Polyolefin Fibers Research Articles

Multifunctional separators for lithium secondary batteries via in-situ surface modification of hydrophobic separator using aqueous binders

Advanced batteries with specialized functions can be fabricated by utilizing functional separators that consist of unique functional materials coated on the separator surface. However, currently commercialized separators are made of polyolefin fibers, which are hydrophobic in nature, making it difficult to utilize aqueous slurries for the coating process of functional materials due to dewetting of slurries on the separator surface. Herein, we present an intriguing fabrication method utilizing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) binder for in-situ surface modification of hydrophobic separators, which results in favorable wetting behavior against all kinds of aqueous slurries. Dynamic contact angle measurement was employed to evaluate the wettability of the modified separator surface, and a near-zero degree receding contact angle was obtained for the PVA-treated separator. As a demonstration, aqueous slurries that could not be coated on hydrophobic separators by themselves were successfully coated uniformly using PVA as a surface modifier. In addition, using the proposed fabrication method, a ceramic-coated separator with enhanced thermal stability and adhesion strength was demonstrated with negligible deterioration of lithium-ion transport. This method, using cost-effective and eco-friendly aqueous binders, can successfully fabricate functional separators for various advanced batteries with superior features.

Reliability analysis and experimental investigation of impact resistance of concrete reinforced with polyolefin fiber in different shapes, lengths, and doses

Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) in applications such as airport runway pavements, road construction, military bunkers, bridges, and dams are always exposed to short-term dynamic load. The present study follows the laboratory and statistical investigation of the impact resistance of polyolefin fibers reinforced concrete (PFRC). Polyolefin fiber was used in two different shapes (simple and mesh), three different lengths (19, 30, and 50 mm), and replacement percentages of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%. In order to evaluate the mechanical properties of PFRC, tests include compressive, indirect tensile, and impact tests. The compressive strength test was performed on 39 cubic samples (10 × 10 × 10 cm) and the indirect tensile strength was measured using 39 cylindrical samples (10 × 20 cm) at the age of 28 days. To investigate the impact resistance of concrete mixtures, 416 concrete discs with dimensions of 6.4 × 15 cm (resulting from cylindrical samples with dimensions of 30 × 15 cm) were subjected to a drop-weight test according to the recommendation of ACI 544. The drop-weight test data including the first crack strength and failure strength were collected. A comprehensive two-parameter Weibull distribution was implemented to accurately check the scattered results from the impact test, and the reliability function was presented. Therefore, the investigation shows that the Weibull distribution has a good performance in predicting the impact failure strength of concrete reinforced with polyolefin fibers and avoids conducting additional costly experiments. In addition, mesh fibers have a better performance than simple fibers in improving the mechanical strength of concrete. Polyolefin fiber with a length of 19 mm recorded better results than other lengths of this fiber.

Strength properties of fiber reinforced concrete including steel fibers

PurposeThis paper aims to study the influence of the presence of steel and polyolefin (PO) fibers on the mechanical and durability properties of fiber and hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC and HFRC).Design/methodology/approachHooked-end steel fibers having a length of 35 mm were applied at four different fiber content 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5%, respectively. PO fibers having the length of 45 mm were also replaced with steel fibers at three different fiber content, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1.0%, to provide HFRC. The compressive, indirect tensile and flexural strengths; electrical resistivity; and water absorption were evaluated in this study.FindingsThe results showed that the addition of both steel and PO fibers led to improvements in the mechanical properties of FRC and HFRC. However, the replacement of steel fibers with PO fibers led to a slight loss in mechanical properties. Also, it was concluded that the addition of various types of fibers to concrete decreased both the electrical resistivity and water absorption compared with the control sample. Finally, distance-based approach analysis was used to select the most optimal mix designs.Originality/valueAccording to this method, the HFRC specimen including 1.2% of steel and 0.8% of PO fibers was the most optimal mix design among all fiber-reinforced mix designs.

Polyolefin fiber, polyolefin fiber reinforced composites and their applications: a review

Abstract Fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRPC) are widely used in current developing world due to their huge advantages of high specific strength, durability, low cost and weight reduction. But, major issue with this composite is their recyclability. To overcome this, researchers are considering polyolefin fiber for reinforcement purpose which can be reused and recycled and can be used as a reinforcement for concrete for industrial pavement to improve their tenacity. Polyolefin fibers also offer exterior impact strength to the composite because of their ductile nature. Due to their excellent impact property, they are used in high ballistic armor. This review paper contains the details about the FRPC, their processing technique, recent advancement in the processing technique VARIM, polyolefin fiber, properties of polyolefin fibers like polyethylene fiber and polypropylene fiber, polyolefin reinforced polymer composite, hybrid composite and their applications.

Converting polyolefin fibres into CO2 adsorbent by radiation induced grafting

Converting polyolefin fibres into CO2 adsorbent by radiation induced grafting

Destructive and nondestructive tests formulation for concrete containing polyolefin fibers

Abstract Polyolefin fiber is a new type of fiber that was used in concrete to improve some of the poor properties of concrete including; tensile strength, ductility, and fracture energy. In this research, the contribution of Polyolefin fiber in improving the properties of hardened concrete was examined by adding polyolefin fibers to mix with different fiber content. The polypropylene fibers were added as a ratio of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, and 2% of concrete volume. Destructive and non-destructive tests were carried out: slump, compression, splitting, and bending, Schmidt Hammer, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests. The results showed that, as the polyolefin fiber content increases, the workability of concrete reduces dramatically. The experimental findings demonstrate that the concrete tensile strength and ductility were improved by a small improvement in overall compressive strength. The results show that the compressive strength increased gradually with the increase in fiber content of up to 1.5%, and then, the compressive strength starts to decrease. However, the tensile strength increases continuously with the fiber content increasing. A good relationship was obtained between the destructive and nondestructive tests.

Effect of Fiber Type and Volume Fraction on Fiber Reinforced Concrete and Engineered Cementitious Composite Mechanical Properties

Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) are an ultra-ductile cement-based composite material reinforced with short randomly distributed fibers. It differs from fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) in that it has a distinct ductile behavior. The study aims to assign mechanical properties, such as tensile, flexural, and compressive strength using locally available fiber rather than polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber, which is not widely available in many countries, to ECC. PVA fiber is also very expensive. Instead of PVA, lightweight fibers, such as polypropylene, polyolefin, and glass fiber, as well as heavyweight fibers, such as steel fiber, were used. To assess the mechanical properties, the influences of curing, fiber volume fraction (2%, 4%, and 6%), fiber type, and fiber hybridization were adjusted in this study. The formation of multiple cracks along the specimen is the governing factor in ECC formation. The test results show that increasing the fiber volume fraction improves flexural and tensile strength. Water curing increased compressive, tensile, and flexural strength. Lightweight fiber hybridization has no effect on compressive strength, whereas heavyweight fiber hybridization improves compressive strength. For tensile and flexural strength, hybridization was associated with an improvement in all mechanical properties. The hybridization of lightweight fiber achieved ECC behavior at a lower volume fraction than the use of a single fiber volume. Relationships between tensile strength and flexural strength depending on the compressive strength of ECC were driven by demonstrating high performance.

Tensile behavior of ultra‐high performance concrete reinforced with different hybrid fibers

AbstractSeventy eight dog‐bone shaped ultra‐high performance concrete (UHPC) tensile specimens were designed to study the effects of single steel fiber and hybrid steel fiber with polyolefin (PP) fiber, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber, glass fiber (GF), polyester (PET) fiber, and basalt fiber (BF) on the compressive strength, tensile strength, peak strain, and fracture energy of UHPC. The results showed that hybrid fiber reinforced UHPC had good toughness damage characteristics, which reflected the strengthening and toughening effects of different fibers. The tensile stress–strain curves of hybrid fiber reinforced UHPC could be divided into the rising section and softening section, and the softening section was significantly influenced by the type and volume content of fibers. Among the microfiber (PVA fiber, GF, and BF), GF had the most significant strengthening effect, PVA fiber had the best ability to improve the deformation of UHPC, and BF had the most significant effect on the improvement of fracture energy. Among macrofiber (PP fiber, PET fiber), PP fiber had a better ability to improve UHPC deformation than PET fiber, but both were lower than microfiber. When the total volume content of steel fiber and PVA fiber was 2.5%, the best toughening and crack resistance effect was achieved when the volume content of steel fiber was 1.5% and the volume content of PVA fiber was 1.0%. Combined with the experimental results, the UHPC tensile σ–ω curves of single steel fibers, hybrid steel–PVA fibers, and hybrid steel–PVA–PET fibers were established, and the predicted curves were in good agreement with the experimental curves.

Microstructural analysis of siderurgical aggregate concrete reinforced with fibers

The development of cracks in concrete structures is one of the significant issues with maintaining high strength after hardening. One way to prevent and control this problem is to use fibers. This paper investigates concrete containing electric arc furnace slag aggregates reinforced with fibers. The fibers used in this study are steel fibers and three kinds of polypropylene fibers; polyolefin fibers (modified polypropylene), polypropylene homopolymer, and high-toughness polypropylene. By checking the compressive and flexural strength of concretes made with fibers, it can be seen that the best results at 28 days are found for concrete with steel fibers, namely 62 MPa with 0.9% of fibers. On the contrary, the lowest values are for concrete containing polyolefin fibers, 51 MPa, and the same percentage of fibers. Additionally, under flexural strength testing, at the age of 28 days, the strength of these samples with 0.9% of fibers was 9.54 MPa, a value that is comparable to test concrete with the same percentage of steel fibers, 10.67 MPa, despite the low workability of concrete containing polyolefin fibers with a slump of 25 mm. Moreover, the boundary transition area analysis shows that the excellent connection between the fibers and cement paste near the siderurgical aggregate has caused no cracks in this area. In contrast, cracks can be observed in critical areas near the natural aggregates.

Experimental study of compressive strength, permeability and impact testing in geopolymer concrete based on Blast furnace slag

Cement production has always been associated with environmental challenges due to carbon dioxide emissions. On the other hand, cement production is an energy-intensive process and leads to the consumption of abundant fossil fuels. In order to solve this problem, the production of geopolymer concrete is on the agenda. The researchers decided to reduce the negative effects of cement production and have superior properties than ordinary concrete. In the current study, slag-based geopolymer concrete was used with 0-2% polyolefin fibers and 0-8% nano-silica to improve its structure. After curing the specimens under dry conditions at a temperature of 60°C in an oven, they were subjected to compress strength, tensile strength and Drop weight hammer tests to evaluate their mechanical properties, as well as Permeability test to assess their durability. tests were performed at 7 and 90 days of age at ambient temperature (20℃). The addition of nano-silica enhanced the whole properties of the slag-based geopolymer concrete. Increasing the curing age improved the results of all tests. The results of all tests in geopolymer concrete showed the superiority of the results over conventional concrete. At the 28-day curing age, the addition of up to 8% nanosilica to the geopolymer concrete composition improved the compressive strength test results by 19.01%, water permeability by up to 35% and impact strength by up to 36.36%. Addition of up to 2% of polyolefin fibers in the composition of geopolymer concrete resulted in a 28.95% decrease in compressive strength but a 20% improvement in water permeability and an 8.26-fold increase in impact strength. In the following, by conducting the SEM test, a microstructure investigation was carried out on the concrete samples. In addition to their overlapping with each other, the results indicate the geopolymer concrete superiority over the regular concrete. Besides, it demonstrated the positive influence of nano-silica addition on the concert microstructure.

Destructive and Nondestructive Tests for Concrete Containing a Various Types of Fibers

Fibers have been considered an effective material that was used to improve the concrete's weak properties, namely its tensile strength, ductility, and crack resistance. Thus, the current study highlights two major objective, the former is the fibers shapes and types on the mechanical properties of the fresh and hardened concrete while the latter explores the impact of the fiber contents on the concrete mechanical properties developments. To achieve these targets six types of fibers (five of them made of steel and the last was polyolefin fibers) with various shapes are utilized. The tests were carried out to investigate the fibers shape and material contribution in the concrete mix properties improvement. The samples were subjected to destructive and non-destructive tests such as workability, compression, bending, and splitting. The non-destructive tests include ultrasonic pulse velocities and the Schmidt Hammer test. Three kinds of fibers (two of steel and one of polyolefin fiber) are used with variable content ratios of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5% to study the fiber content effect. Generally, the workability of fresh concrete has a reverse relationship with fiber presence and fiber content ratios. The compressive capacity, splitting and flexural strength has a direct proportion with fibers contents. The hooked steel fibers appeared the best results in terms of shape comparison. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-11-07 Full Text: PDF

Mechanical Characteristics and Self-Monitoring Technique of Smart Cementitious Mixtures with Carbon Fiber and Graphite Powder as Hybrid Functional Additives

In this paper, the self-sensing properties of cementitious composites under compressive loads were investigated by utilizing hybrid functional fillers, which are responsible for creating an electrical network that is used to build the self-sensing capability within the traditional cement-based mixtures. Most of the previous works depict the self-sensing capability with the aid of one type of functional fillers or fibers. The present paper attempts to utilize two types of functional fillers, representing a gap filling within the subject. Four hybrid proportions of Graphite (G) (wt.%) and carbon fibers (CF) (vol.%) were introduced. These are (0.5, 1.0), (1.0, 0.75), (1.5, 0.50) and (2.0, 0.25) respectively. In addition to carbon-based materials, polypropylene, polyolefin, and steel fibers are used as reinforcing fibers. One type of fiber was utilized in each manufactured mixture with a constant rate of 2% by volume of the mixture. A plain mixture without functional fillers has also been manufactured. The samples were non-destructively tested by an ultrasonic device before a uniaxial compression test was performed. To verify the self-sensing properties of the manufactured samples, the electrical resistance of the samples was recorded during load application each second. The self-sensing behavior was better for mixtures containing high dosages of graphite with respect to the fractional change in electrical resistivity (FCER). Steel and polyolefin fibers showed good results in terms of compressive strength behavior. However, polypropylene fibers showed the lowest compression strength among all types of reinforcing fibers used.

Experimental evaluation of compressive, tensile strength and impact test in blast furnace slag based geopolymer concrete, under high temperature

Today, the use of nanoscale additives in the concrete industry with the aim of reducing the negative effects of Portland cement and improving the mechanical properties of concrete has received much attention. Also, in order to reduce the harmful environmental effects and increase the mechanical properties and durability of concrete, particles with high pozzolanic properties are used as a suitable alternative to ordinary cement in concrete. In this regard, geopolymer concrete using materials containing aluminosilicate materials with adhesive properties and filler, as an alternative to cement, has attracted the attention of researchers. Concrete resistance to high heat is of particular importance. Geopolymer concrete has a good performance against heat due to its strong structure. In the current study, slag-based geopolymer concrete was used with 0-2% polyolefin fibers and 0-8% nano-silica to improve its structure. After curing the specimens under dry conditions at a temperature of 60°C in an oven, they were subjected to Compressive strength, Tensile strength, and Drop weight hammer tests to evaluate their mechanical properties. all tests were performed at 90 days of age under ambient temperature (20 ℃) and high temperature (500 ℃). The addition of nano-silica enhanced the whole properties of the slag-based geopolymer concrete. Addition of up to 8% nanosilica to the geopolymer concrete composition at 20% temperature improved the compressive strength test results up to 21.94%, tensile strength up to 15.19% and impact energy up to 36.36%. Addition of up to 2% of polyolefin fibers to the geopolymer concrete composition improved the tensile strength up to 11.76%, the impact energy up to 8.26 times and the compressive strength drop up to 22.49%. Applying high heat to geopolymer concrete samples reduced the compressive strength up to 16%, tensile strength up to 21% and impact energy up to 72.72%. The effect of heat on the drop in results in control concrete is more than geopolymer concrete. In the following, by conducting the SEM test, a microstructure investigation was carried out on the concrete samples. In addition to their overlapping with each other, the results indicate the geopolymer concrete superiority over the regular concrete. Besides, it demonstrated the positive influence of nano-silica addition on the concert microstructure.

Radiation assisted development of linear low density polyethylene/flax fibre composites by designing interface

Flax fibre reinforced polyolefin composite is a great interest of today’s scientists. But the preparation of such composites with desired properties is a great challenge due to the dissimilar surface wettability (surface energy) of polyolefin and flax fibre. In this work, we have developed a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)/flax fibre based composite successfully. First, flax fibre is subjected to gamma radiation-assisted surface modification through covalent attachment of long chain hydrocarbon. Therefore, the surface wettability of flax fibre turns closer to that of LLDPE, and consequently a LLDPE/flax fibre composite with a strong interface is formed easily. Due to the designing of strong interface and consequently higher load transferring capability, properties are improved considerably. Young’s modulus and tensile strength values of composites with surface modified flax fibre become considerably higher compared to pure LLDPE and LLDPE/pure flax fibre composites. Strong reinforcement is reflected in the dynamic mechanical properties also. The highly improved dispersion and strong interfacial strength of LLDPE/modified flax fibre are observed in SEM (scanning electron microscopy). Thermal degradation temperatures of LLDPE and flax fibre are also improved in the composites.

Experimental study of the effects of adding silica nanoparticles on the durability of geopolymer concrete

ABSTRACT The advantages of using geopolymer materials instead of cement in concrete are not limited to high durability properties. geopolymer concrete was introduced to mitigate the environmental damages caused by CO2 emissions and the great level of fossil fuels consumption during cement manufacturing. In the present investigation, a number of experimental studies were conducted on slag-based geopolymer concrete. Accordingly, nano-silica particles were used to improve the geopolymer concrete structure’s matrix. In the current study, slag-based geopolymer concrete was used with 0–2% polyolefin fibres and 0–8% nano-silica. They were subjected to water absorption and permeability tests to assess their durability. The addition of nano-silica enhanced the whole properties of the slag-based geopolymer concrete. By using the nano-silica, the concrete paste microstructure became denser and more homogeneous, and the pores decreased. The compressive strength and tensile strength of the concrete increased by up to 22% and 14% respectively. On the other hand, in terms of durability, the nano-silica lowered the water absorption and permeability coefficients by up to 24% and 44%, respectively, by filling the pores of the concrete. In the weight loss test, geopolymer concrete achieved superior results (up to 16%) compared to ordinary concrete.

The Role of Fiber-Type Reinforcement in the Torsional Behavior of Solid and Hollow Reinforced Concrete Beams

In order to improve the strength of concrete structures, the fiber reinforcement of concrete has become an essential factor. This study was conducted as an experimental program to gain a better understanding of how the variance of fiber shape and type affect the structural performance of solid and hollow reinforced concrete beams using four types of fiber (hooked-end, straight, corrugated steel fiber, and polyolefin fiber) under torsion. For this purpose, ten fiber-reinforced concrete beam specimens, five solid and five hollow, with square cross sections were fabricated using the adopted types of fiber. The role of fiber type in the improvement of the mechanical properties of hardened concrete was also investigated. The results revealed that the mechanical properties of the hardened concrete mix was enhanced by using the existing fiber in concrete, and the higher improvement was shown in the splitting tensile strength test and modulus of rapture in specimens with corrugated steel fiber. The torsional behavior of solid and hollow beams was improved significantly, and the capacity of torsional strength was especially improved for the beams strengthened with corrugated steel fiber. Straight and polyolefin fiber showed a slight improvement in the concrete mechanical properties and less enhancement in the torsional capacity of the tested beams. However, the tested beams reinforced by polyolefin fiber provide better ductility under torsion compared with the use of other types of fiber.

Adsorption Performance of Acid Dyes on Color-Adsorbing Nonwoven and Its Application in the Washing of Silk Textiles

ABSTRACT In recent years, the use of color-adsorbing nonwoven as a dye transfer inhibitor to prevent the cross-staining of fabrics in home laundering has received great attention. In this work, a color-adsorbing nonwoven was used to adsorb the dyes desorbed from dyed silk textiles and thereby provide an anti-staining effect in the washing. The nonwoven consisted of cationic regenerated cellulose and polyolefin fibers and had an isoelectric point of 7.82. The adsorption properties of acid dyes on the nonwoven and the anti-staining of the nonwoven were studied. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of acid dyes on the nonwoven followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir adsorption models, respectively. With increasing temperature, the adsorption saturation increased, and the Langmuir affinity constant decreased, indicating an exothermic effect. The adsorption of dyes with high molecular weight showed great temperature dependence. During the washing of dyed silk textiles, the strong adsorption capability of cationic cellulose for desorbed acid dyes contributed to the anti-staining effect of color-adsorbing nonwoven.

Mixed mode fracture of polyolefin fibre reinforced concrete

Throughout the last 60 years, the use of fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) has evolved favourably. By this technique, it is possible to reduce or substitute the traditional steel-bar reinforcement in the structural design of concrete elements for both civil and building construction. The most used fibres for this purpose are made of steel, though there have been remarkable advances in the plastic fibres that have made them an attractive alternative. Thus, macro polyolefin fibres have shown to meet the requirements set in the standards in order to consider their contribution in the structural design. To do so, fracture behaviour under Mode I has been the main topic of research in the last years. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of knowledge about the behaviour of polyolefin fibre reinforced concrete (PFRC) under other modes of fracture or the combination of them. This study assesses the behaviour of PFRC with several fibre dosages when subjected to Mixed mode fracture with several fibre dosages as well as the influence of the size effect with various sizes. Moreover, this paper supplies relevant information about the cracking processes and the variation in the orientation factor and residual strengths that take place when Mode I and Mode II of fracture occur simultaneously.

Coupled effect of fiber and granular skeleton characteristics on packing density of fiber-aggregate mixtures

The addition of fiber to cementitious materials enhances mechanical performance but can reduce workability of the fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) mixtures. This can be due to the negative effect of fibers on packing density (PD) of the fiber-coarse aggregate (F-A) combination. The performance of FRC, as a diphasic suspension, is dependent on the characteristics of both F-A (suspended-solid skeleton) and mortar (suspending liquid) phases. PD can reflect the voids within the F-A skeleton to be filled with mortar. An adequate optimization of the characteristics of the F-A skeleton can modify the performance of FRC in fresh and hardened states. The F-A skeleton can be characterized in terms of particle-size distribution, volumetric content, and morphology of the coarse aggregate, as well as size, rigidity, and content of fibers. In this study, a comprehensive investigation was undertaken to identify the coupled effect of the characteristics of fibers and coarse aggregate on the PD of F-A combination used without any cement paste/mortar. The solid components play a key role in the overall performance of the concrete produced. This study was carried out to optimize the F-A combination and enhance the workability design of FRC. Various types of steel, polypropylene, and polyolefin fibers having different sizes and rigidities were investigated. Moreover, four combinations of three different classes of coarse aggregate were used to proportion F-A mixtures. Test results showed that shorter length, smaller diameter, and more flexible fibers can lead to higher PD of F-A systems. Moreover, the coarser aggregate skeleton with larger interparticle voids led to more available length for fibers to be deformed, hence improving the PD of F-A mixtures. New empirical models were proposed to predict the packing density of F-A combinations given the characteristics of coarse aggregate and fibers, as well as the level of compaction. The established models were employed to propose a new proportioning approach for fiber-reinforced self-consolidating concrete mixtures to achieve the targeted workability.

The effect of using polyolefin fiber on some properties of slurry-infiltrated fibrous concrete

Abstract Slurry-infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON) is a special type of concrete that has great strength, as well as high ductility. However, the unit weight is high, which exceeds the unit weight of fiber-reinforced concrete, because of the high fiber content. This research aims to verify the compressive and flexural strength, as well as the density of SIFCON when using two different fibers (steel and polyolefin). Sometimes mono type of fiber steel or polyolefin, sometimes by hybridizing two types of fiber steel + polyplefin. Volume fraction (6% for all species) was used. Hook-end steel fiber and polyolefin fiber are used. With hybridization, a total volume fraction of 6% was used, which is 2/3 steel fibers with 1/3 polyolefin and vice versa. In addition, silica fume replaced 10% of the weight of cement. After checking all the results, the highest compressive strength was achieved in the SNS (symbol of mix SIFCON with 6% steel fiber) series by 81 MPa, as well as the highest flexural strength by 23 MPa, but it was the highest density of 2,490 kg/m3. The series contained 2/3 polyolefin and 1/3 steel fibers, which are ideal as they significantly reduced the density of the steel fiber series 2,490–2,210 kg/m3, as well as there was no significant reduction in strength as it achieved 67 MPa in the compressive strength and 19 MPa in the flexural strength, which are values suitable for high SIFCON applications.