enzymes in changing the fatty acid profile, α-tocopherol and β-carotene of whole-crop oat silages during ensiling and after exposure to air

The aim of present study is to clarify the roles of microbes, lipase and lipoxygenase in changes of fatty acids (FA) profile, α-tocopherol and β-carotene of whole-crop oat silages treated without (Control) or with Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and propionic acid additive (PA) during ensiling and aerobic exposure. Whole-crop oat was harvested from the 8 fields (1000 m2 per field) and mixed as a pile which was then separated into 12 piles in the laboratory. The 12 piles (630 g per pile) were randomly ensiled with above additive treatments. Four piles per additive treatment were separately filled into 4 experimental silos (polyvinyl chloride bottle, 1 L), immediately. After ensiling for 65 d at room temperature, a part of silages (200 g) was sampled and the others (420 g) were exposed to air for 4 d. The increase of palmitic acid, reduction of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, and β-carotene loss occurred in the control silage because of bio-hydrogenation of lactic acid bacteria, lipase responsible for degrading lipid into FA, and lipoxygenase in charge of degrading β-carotene, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid after ensiling. Compared with the control silage, an increase in linoleic acid content was found in LP-treated silage because LP increased the activity of lipase; Moreover, higher activity of lipoxygenase resulted in big losses of α-linolenic acid and β-carotene in LP-treated silage. In PA-treated silage, effects of lipase and lipoxygenase on changing the contents of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid were not found, and slight loss of β-carotene was observed. During aerobic exposure for 4 d, multiplication of aerobic bacteria and yeasts resulted in most of FA and β-carotene loss and increased α-tocopherol content in all treatments. Compared with the control and LP-treated silages, PA relieved loss of β-carotene and reductions of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, because PA restrained the multiplication of aerobic bacteria and yeasts. In conclusion, lipase had a contribution in increasing contents of palmitic acid and linoleic acid during ensiling, and microbes played a potential role in increasing α-tocopherol content before aerobic deterioration in the present study.

Stability of Extemporaneously Compounded Domperidone 5 mg/mL Suspension in Oral Mix in Plastic and Glass Bottles and Plastic Syringes

Domperidone liquid for oral administration is not commercially available in Canada, but is needed for patients who cannot swallow intact tablets. To evaluate the stability of domperidone 5 mg/mL suspensions prepared in Oral Mix vehicle and stored, for up to 91 days, in amber polyvinylchloride (PVC) bottles, amber glass bottles, or amber polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles at 4°C or 25°C or in polypropylene oral syringes at 25°C. Three separate 300-mL batches of domperidone suspension 5 mg/mL were prepared with Oral Mix vehicle. Fifty-millilitre aliquots of the suspension were stored in 100-mL bottles (amber PVC, amber glass, or amber PET). Half of the bottles of each type were stored at 25°C and half at 4°C. On study days 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 63, 77, and 91, domperidone concentration was determined, with a validated reverse-phase, stability-indicating liquid chromatographic method, in samples drawn from each type of container stored at each temperature. In addition, 1.5-mL aliquots of a fourth 100-mL batch of suspension were stored in 3-mL oral syringes at 25°C and were tested on the same study days. The concentration of domperidone in all study samples remained above 93% of initial concentration after storage for 91 days. The percent remaining on day 91, based on fastest degradation rate (as represented by the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval [CI]), was at least 92.3% for suspensions stored at 4°C in PVC, glass, and PET bottles. With storage at 25°C, suspensions in PVC and glass bottles retained more than 90% of initial concentration, whereas suspensions in PET bottles and plastic syringes retained 88.9% and 88.0% of initial concentration, respectively. Because suspensions of domperidone in PET bottles and oral syringes retained less than 90% of their initial concentration on day 91 (based on the 95% CI), it is suggested that such suspensions be stored at 4°C or 25°C in any bottle type or syringe with an assigned beyond-use date not exceeding 75 days.

Effect of additives on fatty acid profile of high moisture alfalfa silage during ensiling and after exposure to air

The objective of present study was to investigate the changes of total fatty acid (FA) content and fatty acid composition in high moisture alfalfa (DM=229g/kg fresh weight) silage treated without (Control) or with Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), L. plantarum (LP), propionic acid additive (PA) and tea polyphenols (TP) during ensiling and after exposure to air. A 750g of alfalfa material was filled into the experimental silo (polyvinyl chloride bottle, 1000mL capacity). After ensiling for 65days at room temperature, a part of silages (200g) was sampled and the others (450g) were exposed to air for 6days. Butyric acid (>30g/kg DM) was more than lactic acid (<1g/kg DM) in the control and TP silages due to the low contents of DM and water-soluble carbohydrates, and high buffer capacity, indicating poor fermentation quality. LB, LP, and PA promoted lactic fermentation, restrained butyric fermentation and thus improved fermentation quality of silages. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) lipolysis and saturated fatty acids (SFA) synthesis occurred in the control silage during ensiling, mainly the lipolysis of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 and synthesis of C6:0. Compared with the control, LB, LP, and PA restrained butyric fermentation and synthesis of C6:0, meanwhile LB and LP did not relieve the lipolysis of UFA while PA relieved it; TP relieved synthesis of C6:0 and had a slight lipolysis of UFA. After exposure to air for 6days, the control, LB, PA, and TP silages had better aerobic stability than LP silage, supported by higher temperature in LP silage than in the control, LB, PA, and TP silages. Like volatile FA, most of the FA composition had a positive correlation with aerobic stability. PA silage had the highest total FA content (33.8g/kg DM), the proportions of UFA, C18:2n6 and C18:3n3 due to its lower pH (<4.60) and amounts of aerobic bacteria (<5.0lgcfu/g FM) and yeasts (<2.6lgcfu/g FM) than the control, LB and LP silages, and its lower pH and aerobic bacteria number than TP silage. Therefore, PA kept silage aerobic stability and was a good additive to conserve FA of silage after exposure to air for 6days.

Effect of Various Treatment Methods on the Bisphenol A Concentration in Edible Mushroom Segments during Cultivation

The aim of study were to analyzed bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations in Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) bottles used for cultivation of edible mushrooms, cultivation materials and fruiting bodies of <em>Pleurotus eryngii</em> with various treatments by HPLC-MS. BPA was detected in bottles, cultivation materials and fruiting bodies at levels greater than the limit of detection (0.000611 &mug/g). BPA levels decreased from 19.851 to 6.230 &mug/g following exposure to high temperature and pressure. In addition, the mean BPA levels increased in a pH-dependent manner to 11.37-30.80 &mug/g. With the exception of those grown in new bottles, fruiting bodies contained BPA at levels not exceeding the recently established specific migration limits of 0.6 mg/kg for food established by the European Union. These data suggest that physical treatment methods could decrease BPA levels in new PVC bottles. Use of such treatments rendered fruiting bodies of <em>P. eryngii</em> safe for consumption.

Determination of Six Phthalic Acid Esters in Orange Juice Packaged by PVC Bottle Using SPE and HPLC-UV: Application to the Migration Study

A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay is described for the determination of six phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in orange juice packaged in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bottle. Samples were extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges and separated by a C₁₈ column. The calibration curves were all linear with a correlation coefficient r > 0.9900. The limits of detection for the assay ranged from 2.6 to 13.8 ng/mL. Expressed as the within- and between-day coefficient of variation (CV), precision was 1.4-13.4% and 1.9-13.3%, respectively, and relative errors were 7.6-12.8% and -9.0-14.2%, respectively. The recovery ranged from 76.8 to 112.3% with the CV from 0.3 to 11.3%. The proposed methodology was applied for studing the migration of the selected PAEs into orange juice packaged in PVC bottle. Di-ethyl phthalate (DEP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were detected in the orange juice without the other four PAEs. Concentrations would increase with the storage time and reach up to 0.385 μg/mL and 0.662 μg/mL, respectively, when the expiration date arrived. The level of DEHP was about 110 times higher than the limiting one in drink water (6 ppb) regulated by U.S. EPA. Results suggest that PVC plasticized by DEHP should not be used as the packaging material for orange juice.

Stability of Diclofenac Sodium Oral Suspensions Packaged in Amber Polyvinyl Chloride Bottles

Prescribing of diclofenac for children usually involves a dose different from commercially available strengths. This drug is available only as tablets, which can be divided only so many times before the dose obtained becomes inaccurate. In addition, children may have difficulty swallowing tablets. For these reasons, a compounding formula for a liquid dosage form is essential to ensure effective delivery of the drug to pediatric patients. To develop a compounding formula for diclofenac sodium and to determine the extended physical and chemical stability of this compound when stored in amber polyvinyl chloride (PVC) prescription bottles under refrigeration and at room temperature. A suspension of diclofenac sodium (10 mg/mL) was prepared from commercially available diclofenac sodium tablets, with Ora-Blend as the suspending and flavouring agent. The suspension was packaged in 60-mL amber PVC prescription bottles and stored at either room temperature (23°C) or under refrigeration (5°C). Samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 27, 56, and 93. Chemical stability was determined using a validated stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method. At each sampling time, the suspensions were checked for changes in appearance (i.e., colour, layering, caking, ease of resuspension), odour, and pH. The diclofenac sodium suspensions were very stable, retaining at least 99.5% of the original concentration for up to 93 days, regardless of storage temperature. There were no apparent changes in the physical appearance of the suspensions, nor were there any substantial changes in odour or pH. Suspensions of diclofenac sodium (10 mg/mL) were quantitatively stable but difficult to prepare because of the enteric coating of the tablets. Therefore, it is recommended that diclofenac powder be used for the preparation of suspensions. For pediatric use, palatability is a consideration, and a masking agent should be added before administration. An expiry date of up to 93 days is suggested.

Stability of Celecoxib Oral Suspension

Celecoxib is a selective cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitor that relieves pain without affecting platelet function, causing gastrointestinal toxic effects, or increasing the risk of bleeding. To develop a suspension formulation for oral celecoxib and to determine its physical and chemical stability when packaged in amber polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bottles and stored with refrigeration (5°C) and at room temperature (23°C). The contents of celecoxib capsules were used to prepare a single suspension, with Ora-Blend used as the suspending and flavouring agent. The suspension (10 mg/mL) was then packaged in amber PVC bottles and stored at either 5°C or 23°C. Samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 27, 56, and 93. Chemical stability was determined using a validated stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method. At each sampling time, the suspensions were checked visually for changes in appearance (i.e., colour, layering, caking, and ease of resuspension), odour, and pH. All of the suspensions were stable for at least 93 days, regardless of storage conditions. There were no apparent changes in physical appearance, nor were there any substantial changes in odour or pH. Suspensions of celecoxib (10 mg/mL in Ora-Blend) packaged in amber PVC bottles were stable for up to 93 days when stored at 5°C or 23°C. A 3-month expiry date has been established for this oral suspension on the basis of physical compatibility and chemical stability.

Isolation and identification of autochthonous microbiota from a granitic aquifer and its variation after the bottling process.

The autochthonous microbiota from a granitic aquifer in Spain were studied. Several bacterial strains were isolated and identified. The major components of the microbiota were Pseudomonas-like strains, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, and Alcaligenes. The variation in the number of microorganisms after the bottling process was studied. The initial bacterial population increased over the first 5 days after bottling. This increase was higher in samples from polyvinyl chloride bottles. Sonication usually increased the total cell counts. As expected, most of the autochthonous microbiota were not detected in the viable cell counts.

Alterations in total bacteria, iodonitrophenyltetrazolium (INT)-positive bacteria, and heterotrophic plate counts of bottled mineral water

The quantitative variation in the microflora in bottled mineral waters stored in polyvinyl chloride bottles was studied immediately after bottling and after 7 days storage, over 9 months. The microflora was determined by combining total counts using ethidium bromide, and the number of iodonitrophenyltetrazolium (INT)-positive cells determined with heterotrophic plate counts on R2A for prolonged incubation periods at 22 and 37 °C. Immediately after bottling of mineral water A, the total counts with ethidium bromide varied between 70.0 and 495.0 bacteria/mL. The number of INT-positive bacteria varied between 14.0 and 40.0% counts. The heterotrophic plate counts were higher at 22 °C than at 37 °C and varied between 1.1 and 13.2% and between 0.7 and 9.3% of the total counts, respectively. After 7 days storage, total bacterial counts increased by 1000 times, indicating multiplication of bacteria that were present in low numbers immediately after bottling. The percentage of INT-positive bacteria remained between 2.6 and 39.0% of the total counts but the number of culturable bacteria was higher than the number of INT-positive cells. Similar counts were found in other mineral waters (B, C, and D), but the numbers of INT-positive cells in two of them (B and D) were higher than the heterotrophic plate counts at 22 °C. These results show the presence in the aquifer and (or) bottling system of a flora that is neither INT-positive nor culturable and reinforce previous results that still mineral waters have a large bacterial population after storage.Key words: mineral water, bacterial populations, ethidium bromide, INT, HPC.

Alterations in the major heterotrophic bacterial populations isolated from a still bottled mineral water

The heterotrophic bacterial population of a bottled mineral water stored in returnable glass bottles and in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bottles at room temperature was studied over 9-12 months. The plate counts in R2A medium incubated at 22 degrees and 37 degrees C were low initially, increasing to 10(4)-10(5) cfu/ml within a few days of bottling. The number of bacteria recovered at 22 degrees C from PVC bottles was fairly constant during the storage period, but the population isolated at 37 degrees C decreased markedly after storage for 1 year. The major components of the population were Pseudomonas strains, one of which was identified as Pseudomonas vesicularis. Major changes took place during storage; two groups of bacteria (B and C) were dominant initially, but during the latter period of storage other groups (F, G and H) increased in number.

Tetramethylsuccinonitrile in polyvinyl chloride products for food and its release into food-simulating solvents.

The content of tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN), the main decomposition product of 2,2'-azobis-isobutyronitrile, in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products used for food packaging, were examined as well as food-simulating solvents. The TMSN concentration in 17 PVC products ranged from below the detection limit, 0.05 mg/kg, up to 523 mg/kg. The release of TMSN from two PVC products into five kinds of food-simulating solvents at 60 degrees C for 30 min was observed, except for 1 +/- 1 micrograms/kg of TMSN in n-heptane from a PVC bottle containing 523 +/- 30.4 mg/kg of TMSN. The detection limit of TMSN in the food-simulating solvents was 1 micrograms/kg. When pieces of the bottle were stored in olive oil at 40 degrees C for 120 days, 5 +/- 1 micrograms/kg of TMSN was detected in the oil. The release of TMSN from the pieces of the bottle into olive oil between 80 and 140 degrees C depended on the formula ln y = 0.08786x-5.696, r = 0.9927, where y is the concentration (microgram/kg) of TMSN in olive oil, x is the temperature (degrees C), and r is the correlation coefficient.

Sorption of amiodarone to polyvinyl chloride infusion bags and administration sets

The loss of amiodarone from i.v. admixtures to flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) infusion bags and i.v. administration sets was studied. Admixtures containing amiodarone hydrochloride 600 micrograms/mL and either 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection were stored at room temperature in glass bottles (both with and without contact of the drug solution with the rubber bottle closure), in flexible PVC bags, or in rigid PVC bottles. After 120 hours, the contents of each flexible PVC bag were emptied and replaced by methanol, which was allowed to remain in the bag for an additional 120 hours and was then analyzed for amiodarone content. To determine availability of amiodarone after infusion through a 1.8-m PVC i.v. administration set, solutions stored in glass containers were run through the set at 0.5 mL/min for 90 minutes. Samples of drug solutions were collected at appropriate intervals and analyzed by a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. Admixtures containing 0.9% sodium chloride injection were not stable; visual incompatibility was evident after 24 hours of storage in glass bottles, and no further testing was performed. In admixtures containing 5% dextrose injection that were stored in 50-mL flexible PVC bags, 60% of the initial amiodarone concentration remained after 120 hours; approximately half of the lost drug was recovered with the methanol. In effluent collected from the PVC administration set, 82% of the initial amiodarone concentration remained. Amiodarone concentrations did not decrease appreciably, after storage in glass or rigid PVC bottles, indicating that drug loss was probably affected by the plasticizer, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effect of container type on pH and alkalinity stability

Errors in pH measurement of 0.1-0.2 units can be propagate large errors in the predicted aqueous speciation. When accurate on-site analyses are impossible to obtain, changes in pH and alkalinity between the time of sampling and after transport to a laboratory must be minimized in many sampling programs. Several container and cap combinations were evaluated for their ability to preserve the pH and alkalinity of test waters that were out of equilibrium with atmospheric carbon dioxide over time periods representative of mail or other surface transport. Provided that no air bubbles were present when the sample bottle was filled and sealed, polyvinyl chloride bottles with caps having a conical polyethylene insert yielded the most satisfactory results. High density linear polyethylene bottles were also generally satisfactory. Cap design was observed to be very important. Guidelines for analysis and preservation are given, and if followed, laboratory measurements can be reliably substituted for field measurements in many instances.

Oriented PVC bottles: Process description and influence of biaxial orientation on selected properties

AbstractBiaxial orientation of polyvinyl chloride bottles reduces haze development from pine oil exposure, suggesting that chemical attack may be reduced in other applications. Areas where PVC bottles are now marginally unacceptable may become markets for oriented PVC bottles. Orientation also improves bottle drop height, saves 15 to 20 percent in part weight, and saves 5 to 6 cents per pound of compound because less or no impact modifier or other compounds are required.

Absorption and permeability of a flavor in plastic containers as determined by head-space gas chromatography

When guarana flavor was used as the flavoring agent in an oral preparation and placed in plastic containers, and when head-space gas-liquid chromatography was applied to the investigation of the stability of this product, the method was found to be rapid and specific. The flavoring constituents of guarana were detected as having been absorbed by the wall of the container and having permeated to the atmosphere surrounding the outside surface of polyethylene bottles. Polyvinyl chloride bottles showed definite absorption of guarana and some change in the appearance of the containers but gave no evidence of permeability.

Quantitative Evaluation of the Heat-Stabilizing Properties of Organotin Compounds in Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Using Differential Thermal Analysis

Rigid polyvinyl chloride bottles are in current use in Europe for a host of products including foods, drugs, and cosmetics. In this country, a number of pharmaceutical and cosmetic firms are exploring the possibilities of this plastic container for packaging of one or more products. Presently, a number of vinyl systems are effectively stabilized against thermal and radiation degradation by the use of organotin compounds. In order to ascertain the efficiency of organotins to stabilize rigid vinyls, a quantitative study was undertaken on a series of vinyl formulations containing various organotin compounds using differential thermal analysis. These techniques proved to be extremely helpful in evaluating the materials from both a qualitative and quantitative point of view. Furthermore, the same techniques appear to have great promise in predicting the most suitable plastic formula for achieving the most stable plastic item when thermal or radiation damage becomes a potential problem. Rigid polyvinyl chloride bottles are in current use in Europe for a host of products including foods, drugs, and cosmetics. In this country, a number of pharmaceutical and cosmetic firms are exploring the possibilities of this plastic container for packaging of one or more products. Presently, a number of vinyl systems are effectively stabilized against thermal and radiation degradation by the use of organotin compounds. In order to ascertain the efficiency of organotins to stabilize rigid vinyls, a quantitative study was undertaken on a series of vinyl formulations containing various organotin compounds using differential thermal analysis. These techniques proved to be extremely helpful in evaluating the materials from both a qualitative and quantitative point of view. Furthermore, the same techniques appear to have great promise in predicting the most suitable plastic formula for achieving the most stable plastic item when thermal or radiation damage becomes a potential problem.