Polyphylla Smith Var Research Articles

Rapid re-evaluation of bioactive saponins from Paris polyphylla using affinity ultrafiltration-LC/MS with multiple drug targets

Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (P. polyphylla) has been widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015) suggests that the four steroidal saponins, namely polyphyllin I, II, VI and VII, are considered to be the marker components for the quality control (QC) of this herb medicine. However, the active components responsible for the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects of P. polyphylla and the underlying mechanisms of action remain elusive. In the present study, ultrafiltration HPLC-MS (UFLCMS) with the multiple drug targets of topoisomerase I, II (Top I, II) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) was carried out to systematically investigate the mechanisms of action in a multi-component manner. The results revealed that the polyphyllin I displayed not only higher binding affinity to the three drug targets, but also stronger inhibitory activities, as compared with the positive controls. Thus, COX-2 and Top I could be considered as the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory targets of P. polyphylla. Further molecular docking studies partly revealed the inhibitory mechanism of action associated with the hydrogen bonds between polyphyllin I and the three target enzymes. This study showcased the high efficiency of UF-LC/MS in exploring the potential bioactive components from P. polyphylla and its possible mechanisms of action in a multi-target and multi-component manner.

Classification of Paris species according to botanical and geographical origins based on spectroscopic, chromatographic, conventional chemometric analysis and data fusion strategy

Given that the consumption of pure varieties for Paridis Rhizome was increasing and causing a “ripple effect”, i.e. numerous other unofficial Paris species were harvested and traded as the succedaneum of Paridis. The purpose of this study was to establish an effective strategy to distinguish Paris species and trace geographical origins of pure varieties of Paridis samples. A total of 87 batch samples of wild Paris were analyzed by UPLC and FTIR. Among them, 79 batch samples of five species and 40 batch samples of Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz were used to establish pattern recognition models of PLS-DA, SVM and random forest simultaneously, basing on polyphyllin content, FTIR spectra, UPLC chromatograms, low- and mid-level data fusion strategy. Quantitative analysis results revealed that more obvious fluctuation of polyphyllin content was shown in different species sample than that of pure varieties of Paridis collected from various origins. Pattern recognition models showed that compared with polyphyllin content, FTIR spectra, UPLC chromatograms and low-level data fusion method, mid-level data fusion strategy showed a better accuracy (>92%) in PLS-DA model to classify Paridis samples according to botanical and geographical origins. Similar results were obtained in SVM and random forest models. Thus, the classification of these three pattern recognition models were verified each other and demonstrated that mid-level data fusion strategy combined with chemometrics could recognize different Paris species and trace the pure varieties of Paridis geographical origins, correctly.

Traceability of wild Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis based on data fusion strategy of FT-MIR and UV–Vis combined with SVM and random forest

Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz (PPY) was a frequently used herbal medicine in pharmaceutical field and different provenances might affect the clinical efficacy. Tracing the geographical origin was an important portion for PPY authentication and quality assessment. Present study was compared low-, mid- and high-level data fusion methodology for geographical traceability of PPY samples (161 batches) combined with multivariate classification methods such as support vector machine gird search (SVM-GS) and random forest (RF) on the basis of Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectra. Compared with the low- and mid-level data fusion strategy results basing on SVM-GS algorithm, result of high-level data fusion method (calculated by RF) was more satisfying. Result of RF basing on high-level data fusion strategy showed that merely two samples were misclassified and one sample was multiple assigned after voting with fuzzy set theory. Values of specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy rates were exceeded 0.91, 0.99 and 90.91%, for each class respectively, satisfying results of these were shown in training and test sets for high-level data fusion method. This feasible result indicated that the RF algorithm could establish a reliable and good performance model in geographical traceability on the basis of high-level data fusion strategy. Combination of high-level data fusion and RF algorithm could consider as a good choice for establishing a discrimination multivariate model for origins identification of PPY samples.

FT-MIR and UV–vis data fusion strategy for origins discrimination of wild Paris Polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis

Paris Polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz has multiple therapeutic properties and the origins may affect clinical efficacy. Tracing the geographical origin is important to the authentication and quality assessment of this species. 177 wild samples collected from central, southeast and northwest Yunnan Province, China, were analyzed by single analytical method and data fusion strategies (low- and mid-levels) using Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopies combined with chemometrics (partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) and support vector machines grid search (SVM-GS)), for categorizing samples from different geographic origins. According to the results, mid-level data fusion strategy presented a better generalization performance and accuracy rates based on latent variables selected by PLS-DA than single analytical method and low-level data fusion strategy. Accuracy rates were almost 100% when both of the PLS-DA and SVM-GS were employed for classifying samples picked from southeast and northwest districts based on mid-level dataset. For samples collected from central of Yunnan where was divided into seven categories in this paper, the accuracy rates of training set and test set of PLS-DA and SVM-GS were preferable (>87%). Based on the mid-level data set, both of the classification results of PLS-DA and SVM-GS presented satisfying accuracy for 177 samples. Additionally, as small as possible parameters showed in mid-level data set, it suggested that this method was robust and generalized. Therefore, the comprehensive method was established for the origin traceability of wild P. Polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis, which is meaningful for the quality control of herbal medicines.

Authenticity analyses of Rhizoma Paridis using barcoding coupled with high resolution melting (Bar-HRM) analysis to control its quality for medicinal plant product

BackgroundRhizoma Paridis (Chonglou) is a commonly used and precious traditional Chinese medicine. Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand. -Mazz. and Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara are the two main sources of Chonglou under the monograph of Rhizoma Paridis in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. In the local marketplace, however, this medicine is prone to be accidentally contaminated, deliberately substituted or admixed with other species that are similar to Rhizoma Paridis in shape and color. Consequently, these adulterations might compromise quality control and result in considerable health concerns for consumers. This study aims to develop a rapid and sensitive method for accurate identification of Rhizoma Paridis and its common adulterants.MethodsDNA barcoding coupled with high resolution melting analysis was applied in this research to distinguish Rhizoma Paridis from its adulteration. The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) barcode was selected for HRM analysis to produce standard melting profile of the selected species. DNA of the tested herbal medicines was isolated and their melting profiles were generated and compared with the standard melting profile of P. polyphylla var. chinensis.ResultsThe results indicate that the ITS2 molecular regions coupled with HRM analysis can effectively differentiate nine herbal species, including two authentic origins of Chonglou and their seven common adulterants. Ten herbal medicines labeled “Chonglou” obtained from a local market were collected and identified with our methods, and their sequence information was analyzed to validate the accuracy of HRM analysis.ConclusionsDNA barcoding coupled with HRM analysis is a accurate, reliable, rapid, cost-effective and robust tool, which could contribute to the quality control of Rhizoma Paridis in the supply chain of the natural health product industry (NHP).

First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Alternaria alternata on Paris polyphylla var. chinensis in China

Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara (family Liliaceae) is a perennial medicinal plant, mostly distributed in the Provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guangzhou in southwest China. In China, the rhizoma of P. polyphylla, known as Chong-lou, is used in many famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) remedies such as “Yunnan Baiyao”, “Gongxuening Capsules” (Lee et al. 2005). In recent year, it has been cultivated in Sichuan and Yunnan Province, China. In April 2017, a new leaf spot disease was observed in the cultivation field in Wenchuan county (30°45′ to 31°43′ N; 102°51′ to 103°44′ E), Sichuan Province, China. Approximately 30% of plants were infected in the field. First symptoms were usually brown lesions, 0.5 to 3 mm in diameter, which gradually turned black, surrounded by a yellow halo. Lesions commonly started on the upper side old leaves at the leaf margins and tips. Eventually, lesions also affect leaf veins and stem. The typical symptomatic tissues were surface sterilized for 45 s in 75...

Yimella radicis sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from the root of Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis.

An endophytic actinobacterial strain, designated py1292T, was isolated from the root of Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis collected from Yunnan province, China, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic characterization. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the isolate in the family Dermacoccaceae and clustered with Yimella lutea (showing the highest similarity of 99.1 %). DNA-DNA relatedness between strain py1292T and Y. lutea YIM 45900T was 45.6±3.2 % (reciprocal 47.8±3.6 %). The novel isolate was found to be a Gram-staining-positive rod, catalase- and oxidase-positive. It grew at pH 6.0-8.0, with 0-9 % NaCl and at 20-45 ºC, optimally at pH 7.0, with 0-3 % NaCl and at 28 ºC. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8(H4), while the polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, two unknown phospholipids and two unknown polar lipids. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The whole-cell hydrolysates contained mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucose and galactose. The peptidoglycan contained alanine, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and lysine. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 65.6 mol%. Phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data (especially the same peptidoglycan type) showed that strain py1292T should be classified as a representative of a novel species of the genus Yimella, for which the name Yimella radicis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is py1292T (=KCTC 39612T=LMG 29070T).

Rapid and simple determination of polyphyllin I, II, VI, and VII in different harvest times of cultivated Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz by UPLC-MS/MS and FT-IR.

Paris Polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz ("Dian Chonglou" in Chinese) is a famous herbal medicine in China, which is usually well known for activities of anti-cancer, hemolysis, and cytotoxicity. In this study, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares regression (PLSR) was applied to discriminate samples of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis harvested in different years and determine the content of polyphyllin I, II, VI, and VII in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Meanwhile, ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to study the dynamic changes of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis harvested in different years (4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, and 13 years old). According to the UPLC-MS/MS result, the optimum harvest time of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis is 8years, due to the highest yield of four active components. By the PCA model, P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis could be exactly discriminated, except that two 8-year-old samples were misclassified as 9-year-old samples. For the prediction of polyphyllin I, II, VI, and VII, the quantitative results are satisfactory, with a high value for the determination coefficient (R 2) and low values for the root-mean-square error of estimation (RMSEE), root-mean-square error of cross-validation (RMSECV), and root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP). In conclusion, FT-IR combined with chemometrics is a promising method to accurately discriminate samples of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis harvested in different years and determine the content of polyphyllin I, II, VI, and VII in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis.

Chemical constituents and antitumor activity from Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis

Eleven compounds were isolated from the rhizomes of Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of rigorous 1D and 2D NMR experiments as well as comparison with the literature data. To the best of our knowledge, compound 1 was only predicted by UPLC/Q-TOF MSE and the NMR spectroscopic data was given for the first time. The cytotoxic activities of all compounds on mouse B16 cells were evaluated. Among the tested molecules, compounds 6–9 showed strong cytotoxicities, while compound 1 did not show significant effect.

RNA-seq analysis of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis roots identified candidate genes for saponin synthesis

Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. is a rhizomatous, herbaceous, perennial plant that has been used for more than a thousand years in traditional Chinese medicine. It is facing extinction due to overharvesting. Steroids are the major therapeutic components in Paris roots, the commercial value of which increases with age. To date, no genomic data on the species have been available. In this study, transcriptome analysis of an 8-year-old root and a 4-year-old root provided insight into the metabolic pathways that generate the steroids. Using Illumina sequencing technology, we generated a high-quality sequence and demonstrated de novo assembly and annotation of genes in the absence of prior genome information. Approximately 87,577 unique sequences, with an average length of 614 bases, were obtained from the root cells. Using bioinformatics methods, we annotated approximately 65.51% of the unique sequences by conducting a similarity search with known genes in the National Center for Biotechnology Information's non-redundant database. The unique transcripts were functionally classified using the Gene Ontology hierarchy and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. Of 3082 genes that were identified as significantly differentially expressed between roots of different ages, 1518 (49.25%) were upregulated and 1564 (50.75%) were downregulated in the older root. Metabolic pathway analysis predicted that 25 unigenes were responsible for the biosynthesis of the saponins steroids. These data represent a valuable resource for future genomic studies on this endangered species and will be valuable for efforts to genetically engineer P. polyphylla and facilitate saponin-rich plant development.

Oceanobacillus endoradicis sp. nov., an endophytic bacterial species isolated from the root of Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis.

A bacterial strain, py1294(T), isolated from a root of Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis collected from Yunnan province, southwest China, was characterised by using a polyphasic approach to clarify its taxonomic position. Strain py1294(T) was found to be Gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming, peritrichous flagella and rod shaped. Growth was found to occur in the presence of 0-8% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 1-3%), at pH 6.5-9.5 (optimum 8.0) and at 10-42°C (optimum 30°C). The major cellular fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0, iso-C16:0 and iso-C14:0. The predominant quinone was identified as MK-7 and a minor amount of MK-6 was detected. The diagnostic polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The cell wall peptidoglycan was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain py1294(T) forms a well-supported clade with Oceanobacillus damuensis PT-20(T) (97.9% sequence similarity) within the genus Oceanobacillus, although it also shares a high sequence similarity with Ornithinibacillus contaminans (97.5%). Crucially, the DNA-DNA relatedness value between strain py1294(T) and O. damuensis PT-20(T) was 29.7±3.2%. The G+C content was determined to be 42.3mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic and phenotypic data, a novel species Oceanobacillus endoradicis sp. nov. is proposed, with py1294(T) (=DSM 100726(T)=KCTC 33731(T)) as the type strain.

Optimization of extraction process and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from leaves of Paris polyphylla

Based on a single-factor test, a central composite design was used to optimize the extraction conditions of polysaccharides from leaves of Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. Three independent variables, including extraction temperature (°C), ratio of water to raw material, and extraction time (h), which significantly affected the yield of polysaccharides, were investigated. The experimental data were fitted to a quadratic polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis and also examined using appropriate statistical methods. The optimum conditions were as follows: extraction temperature, 90.8°C; ratio of water to raw material, 21.3:1; and extraction time 4.8h. Under these conditions, the experimental yield was 54.18%, which matched the predicted value well. Furthermore, the purified polysaccharide exerted strong antioxidant effects on DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals in vitro.

The Anti-Lung Cancer Activities of Steroidal Saponins of P. polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara through Enhanced Immunostimulation in Experimental Lewis Tumor-Bearing C57BL/6 Mice and Induction of Apoptosis in the A549 Cell Line

P. polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara (PPSCFH) has been used as medicinal Paris for the prevention and treatment of cancers in China for thousands of years. Its main components, steroidal saponins (PRS), have been confirmed to inhibit tumor growth. In the present study, the immunostimulation of PRS was investigated in Lewis bearing-C57BL/6 mice while the induction of apoptosis in A549 cells was also studied. The treatment with PRS (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg) significantly inhibited tumor, volume, and weight in the C57BL/6 mice. The rates of inhibition of PRS (at 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg) were 26.49 ± 17.30%, 40.32 ± 18.91% and 54.94 ± 16.48%, respectively. The spleen and thymus indexes were increased remarkably, while the levels of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-10 in serum were decreased according to ELISA assays. For A549 cells, Hoechst 33342 staining and annexin V/PI by flow cytometry showed that PRS (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 mg/mL) induced nuclear changes of A549 cells with DNA condensation and fragmentations of chromatin, as well as inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, PRS could also attenuate the over-generation of intracellular ROS. Western blotting analysis showed a significant decrease on the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines MCP-1, IL-6 and TGF-β1, as well as cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1, by treatment with PRS. Our results demonstrated that the inhibition of PRS on tumor growth might be associated with the amelioration of inflammation responses, induction of apoptosis, as well as the decrease of ROS. These results suggested that PRS implied a potential therapeutic effect in the lung cancer treatment.

Preparative separation and purification of steroidal saponins in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis by macroporous adsorption resins

Context: Saponins are active compounds in natural products. Many researchers have tried to find the method for knowing their concentration in herbs. Some methods, such as solid–liquid extraction and solvent extraction, have been developed. However, the extraction methods of the steroidal saponins from Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Liliaceae) are not fully researched.Objective: To establish a simple extraction method for the separation of steroidal saponins from the rhizomes of P. polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis.Materials and methods: Macroporous adsorption resins were used for the separation of steroidal saponins. To select the most suitable resins, seven kinds of macroporous resins were selected in this study. The static adsorption and desorption tests on macroporous resins were determined. Also, we optimized the temperature and the ethanol concentration in the extraction method by the contents of five kinds of saponins. Then, we compared the extraction method with two other methods.Results: D101 resin demonstrated the best adsorption and desorption properties for steroidal saponins. Its adsorption data fits best to the Freundlich adsorption model. The contents of steroidal saponins in the product were 4.83-fold increased with recovery yields of 85.47%.Discussion and conclusion: The process achieved simple and effective enrichment and separation for steroidal saponins. The method provides a scientific basis for large-scale preparation of steroidal saponins from the Rhizoma Paridis and other plants.

Chemotaxonomic study of the genus Paris based on steroidal saponins

The study of saponins from the genus Paris (Trilliaceae) has led to the isolation of over 70 steroidal saponins. Their distributions in different species are summarised and possible patterns in the modifications of the aglycone moiety, based on a biosynthetic pathway for steroidal saponins, were reviewed in this study. The chemotaxonomic value of these secondary metabolites has been evaluated, and it is suggested that Paris thibetica, Paris vietnamensis, Paris delavayi and Paris pseudothibetica, which contain more active saponins, could be an ideal substitution material for Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis, and Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis. Distribution of the same types of saponins amongst the Trilliaceae suggests a close relationship between the Trillium and Paris.

Function of leafy sepals in Paris polyphylla: photosynthate allocation and partitioning to the fruit and rhizome.

Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. is a rhizomatous, herbaceous, perennial plant that is used as a medicinal plant with a variety of pharmacological activities. However, the functions of the green, leafy sepal of this plant are poorly understood. The main objectives of this study were to: (a) test the hypothesis that sepals make measurable contributions to fruit development and rhizome growth; and (b) investigate the allocation and partitioning of photosynthates produced by sepals and leaves to fruit and rhizome. Net photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic pigment composition and δ13C values were similar for sepals and leaves. Sepal-darkening and sepal-removal treatments resulted in smaller fruit size and decreased rhizome biomass, whereas fruit removal led to a decrease in calyx size and an increase in rhizome yield and saponin content. Fruit and seed mass were positively and linearly related to calyx size. These results indicate that photosynthates produced by sepals are involved in the fruit growth and seed development and that developing fruit and rhizomes compete for the photosynthates exported by leaves. We propose that the sepals of P. polyphylla function partly as leaves to compensate for reproductive costs. Fruit removal increased carbon partitioning to the rhizome and improved rhizome yield and quality, offering a useful strategy for the domestication of this valuable medicinal plant.

Polyhydroxylated Steroidal Glycosides from Paris polyphylla

Three new steroidal saponins, parisyunnanosides G-I (1-3), one new C(21) steroidal glycoside, parisyunnanoside J (4), and three known compounds, padelaoside B (5), pinnatasterone (6), and 20-hydroxyecdyson (7), were isolated from the rhizomes of Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis. Compounds 1 and 3 have unique trisdesmoside structures that include a C-21 β-d-galactopyranose moiety. All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against human CCRF leukemia cells.

The synthesis of pennogenin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside

Pennogenin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside, a monodesmosidic saponin isolated from Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis with promised antitumor activities, was firstly synthesized from glucoside thiol via nine steps and with 27% overall yield.

Molecular authentication of the medicinal plant Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Melanthiaceae) and its related species by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)

Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. (Melanthiaceae) is a traditional herb widely used by Chinese people, especially in southwestern provinces. Its dried rhizome (medicinal Paris) is a traditional Chinese medicine. In the trade and raw drug market, the medicinal Paris is available in the mixture form with other Paris species, thus making it difficult to distinguish medicinal Paris from its related species. Recent studies have shown that the Paris spp. possess different chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and efficiency in clinical application, which may cause a series of inconsistent therapeutic effects and quality control problems in the herbal medicine industry. In this study, the differential identification of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and its 11 congeners were investigated through DNA sequence analysis of nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Based on sequence alignments, we concluded that the ITS sequence can distinguish P. polyphylla var.yunnanensis from other Paris species. Polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was applied successfully through the digestion of ITS product by the restriction enzyme EaeI. The specific sizes of the two digested products were 440 and 194 bp, which could be investigated in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis The PCR-RFLP technique developed in this study can be used to discriminate medicinal Paris and its related species. Key words: Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis, Melanthiaceae, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), molecular authentication, polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).

Paridis saponins inhibiting carcinoma growth and metastasis In vitro and in vivo

Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis extracts, Rhizoma Paridis saponins (RPS) have been found to show strong antitumor activity. However, few studies have yet investigated pulmonary metastasis treatment with this herb. To detail the effective components in RPS and discuss the preliminary mechanism of antitumor effects in vivo and in vitro, a mixture isolated from RPS was investigated. The main constituents were identified as polyphyllin D, formosanin C, dioscin, Paris H, Paris VII and pennogennin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→4)-[β-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside. In our experiments, LA795 cells were exposed to the mixed compounds. Migration inhibition was evaluated by wound healing assay and migration assay in non-cytotoxic dose which was determined by MTT assay. The results demonstrated that the constituent in varying degrees inhibited the migration of the tumor cells in vitro. The mixture also showed antitumor effects on carcinoma in vivo. In conclusion, the mixture is a potent anticancer agent that elicits programmed cell death and inhibits the migration in murine lung adenocarcinoma, both in vitro and in vivo.