Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Deficiency Research Articles

Clinical trajectories preceding incident dementia up to 15 years before diagnosis: a large prospective cohort study.

Dementia has a long prodromal stage with various pathophysiological manifestations; however, the progression of pre-diagnostic changes remains unclear. We aimed to determine the evolutional trajectories of multiple-domain clinical assessments and health conditions up to 15 years before the diagnosis of dementia. Data was extracted from the UK-Biobank, a longitudinal cohort that recruited over 500,000 participants from March 2006 to October 2010. Each demented subject was matched with 10 healthy controls. We performed logistic regressions on 400 predictors covering a comprehensive range of clinical assessments or health conditions. Their evolutional trajectories were quantified using adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and FDR-corrected p-values under consecutive timeframes preceding the diagnosis of dementia. During a median follow-up of 13.7 [Interquartile range, IQR 12.9-14.2] years until July 2022, 7620 subjects were diagnosed with dementia. In general, upon approaching the diagnosis, demented subjects witnessed worse functional assessments and a higher prevalence of health conditions. Associations up to 15 years preceding the diagnosis comprised declined physical strength (hand grip strength, OR 0.65 [0.63-0.67]), lung dysfunction (peak expiratory flow, OR 0.78 [0.76-0.81]) and kidney dysfunction (cystatin C, OR 1.13 [1.11-1.16]), comorbidities of coronary heart disease (OR 1.78 [1.67-1.91]), stroke (OR 2.34 [2.1-1.37]), diabetes (OR 2.03 [1.89-2.18]) and a series of mental disorders. Cognitive functions in multiple tests also demonstrate decline over a decade before the diagnosis. Inadequate activity (3-5 year, overall time of activity, OR 0.82 [0.73-0.92]), drowsiness (3-5 year, sleep duration, OR 1.13 [1.04-1.24]) and weight loss (0-5 year, weight, OR 0.9 [0.83-0.98]) only exhibited associations within five years before the diagnosis. In addition, serum biomarkers of enriched endocrine, dysregulations of ketones, deficiency of brand-chain amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in a similar prodromal time window and can be witnessed as the last pre-symptomatic conditions before the diagnosis. Our findings present a comprehensive temporal-diagnostic landscape preceding incident dementia, which could improve selection for preventive and early disease-modifying treatment trials.

Restoring retinal polyunsaturated fatty acid balance and retina function by targeting ceramide in AdipoR1-deficient mice

Mutations in the adiponectin receptor 1 gene (AdipoR1) lead to retinitis pigmentosa and are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study explores the effects of AdipoR1 gene deficiency in mice, revealing a striking decline in ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), an increase in ω6 FAs, and elevated ceramides in the retina. The AdipoR1 deficiency impairs peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) signaling, which is crucial for FA metabolism, particularly affecting proteins associated with FA transport and oxidation in the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Our lipidomic and proteomic analyses indicate changes that could affect membrane composition and viscosity through altered ω3 PUFA transport and synthesis, suggesting a potential influence of AdipoR1 on these properties. Furthermore, we noted a reduction in the Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) proteins, which are crucial for forming and maintaining photoreceptor outer segments that are PUFA-enriched ciliary structures. Diminution in BBS-proteins content combined with our electron microscopic observations raises the possibility that AdipoR1 deficiency might impair ciliary function. Treatment with inhibitors of ceramide synthesis led to substantial elevation of ω3 LC-PUFAs, alleviating photoreceptor degeneration and improving retinal function. These results serve as the proof of concept for a ceramide-targeted strategy to treat retinopathies linked to PUFA deficiency, including AMD.

Nutritional Status of Breastfeeding Mothers and Impact of Diet and Dietary Supplementation: A Narrative Review.

Adequate nutrition during breastfeeding is crucial for ensuring the good health of mothers and babies. Despite the high energy and nutrient demands of breastfeeding, lactating women are often vulnerable from a nutritional perspective. The nutritional focus during breastfeeding tends to be on the newborn, often neglecting the mother's diet. Therefore, in the present narrative review, nutrient intakes were compared with the dietary reference values (DRVs) proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as well as by the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/FAO). In the diets of lactating mothers, dietary inadequacies were observed in the intake of some vitamins, such as folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin A, and vitamin D, and in the intake of certain minerals like calcium, iron, and iodine; polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies, primarily in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, were also observed. On the other hand, the debate on the necessity of supplementation during lactation continues; the need for nutritional supplementation during lactation depends on many factors, such us mothers' eating habits. There seems to be a positive association between nutritional supplementation of the lactating mother and the concentration of certain nutrients in human milk. The present narrative review provides an update on the nutritional status (fatty acids and micronutrients) of breastfeeding mothers and the impact of diet and dietary supplementation on human milk composition.

Lifelong exposure to n-3 PUFA deficiency leads to anxiety-like profile in male and female adolescent rats: Impact on spleen-brain axis

Low consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) during the developmental period has been increasingly associated with an increased risk of depressive-like symptoms in both male and female sexes. Therefore, here we performed behavioral and biochemical quantifications in adolescent rats to evaluate possible sex-driven differences in the development of anxiety-like disorders related to life-long n-3 PUFA low intake. Male and female adolescent rats fed for their entire life with n-3 PUFA poor diet showed an anxiety-like profile compared to n6/n-3 PUFA balanced diet. However, such deficiency led to reduced cortical serotonin (5-HT) in females, while increased GABA levels were retrieved in males. Conversely, in amygdala, 5-HT and noradrenaline (NA) were increased in n-3 PUFA poor treated rats. In male rats, n-3 PUFA poor diet induced significant increase in systemic kynurenine levels, while the pro-oxidant metabolite 3-Hydroxy kynurenine was higher in both sexes. In addition, considering the recent involvement of spleen-brain axis on mood disorders and neuroimmune communication, we evaluated biomarkers in the spleen. N-3 PUFA deprivation reduced NA content and increased the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 expression in females, while acetylcholine and tumor necrosis factor alpha were higher in males. Taken together, our data indicated that deficiency of n-3 PUFA in diet induced mood disorders in adolescent animals, however this behavioral phenotype is accompanied by a different immune activation in male and female rats.

The exploration of neuroinflammatory mechanism by which CRHR2 deficiency induced anxiety disorder

Inflammation stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and triggers glial neuroinflammatory phenotypes, which reduces monoamine neurotransmitters by activating indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme. These changes can induce psychiatric diseases, including anxiety. Corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 (CRHR2) in the HPA axis is involved in the etiology of anxiety. Omega(n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can attenuate anxiety through anti-inflammation and HPA axis modulation. However, the underlying molecular mechanism by CRHR2 modulates anxiety and its correlation with neuroinflammation remain unclear. Here, we first constructed a crhr2 zebrafish mutant line, and evaluated anxiety-like behaviors, gene expression associated with the HPA axis, neuroinflammatory response, neurotransmitters, and PUFAs profile in crhr2+/+ and crhr2−/− zebrafish. The crhr2 deficiency decreased cortisol levels and up-regulated crhr1 and down-regulated crhb, crhbp, ucn3l and proopiomelanocortin a (pomc a) in zebrafish. Interestingly, a significant increase in the neuroinflammatory markers, translocator protein (TSPO) and the activation of microglia M1 phenotype (CD11b) were found in crhr2−/− zebrafish. As a consequence, the expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, pro-inflammatory cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor, and astrocyte A1 phenotype c3 were up-regulated. While microglia anti-inflammatory phenotype (CD206), central anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-4, arginase-1, and transforming growth factor-β were downregulated. In parallel, crhr2-deficient zebrafish showed an upregulation of vdac1 protein, a TSPO ligand, and its downstream caspase-3. Furthermore, 5-HT/5-HIAA ratio was decreased and n-3 PUFAs deficiency was identified in crhr2−/− zebrafish. In conclusion, anxiety-like behavior displayed by crhr2-deficient zebrafish may be caused by the HPA axis dysfunction and enhanced neuroinflammation, which resulted in n-3 PUFAs and monoamine neurotransmitter reductions.

Prenatal THC exposure induces long-term, sex-dependent cognitive dysfunction associated with lipidomic and neuronal pathology in the prefrontal cortex-hippocampal network.

With increasing maternal cannabis use, there is a need to investigate the lasting impact of prenatal exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychotropic compound in cannabis, on cognitive/memory function. The endocannabinoid system (ECS), which relies on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to function, plays a crucial role in regulating prefrontal cortical (PFC) and hippocampal network-dependent behaviors essential for cognition and memory. Using a rodent model of prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE), we report that male and female offspring display long-term deficits in various cognitive domains. However, these phenotypes were associated with highly divergent, sex-dependent mechanisms. Electrophysiological recordings revealed hyperactive PFC pyramidal neuron activity in both males and females, but hypoactivity in the ventral hippocampus (vHIPP) in males, and hyperactivity in females. Further, cortical oscillatory activity states of theta, alpha, delta, beta, and gamma bandwidths were strongly sex divergent. Moreover, protein expression analyses at postnatal day (PD)21 and PD120 revealed primarily PD120 disturbances in dopamine D1R/D2 receptors, NMDA receptor 2B, synaptophysin, gephyrin, GAD67, and PPARα selectively in the PFC and vHIPP, in both regions in males, but only the vHIPP in females. Lastly, using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS), we identified region-, age-, and sex-specific deficiencies in specific neural PUFAs, namely docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA), and related metabolites, in the PFC and hippocampus (ventral/dorsal subiculum, and CA1 regions). This study highlights several novel, long-term and sex-specific consequences of PCE on PFC-hippocampal circuit dysfunction and the potential role of specific PUFA signaling abnormalities underlying these pathological outcomes.

Effect of Omega-3 Rich High-Fat Diet on Markers of Tissue Lipid Metabolism in Glucocorticoid-Treated Mice.

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are some of the most widely prescribed therapies for treating numerous inflammatory diseases and multiple cancer types. With chronic use, GCs' therapeutic benefits are concurrent with deleterious metabolic side effects, which worsen when combined with a high-fat diet (HFD). One characteristic of the common Western HFD is the presence of high omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and a deficiency in omega-3 PUFAs. The aim of this experiment was to determine whether fat composition resulting from HFD affects glucocorticoid-induced alterations in lipid-handling by the liver and skeletal muscle. Male wild-type C57BL/6 mice were randomized into two groups: n-6 (45% fat 177.5 g lard) and n-3 (45% fat 177.5 g Menhaden oil). After 4 weeks on their diets, groups were divided to receive either daily injections of dexamethasone (3 mg/kg/day) or sterile PBS for 1 week while continuing diets. The n-3 HFD diet attenuated adipose and hepatic fatty accumulation and prevented GC-induced increases in liver lipid metabolism markers Cd36 and Fabp. N-3 HFD had little effect on markers of lipid metabolism in oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscle and was unable to attenuate GC-induced gene expression in the muscle. The present study's result demonstrated that the change of fat composition in HFD could beneficially alter the fatty acid accumulation and associated lipid metabolism markers in mice treated with dexamethasone.

Supplementation of n-3 PUFAs in Adulthood Attenuated Susceptibility to Pentylenetetrazol Induced Epilepsy in Mice Fed with n-3 PUFAs Deficient Diet in Early Life.

The growth and development of the fetus and newborn throughout pregnancy and lactation are directly related to the nutritional status of the mother, which has a significant impact on the health of the offspring. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the susceptibility of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency in early life to seizures in adulthood. The n-3 PUFAs-deficient mice's offspring were established and then fed with α-LNA diet, DHA-enriched ethyl ester, and DHA-enriched phospholipid-containing diets for 17 days at the age of eight weeks. During this period, animals received intraperitoneal injections of 35 mg/kg of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) every other day for eight days. The results showed that dietary n-3 PUFA-deficiency in early life could aggravate PTZ-induced epileptic seizures and brain disorders. Notably, nutritional supplementation with n-3 PUFAs in adulthood for 17 days could significantly recover the brain n-3 fatty acid and alleviate the epilepsy susceptibility as well as raise seizure threshold to different levels by mediating the neurotransmitter disturbance and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, demyelination, and neuroinflammation status of the hippocampus. DHA-enriched phospholipid possessed a superior effect on alleviating the seizure compared to α-LNA and DHA-enriched ethyl ester. Dietary n-3 PUFA deficiency in early life increases the susceptibility to PTZ-induced epilepsy in adult offspring, and nutritional supplementation with n-3 PUFAs enhances the tolerance to the epileptic seizure.

N-3 PUFA Deficiency from Early Life to Adulthood Exacerbated Susceptibility to Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Testicular Dysfunction in Adult Mice.

Homeostasis of reactive oxygen species is required to maintain sperm maturation and capacitation. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is accumulated in testicles and spermatozoa and has the ability to manipulate the redox status. The effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) deficiency from early life to adulthood on the physiological and functional properties of males under the redox imbalance of testicular tissue deserve attention. The consecutive injection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) for 15 days to induce oxidative stress in testicular tissue was used to elucidate the consequences of testicular n-3 PUFA deficiency. The results indicated that reactive oxygen species treatment in adult male mice with DHA deficiency in the testis could reduce spermatogenesis and disrupt sex hormone production, as well as trigger testicular lipid peroxidation and tissue damage. N-3 PUFA deficiency from early life to adulthood resulted in higher susceptibility to testicular dysfunction in the germinal function of supplying germ cells and the endocrine role of secreting hormones through the mechanism of aggravating mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and destruction of blood testicular barrier under oxidative stress, which might provide a basis for humans to reduce susceptibility to chronic disease and maintain reproductive health in adulthood through dietary interventions of n-3 PUFAs.

Enteral long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and necrotizing enterocolitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundPreterm infants are at risk of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) deficiency. Recent studies on high-dose DHA; n-3 LCPUFA in preterm infants suggested potential positive effects on cognitive outcomes but raised concerns about some increased neonatal morbidities. These studies and recent recommendations for DHA supplementation generated controversy owing to the lack of balance between DHA and arachidonic acid (ARA; n-6 LCPUFA). ObjectivesTo identify the effect of enteral supplementation of DHA, with and without ARA, on necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in very preterm infants. MethodsA systematic review of randomized and controlled trials compared enteral LCPUFAs with placebo or no supplementation in very preterm infants. We searched PubMed, Ovid-MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CINHAL databases from inception to July 2022. Data were extracted in duplicate using a structured proforma. A meta-analysis and metaregression with random-effects models were used. The interventions evaluated were DHA alone vs. that combined with ARA, source of DHA, dose, and supplement delivery methods. Methodological qualities and risk of bias were assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. ResultsFifteen randomized clinical trials (RCTs) included 3963 very preterm infants with 217 cases of NEC. Supplementation with DHA alone increased NEC (2620 infants; RR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.39) with no evidence of heterogeneity (I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.46). Multiple metaregression revealed significant reduction in NEC when ARA was supplemented with DHA (aRR 0.42; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.88). The source of DHA, dose, and feeding type revealed no associations with NEC. Two RCTs supplemented high-dose DHA to lactating mothers. There was a significant increase in risk of NEC with this approach (1148 infants; RR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.02, 3.61) with no evidence of heterogeneity (I2 = 0.0, P = 0.81). ConclusionsSupplementation with DHA alone may increase risk of NEC. Concurrent supplementation with ARA needs to be considered when adding DHA to preterm infants’ diet.

N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Gut Microbiota.

For several decades, studies have reported that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a beneficial role in cardiovascular, immune, cognitive, visual, mental and metabolic health. The mammalian intestine is colonized by microbiota, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, protozoans, and fungi. The composition of the gut microbiota is influenced by long-term dietary habits, disease-associated dysbiosis, and the use of antibiotics. Accumulating evidence suggests a relationship between n-3 PUFAs and the gut microbiota. N-3 PUFAs can alter the diversity and abundance of the gut microbiome, and gut microbiota can also affect the metabolism and absorption of n-3 PUFAs. Changes in the populations of certain gut microbiota can lead to negative effects on inflammation, obesity, and metabolic diseases. An imbalanced consumption of n-3/n-6 PUFAs may lead to gut microbial dysbiosis, in particular, a significant increase in the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, which eventually results in being overweight and obesity. N-3 PUFA deficiency disrupts the microbiota community in metabolic disorders. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that the interplay between n-3 PUFAs, gut microbiota, and immune reactions helps to maintain the integrity of the intestinal wall and interacts with host immune cells. Supplementation with n-3 PUFAs may be an effective therapeutic measure to restore gut microbiota homeostasis and correct metabolic disturbances associated with modern chronic diseases. In particular, marine extracts from seaweed contain a considerable dry weight of lipids, including n-3 PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20: 5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22: 6). This review describes how gut microbiota function in intestinal health, how n-3 PUFAs interact with the gut microbiota, and the potential of n-3 PUFAs to influence the gut-brain axis, acting through gut microbiota composition.

Patients with Anorexia Nervosa Demonstrate Deficiencies of Selected Essential Fatty Acids, Compensatory Changes in Nonessential Fatty Acids and Decreased Fluidity of Plasma Lipids

The objective of this study was to assess the essential fatty acid status of patients with anorexia nervosa. Blood was collected from eight fasting female anorexia nervosa patients with a mean of 81% ideal body weight. Fatty acid composition of phospholipids, nonesterified fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesteryl esters of plasma were determined by capillary gas chromatography to indicate polyunsaturated fatty acids status compared with 19 healthy female adults <25 y old. Subjects with anorexia nervosa showed polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiencies in plasma phospholipids different from simple nutritional essential fatty acid deficiency or chronic malnutrition. The phospholipid profile showed significantly lower (n-6) and (n-3) elongation and desaturation products, and elevated short-chain saturated, short-chain monounsaturated, branched-chain and odd-chain fatty acids. These elevations indicate enhancement of biosynthesis of alternative fatty acids that only partially compensated for the loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids in providing membrane “fluidity.” Calculated mean melting point of the fatty acids of phospholipids in patients with anorexia nervosa was elevated 7.7°C above normal values. These results demonstrate that patients with anorexia nervosa have deficiencies of selected essential fatty acids, compensatory changes in nonessential fatty acids and decreased fluidity of plasma lipids.

A diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids as supportive therapy in the treatment and prevention of psychotic disorders

IntroductionProper nutrition with fats has a protective effect on the functioning of the nervous system. However, a disturbed ratio of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids supply is nowadays a common phenomenon. A diet overloaded with saturated fats and a shortage of those essential ones in the company with possibly some unfavorable genetic endowment could lead to the release of psychosis from the framework of diet defined by nature for thousands of years.ObjectivesThe study aims to review the literature to assess the influence of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids in the occurrence of psychotic disorders prevention, as well as their impact on remission prolongation.MethodsLiterature review in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science using the keywords [psychosis] OR [psychotic] OR [schizophrenia] OR [unipolar] OR [bipolar] OR [schizoaffective] OR [depression] OR [manic] OR [hypomanic] OR [mania] OR [hypomania] OR [first episode psychosis] OR [ultra-high risk] OR [UHR] AND [polyunsaturated fatty acids] OR [PUFA] OR [prostaglandin] OR [phospholipid] OR [phospholipase A2] OR [arachidonic acid] OR [linoleic acid] OR [alpha-linolenic acid] OR [omega-3] OR [omega-6] OR [nutrition] OR [diet]. The review included original articles, reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and case reports from 1977-2022 in Polish and English.Results86 articles devoted to diet and nutrition in psychotic disorders were analyzed. Patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and schizoaffective disorders exhibit deficiencies in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Such results may indicate compliance with David Horrobin’s theory of the psychotic disorders development in predisposed individuals.ConclusionsSupplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids may be a chance for a selected group of patients to prolong remission but also hope to prevent the occurrence of psychotic disorders in particularly vulnerable individuals.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Deficiency of (n-6) but Not (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Inhibits the Secretagogue Effect of Prolactin in Lactating Rat Mammary Epithelial Cells

The repercussions of various kinds of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deficiencies on the fatty acid composition of membranes and on the secretory activity of lactating female rat mammary epithelial cells were investigated. Primiparous female rats were fed different PUFA diets from weaning: adequate (n-6) and (n-3) PUFA supply; overall PUFA deficiency; specific (n-6) PUFA deficiency or specific (n-3) PUFA deficiency. Mammary gland phospholipids contained very low amount of (n-3) PUFA in control rats, and only 1% docosahexaenoic acid. The fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids reflected the type of diet received by the animals, i.e., the diets deficient in the (n-3) or (n-6) PUFA series resulted in lower (n-3) or (n-6) PUFA, and the (n-3) + (n-6) deficient diet caused a true overall PUFA deficiency in the membranes. The morphology of cells from overall PUFA- or (n-6) PUFA-deficient rats showed an accumulation of secretory vesicles in the cytoplasm. Basal casein secretion was independent of the diet and of the composition of membrane phospholipids. However, prolactin did not have a secretagogue effect on cells from (n-6) PUFA- or overall PUFA-deficient rats but retained this effect on cells from (n-3)-deficient rats. These results emphasize the specific role of (n-6) PUFA in the functioning of the lactating mammary epithelial cell.

Impact of membrane lipid polyunsaturation on dopamine D2 receptor ligand binding and signaling.

Increasing evidence supports a relationship between lipid metabolism and mental health. In particular, the biostatus of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) correlates with some symptoms of psychiatric disorders, as well as the efficacy of pharmacological treatments. Recent findings highlight a direct association between brain PUFA levels and dopamine transmission, a major neuromodulatory system implicated in the etiology of psychiatric symptoms. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are still unknown. Here we demonstrate that membrane enrichment in the n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), potentiates ligand binding to the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R), suggesting that DHA acts as an allosteric modulator of this receptor. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm that DHA has a high preference for interaction with the D2R and show that membrane unsaturation selectively enhances the conformational dynamics of the receptor around its second intracellular loop. We find that membrane unsaturation spares G protein activity but potentiates the recruitment of β-arrestin in cells. Furthermore, in vivo n-3 PUFA deficiency blunts the behavioral effects of two D2R ligands, quinpirole and aripiprazole. These results highlight the importance of membrane unsaturation for D2R activity and provide a putative mechanism for the ability of PUFAs to enhance antipsychotic efficacy.

Study of Quality Indicators of Oil and Fat Products Made From a Mixture of Vegetable Oils

This article is devoted to the development of mayonnaise with a balanced composition . It occupies 3.3 % of the human diet on the daily market . Despite the growth of the range of mayonnaise over the past year , the problem of manufacturing domestic mayonnaise of a balanced composition that meets all the requirements for this type of product remains relevant . A comprehensive multi-level approach to assessing the nutrition of the Kazakh people revealed a wide range of nutritional status disorders . In particular , these include the consumption of animal fats and a deficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids . Polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential nutrition factors and their composition should correspond to 3-4 % of the energy value of the diet . A new functional mayonnaise product with a balanced composition of ɷ-3 and ɷ-6 fatty acids based on a mixture of vegetable oils ( sunflower , linseed , and safflower ) with a balanced composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids has been developed . The main physical and chemical characteristics of a sample of a mixture of vegetable oils have been determined . In laboratory conditions , NPJSC " KazNARU " produced a prototype of mayonnaise based on a mixture of vegetable oils and determined their physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics . It was found that in terms of physical , chemical and organoleptic characteristics , the resulting mayonnaise product fully meets the requirements of regulatory documents .

QUALITATIVE INDICATORS MAYONNESIS «DOMASHNII» FROM A MIXTURE OF VEGETABLE OILS

Polyunsaturated fatty acids account for 3.3% of the human diet in the daily market. Despite the growth in the range of mayonnaise over the past year, the problem of manufacturing domestic mayonnaise of a balanced composition that meets all the requirements for this type of product remains relevant. A comprehensive multi-level approach to assessing the nutrition of the Kazakh people revealed a wide range of nutritional status disorders. In particular, these include the consumption of animal fats and deficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are indispensable nutritional factors and their composition should correspond to 3-4% of the energy value of the diet. This article presents options for the development of mayonnaise with a balanced composition. A new functional mayonnaise product with a balanced composition of ɷ-3 and ɷ-6 fatty acids has been developed based on a mixture of vegetable oils (sunflower, linseed, and safflower) with a balanced composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The main physico-chemical parameters and fatty acids of a sample of a mixture of vegetable oils were determined. Humidity was determined by drying to constant weight, the mass fraction of oil according to Soxhlet, pH indicators - by the potentiometric method according to GOST 31762-2012. Based on the results of studies, taking into account the physicochemical parameters and biological properties of vegetable oil, it was found that when a new type of mayonnaise with high nutritional and biological value is obtained, human nutrition is not disturbed during use. The use of vegetable raw materials in the production of new mayonnaise with high nutritional and biological value expands the range of this type of product, increases its biological value and extends its shelf life.

Erythrocyte Membrane Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Lipid Profile in Preterm Infants at Birth and Over the First Month of Life: A Comparative Study with Infants at Term.

An observational comparative study was designed to assess the fatty acids profile in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids of 30 preterm neonates (<32 weeks gestation) at birth and after 1 month of life versus a convenience sample of 10 infants born at term. The panel of fatty acids included the families and components of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as well as enzyme activity indexes and fatty acids ratios. At birth, the comparison of fatty acid families between preterm and term neonates showed a significantly higher content of SFAs and n-6 PUFAs, and a significantly lower content of MUFAs and n-3 PUFAs in the preterm group. After 30 days of life, significantly higher levels of n-6 PUFAs and significantly lower levels of n-3 PUFAs among preterm neonates persisted. At 30 days of birth, n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA and arachidonic acid (ARA) ARA/DHA remained significantly elevated, and DHA sufficiency index significantly decreased in the preterm group. The pattern of n-3 PUFA deficiency at birth and sustained for the first month of life would support the need of milk banking fortified with DHA and the use of DHA supplementation in breastfeeding mothers.

Maternal omega-3 fatty acid deficiency affects fetal thermogenic development and postnatal musculoskeletal growth in mice

Maternal omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) deficiency can affect offspring's adiposity and metabolism by modulating lipid and glucose metabolism. However, the impact of n-3 PUFA deficiency on the development of fetal thermogenesis and its consequences is not reported. Using an n-3 PUFA deficient mice, we assessed fetal interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT), body fat composition, insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), glucose transporters (GLUTs), and expression of lipid storage & metabolic proteins in the offspring. The n-3 PUFA deficiency did not change the pups' calorie intake, organ weight, and body weight. However, the offspring's skeletal growth was altered due to excess fat to lean mass, reduced tibia & femur elongation, dysregulated IGF-1 in the mother and pups (P< .05). Localization of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in iBAT exhibited a reduced expression in the deficient fetus. Further, UCP1, GLUT1, GPR120 were downregulated while FABP3, ADRP, GLUT4 expressions were upregulated in the BAT of the deficient offspring (P< .05). The deficiency decreased endogenous conversion of the n-3 LCPUFAs from their precursors and upregulated SCD1, FASN, and MFSD2A mRNAs in the liver (P< .05). An altered musculoskeletal growth in the offspring is associated with impaired browning of the fetal adipose, dysregulated thermogenesis, growth hormone, and expression of glucose and fatty acid metabolic mediators due to maternal n-3 PUFA deficiency. BAT had higher metabolic sensitivity compared to WAT in n-3 PUFA deficiency. Maternal n-3 PUFA intake may prevent excess adiposity by modulating fetal development of thermogenesis and skeletal growth dynamics in the mice offspring.

Comparative Analyses of EPA-Phosphatidylcholine, EPA-Lysophosphatidylcholine, and DHA-Lysophosphatidylcholine on DHA and EPA Repletion in n-3 PUFA-Deficient Mice.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) play an important role in maintaining the physiological functions of tissues, and the beneficial effects of DHA/EPA in phospholipid forms have been widely reported. Although lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is considered to be the preferred form of DHA supplementation for the brain, the kinetics of DHA and EPA recovery and corresponding changes of n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) levels in different phospholipid molecules and different tissues after administration of EPA in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and LPC forms and DHA in the LPC form are not clear. Here, we measured the total fatty acids in tissues and fatty acid composition of different phospholipid molecules after gavage administration of equal molar amounts of EPA/DHA in mice with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deficiency induced by maternal dietary deprivation of n-3 PUFA during pregnancy and lactation. The results showed that dietary supplementation with EPA-PC, EPA-LPC, and DHA-LPC exhibited different priorities for EPA or DHA accretion and supplementation efficiency curves in different tissues during the developing period. EPA-PC exhibited a more optimal efficacy in DHA and EPA repletion in serum and hepatic total fatty acids. In terms of DHA recovery in the brain, EPA-LPC and DHA-LPC showed great effects. Meanwhile, the DHA level in total fatty acids and major fractions of phospholipids (PC, PE, and PI + PS) in the heart and bone marrow with the supplementation of DHA-LPC displayed a relatively considerable increase compared with that of EPA supplementation groups. The study provides a reference for the time course of DHA or EPA recovery in phospholipid molecular species in different tissues after the supplementation of EPA-PC, EPA-LPC, and DHA-LPC.