Alkylphenol Polyoxyethylene Research Articles

Liquid-solid extraction system based on mixed polymers of polyethylene glycol 2000 and Triton X-100 without organic solvents

On mixing of aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol 2000 and Triton X-100 (polyoxyethylene alkylphenol) and addition of ammonium sulphate, a polymeric solid phase and an aqueous phase are formed. Suitable phase separation conditions were studied in addition to the distribution of the Arsenazo III complexes of U(VI), Sc(III), Bi(III), Zr(VI), Fe(III) and Pb(II) between the two phases. The separation of Zr(VI) from Fe(III) and the determination of the former was achieved by properly adjusting the acidity of the solution.

Structure‐activity‐residue relationships of alkylphenol polyoxyethylene non‐ionic surfactants and MSMA

AbstractThe influence of alkylphenol polyoxyethylene non‐ionic surfactants on the distribution pattern of MSMA (sodium hydrogen methylarsonate) was studied using scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray microanalysis elementmapping techniques. Surfactant concentrations and lipophilic–hydrophilic constitution influenced phytotoxicity and residue patterns. Surprisingly, the percentage of leaf surface covered bore little correlation to phytotoxicity.

Teratogenicity and in vitro mutagenicity studies on nonoxynol-9 and -30.

Polyoxyethylene alkylphenols (PA) are a group of non-ionic surfactants with a widespread use. As part of the safety evaluation of PA a teratology study with nonoxynol-9 and -30 (NP-9 and NP-30) administered perorally and epicutaneously to rats was performed. In addition the mutagenicity of NP-9 was tested in the Ames test. Treatment of pregnant rats with NP-30 (up to 1 g/kg b.wt./day, orally) did not reveal any signs of adverse effects. Pregnant rats given 250 mg or 500 mg NP-9/kg b.wt./day orally exhibited a statistically significant decrease in weight gain. A concomitant effect in these dams on reproduction, and an increase in the incidence of extra ribs and dilated pelvic cavity in their foetuses was interpreted as a consequence of a toxic effect of high doses of NP-9. No clear cut effect was observed when pregnant rats were dosed epicutaneously with up to 500 mg of NP-9/kg b.wt./day. A slight but persistent response in one tester strain in the Ames test was not interpreted as a clear mutagenic effect of NP-9.

Adsorption of nonionic surfactants at the solid—solution interface and micellization: A comparative fluorescence decay study

The fluorescence decay of the phenoxy group of two monodisperse and one polydisperse (Triton X-100) polyoxyethylene alkyl phenols has been studied in aqueous solution, and in the adsorbed state on a hydrophilic (hydroxylated) or hydrophobic (methylated) silica surface. In aqueous solution, below the CMC, one single exponential decay is observed with a lifetime of 4.5 nsec. Above the CMC, a second exponential component with a lifetime of 37 nsec appears with the monodisperse compounds, but not with Triton X-100. This long decay is assigned to dimeric species and its amplitude is quantitatively correlated to the fraction of molecules involved in micellar aggregates. On the hydrophilic silica surface, the same long decay appears from the very beginning of the adsorption isotherm and its amplitude remains constant up to the plateau of the isotherm, close to the value observed in the pure liquid surfactant. This is taken as evidence that, from the outset of adsorption, the majority of molecules is involved in molecular aggregates. On the hydrophobic surface, the constant amplitude regime is observed only at high surface coverage. At low surface coverage, the amplitude increases linearly with θ, suggesting that, in this regime, the adsorbed phase can be described as a dilute gas.

Chemical demulsification of natural petroleum emulsions of Assam (India)

About one third petroleum production of every oil field is in the form of water in oil emulsions which are normally stabilized by the nickel and vanadium porphyrins from asphaltene portion of crude. The petroleum emulsions of Assam oil fields which have been taken for the present work, are stabilized by the organometallic compounds of iron and high molecular weight compounds from asphaltenes. There is least possibility of any change on these natural petroleum emulsions. The Assam oil field emulsions have been tried to be broken by polyoxyethylene alkyl phenols, their sulphonates and sodium sulphonates in different combinations. The nonyl and octyl phenols with 30 and 40 molecules of ethylene oxide are found most suitable demulsifiers for Lakwa, Rudrasagar and Galeki (Assam) oil fields emulsions. The effect of polyoxyethylene alkyl phenols followed by the treatment of polyvalent cations had been studied for the first time in the field of demulsification of natural petroleum emulsions. This new combination has shown the best results as this broke even the most stable petroleum emulsions which could not be broken by polyoxyethylene alkyl phenols alone. In the present paper a simple method for calculating the chemical demulsification efficiency and a factor H/S paralleled to HLB & H/L for evaluating the emulsification property of surface active agents, have been introduced.

The adsorption of polyoxyethylene alkyl-phenols onto calcium carbonate from aqueous solution

The adsorption of polyoxyethylene alkyl-phenols onto calcium carbonate has previously been reported by Kuno and Abe. A similar series of experiments has been conducted and substantilly different results obtained. The data are summarized in tabular form. The surface areas covered per molecule are calculated on the basis of the mean molecular weight and the nitrogen adsorption BET isotherm for the calcium carbonate. The marked increase in surface area covered with increasing chain length is strongly suggestive of the oxyethylene chain being adsorbed in a flattened configuration. Comparison of these areas with those calculated for zig-zag polyethoxide chains on the basis of crystallographic data show reasonable agreement with the exception of the lowest homolog. (11 refs.)

Gas chromatographic analysis of nonionic surfactants by acid cleavage of ether linkages

AbstractThe gas chromatographic analysis of various kinds of nonionic surfactants has been carried out after chemical decomposition using the mixed anhydride of acetic and p‐toluene sulfonic acids which acts as a reagent for cleavage of ether linkages. The gas chromatographic peaks of the reaction products show the alkyl distributions of the hydrophobic groups of ethylene oxide adducts. The alkyl compositions closely agree with those of the starting materials. In this way, the hydrophobic groups of polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl amine, and polyoxyethylene alkyl thioether have been analyzed. At the same time, the hydrophilic group, namely polyoxyethylene group, can be identified in the form of ethylene glycol diacetate.

Surface-active agents for isolation of the core component of avian myeloblastosis virus.

Sixty-one surface-active agents were evaluated in a procedure designed to assess their ability to remove the envelope from the core component of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV). The procedure consisted of centrifugation of intact AMV through a series of sucrose gradients each containing an upper layer of agent at one of eight concentrations between 0.01 and 10%. The effectiveness of an agent in producing AMV cores was indicated by (i) the appearance of light-scattering bands in the region of core buoyant density in gradient tubes; (ii) the range of surfactant concentration over which these bands appeared; and (iii) an electron microscopy assessment by the negative-staining technique of the relative proportion of core to non-core material in each of these bands. Six nonionic surfactants were selected by this screening method for comparison in regard to recovery of core protein and endogenous ribonucleic acid (RNA)-dependent deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase activity, as well as further morphologic evaluation by electron microscopy. The nonionic surfactants of the polyoxyethylene alcohol class (particularly, Sterox SL) were most effective. Nonionic surfactants of the polyoxyethylene alkylphenol class (particularly, Nonidet P-40) were also effective. Sterox SL and Nonidet P-40 each gave a more than fivefold increase in specific activity of endogenous RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, and each gave a low recovery of core protein. Sterox SL did not interfere to the extent that Nonidet P-40 did in procedures which involved spectrophotometric assay at 260 nm. The use of Sterox SL resulted in the least envelope contamination of core preparations by electron microscopy examination, the most recovery of protein and endogenous RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, and a core buoyant density in sucrose of 1.27 g/ml.

Effects of four variations of a surfactant polymer on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits

Summary Four variations in molecular structure of the surfactant polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol formaldehyde polymer were synthesized, purified and tested for their ability to modify the severity of aortic atherosclerosis induced in rabbits by feeding cholesterol and trans isomerized olive oil for 84 days in comparison with a placebo-treated control group. The four molecular variations studied were the 20 and 30 oxyethylated n -decyl phenol formaldehyde polymers and the 20 and 30 t -octyl phenol formaldehyde polymers. After 84 days on the cholesterol-rich diet, all the serum lipid fractions of the control group and of the surfactant-treated groups were markedly elevated. In comparison with the control group, the severity of aortic atherosclerosis was much less in the groups treated with the oxyethylated t -octyl surfactants. In contrast, there was no significant reduction in the severity of atherosclerosis in the group treated with the 30-oxyethylated n -decyl surfactant. The reduction in severity of atherosclerosis in the group treated with the 20-oxyethylated n -decyl surfactant was relatively slight.