Polynomial Matrix Research Articles

An Interpolator for a Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline Curve with a High Efficiency and Accuracy Using Polynomial Representations

This paper introduces an efficient and accurate interpolator for NURBS (non-uniform rational B-spline) curves, addressing the challenge of regulating feedrate under machining accuracy and dynamic constraints, particularly at sensitive corners. A recursive matrix representation and polynomial conversion are utilized to enhance the computation of NURBS curve intermediate points and derivatives. An improved adaptive planning method is presented to adjust the feedrate at sensitive corners, ensuring that chord error and dynamic constraints are met. The method integrates linear acceleration and deceleration stages to mitigate abrupt changes in acceleration and jerk. Additionally, a prediction–correction scheme-based interpolator is developed, employing an asynchronous mechanism to improve computational efficiency. The proposed method’s effectiveness and correctness are validated through simulation tests and machining experiments.

Optimization of trigonometric polynomials with crystallographic symmetry and spectral bounds for set avoiding graphs

AbstractWe provide a new approach to the optimization of trigonometric polynomials with crystallographic symmetry. This approach widens the bridge between trigonometric and polynomial optimization. The trigonometric polynomials considered are supported on weight lattices associated to crystallographic root systems and are assumed invariant under the associated reflection group. On one hand the invariance allows us to rewrite the objective function in terms of generalized Chebyshev polynomials of the generalized cosines; On the other hand the generalized cosines parameterize a compact basic semi algebraic set, this latter being given by an explicit polynomial matrix inequality. The initial problem thus boils down to a polynomial optimization problem that is straightforwardly written in terms of generalized Chebyshev polynomials. The minimum is to be computed by a converging sequence of lower bounds as given by a hierarchy of relaxations based on the Hol–Scherer Positivstellensatz and indexed by the weighted degree associated to the root system. This new method for trigonometric optimization was motivated by its application to estimate the spectral bound on the chromatic number of set avoiding graphs. We examine cases of the literature where the avoided set affords crystallographic symmetry. In some cases we obtain new analytic proofs for sharp bounds on the chromatic number while in others we compute new lower bounds numerically.

Floquet theory and stability analysis for Hamiltonian PDEs

Abstract We analyze Floquet theory as it applies to the stability and instability of periodic traveling waves in Hamiltonian PDEs. Our investigation focuses on several examples of such PDEs, including the generalized KdV and BBM equations (third order), the nonlinear Schrödinger and Boussinesq equations (fourth order), and the Kawahara equation (fifth order). Our analysis reveals that the characteristic polynomial of the monodromy matrix inherits symmetry from the underlying PDE, enabling us to determine the essential spectrum along the imaginary axis and bifurcations of the spectrum away from the axis, employing the Floquet discriminant. We present numerical evidence to support our analytical findings.

STEWART PLATFORM MULTIDIMENSIONAL TRACKING CONTROL SYSTEM SYNTHESIS

Context. Creating guaranteed competitive motion control systems for complex multidimensional moving objects, including unstable ones, that operate under random controlled and uncontrolled disturbing factors, with minimal design costs, is one of the main requirements for achieving success in this class devices market. Additionally, to meet modern demands for the accuracy of motion control processes along a specified or programmed trajectory, it is essential to synthesize an optimal control system based on experimental data obtained under conditions closely approximating the real operating mode of the test object. Objective. The research presented in this article aims to synthesize an optimal tracking control system for the Stewart platform’s working surface motion, taking into account its multidimensional dynamic model. Method. The article employs a method of a multidimensional tracking control system structural transformation into an equivalent stabilization system for the motion of a multidimensional control object. It also utilizes an algorithm for synthesizing optimal stabilization systems for dynamic objects, whether stable or not, under stationary random external disturbances. The justified algorithm for synthesizing optimal stochastic stabilization systems is constructed using operations such as addition and multiplication of polynomial and fractional-rational matrices, Wiener factorization, Wiener separation of fractional-rational matrices, and the calculation of dispersion integrals. Results. As a result of the conducted research, the problem of defining the concept of analytical design for a Stewart platform’s optimal motion control system has been formalized. The results include the derived transformation equations from the tracking control system to the equivalent stabilization system of the Stewart platform’s working surface motion. Furthermore, the structure and parameters of the main controller transfer function matrix for of this control system have been determined. Conclusions. The justified use of the analytical design concept for the Stewart platform’s working surface optimal motion control system formalizes and significantly simplifies the solution to the problem of synthesizing complex dynamic systems, applying the developed technology presented in [1]. The obtained structure and parameters of the Stewart platform’s working surface motion control system main controller, which is divided into three components W1, W2, and W3, improve the tracking quality of the program signal vector, account for the cross-connections within the Stewart platform, and increase the accuracy of executing the specified trajectory by increasing the degrees of freedom in choosing the controller structure

Stability analysis of aperiodic impulsive delay systems using sum of squares approach

AbstractThe stability problem of aperiodic impulsive delay systems with unstable continuous and discrete dynamics is addressed in this article. New delay‐dependent stability conditions are proposed by employing a clock‐dependent Lyapunov–Krasovskii‐like functional composed of a Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional and a high‐order polynomial matrix function. The stability conditions are then solved using sum of squares programming techniques, yielding less conservative results than the looped‐functionals approach. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the results.

On the Equivalence of Polynomial Matrices Over a Field

On the Equivalence of Polynomial Matrices Over a Field

Stability Analysis of Matrices and Single-Parameter Matrix Families on Special Regions

This paper proposes an efficient method for determining the D-stability of matrices using Kelley’s cutting-plane method. The study examines the D-stability of matrices in symmetric regions of the complex plane, defined by quadratic matrix inequalities (QMI) and polynomial functions. Using Kelley’s cutting-plane method, we present an iterative algorithm for determining the D-stability of a given matrix. Further, the robustness of single-parameter matrix families is analyzed, and a method is proposed for considering their D-stability. Through examples, we indicate the possible applicability of the proposed approach in addressing stability problems in linear systems.

Total Positivity and Accurate Computations Related to q-Abel Polynomials

The attainment of accurate numerical solutions of ill-conditioned linear algebraic problems involving totally positive matrices has been gathering considerable attention among researchers over the last years. In parallel, the interest of q-calculus has been steadily growing in the literature. In this work the q-analogue of the Abel polynomial basis is studied. The total positivity of the matrix of change of basis between monomial and q-Abel bases is characterized, providing its bidiagonal factorization. Moreover, well-known high relative accuracy results of Vandermonde matrices corresponding to increasing positive nodes are extended to the decreasing negative case. This further allows to solve with high relative accuracy several algebraic problems concerning collocation, Wronskian and Gramian matrices of q-Abel polynomials. Finally, a series of numerical tests support the presented theoretical results and illustrate the goodness of the method where standard approaches fail to deliver accurate solutions.

A Robust numerical technique based on the chromatic polynomials for the European options regulated by the time-fractional Black–Scholes equation

AbstractRisk mitigation and control are critical for investors in the finance sector. Purchasing significant instruments that eliminate the risk of price fluctuation helps investors manage these risks. In theory and practice, option pricing is a substantial issue among many financial derivatives. In this scenario, most investors adopt the Black–Scholes model to describe the behavior of the underlying asset in option pricing. The exceptional memory effect prevalent in fractional derivatives makes it easy to understand and explain the approximation of financial options in terms of their inherited characteristics prompted by the given reason. Finding numerical solutions that are both successful and suitably precise is crucial when working with financial fractional differential equations. Hence, this paper proposes an innovative method, designated the Chromatic polynomial collocation method (CPM), for the theoretical study of the Time fractional Black–Scholes equation (TFBSE) that regulates European call options. The newly developed numerical algorithm CPM is on a functional basis of the Chromatic polynomials of Complete graphs (Kn) and operational matrices of the basis polynomials. The CPM transforms the TFBSE into a framework of nonlinear algebraic equations with the help of operational matrices and equispaced collocation points. The fractional orders in the PDE are concerned in the Caputo sense. The CPM findings further corroborate the results of the most recent numerical schemes to show the effectiveness of the suggested numerical algorithm.

$\mathrm{BC}_{2}$-Type Multivariable Matrix Functions and Matrix Spherical Functions

Matrix spherical functions associated to the compact symmetric pair (\mathrm{SU}(m+2), \mathrm{S}(\mathrm{U}(2)\times \mathrm{U}(m))) , m\geq 2 , having a reduced root system of type \mathrm{BC}_{2} , are studied. We consider an irreducible K -representation (\pi,V) arising from the \mathrm{U}(2) -part of K , and the induced representation \mathrm{Ind}_{K}^{G} \pi splits multiplicity-free. The corresponding spherical functions, i.e. \Phi \colon G \to \mathrm{End}(V) satisfying \Phi(k_{1}gk_{2})=\pi(k_{1})\Phi(g)\pi(k_{2}) for all g\in G , k_{1},k_{2}\in K , are studied by examining certain leading terms which involve hypergeometric functions. This is done explicitly using the action of the radial part of the Casimir operator on these functions and their leading terms. To suitably grouped matrix spherical functions we associate two-variable matrix orthogonal polynomials giving a matrix analogue of Koornwinder’s 1970s two-variable orthogonal polynomials, which are Heckman–Opdam polynomials for \mathrm{BC}_{2} . In particular, we find explicit orthogonality relations with the matrix polynomials being eigenfunctions to an explicit second-order matrix partial differential operator. The scalar part of the matrix weight is less general than Koornwinder’s weight.

Statistics of ranks, determinants and characteristic polynomials of rational matrices

Abstract We consider the set of m × n {m\times n} matrices with rational entries having numerator and denominator of size at most H and obtain various upper bounds on the number of such matrices of a given rank, or with a given determinant, or a given characteristic polynomial. We also consider similar questions for matrices whose entries are Egyptian fractions.

On the trace-zero doubly stochastic matrices of order 5

We propose a graph theoretic approach to determine the trace of the product of two permutation matrices through a weighted digraph representation for a pair of permutation matrices. Consequently, we derive trace-zero doubly stochastic (DS) matrices of order 5 whose k-th power is also a trace-zero DS matrix for k∈{2,3,4,5}. Then, we determine necessary conditions for the coefficients of a generic polynomial of degree 5 to be realizable as the characteristic polynomial of a trace-zero DS matrix of order 5. Finally, we approximate the eigenvalue region of trace-zero DS matrices of order 5.

Establishment and verification of a prognostic immune cell signature-based model for breast cancer overall survival.

Breast cancer (BRCA) is a prevalent and aggressive disease. Despite various treatments being applied, a significant number of patients continue to experience unfavorable prognoses. Accurate prognosis prediction in BRCA is crucial for tailoring individualized treatment plans and improving patient outcomes. Recent studies have highlighted the significance of immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment (TME), but predicting survival remains challenging due to the heterogeneity of BRCA. The aim of this study was thus to produce an immune cell signature-based framework capable of predicting the prognosis of patients with BRCA. The GSE169246 dataset was from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, comprising single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from 95 individuals with BRCA. Seurat, principal component analysis (PCA), the unified matrix polynomial approach (UMAP) algorithm, and linear dimensionality reduction were used to determine the heterogeneity of T cells. Overlapping analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), genes associated with prognosis, and T-cell pharmacodynamics-related genes were used to obtain the T-cell core pharmacodynamics-related genes. The dimensionality of the T-cell core pharmacodynamics-related genes was reduced employing the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression model and the LASSO model. The prognostic model was built via a Cox analysis of the overall survival (OS) information. The clinical sample included 95 patients with BRCA who underwent surgical treatment from October 2018 to October 2021 at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University. Patients were divided into a good prognosis group and a poor prognosis group based on their prognostic outcomes. The predictive value of tumor characteristics and immune responses was validated through correlation analysis, logistic regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. A group of 95 genes was used to establish a prognostic model. In the GEO clinical sample, with a high-risk group demonstrating shorter median survival times (2,447 vs. 6,498 days, P=4.733e-12). Area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.75, 0.75, and 0.72 were obtained for 2-, 4-, and 6-year OS predictions, respectively. Clinical validation found that the 6-year OS of the favorable prognosis group was significantly higher than that of the unfavorable prognosis group (92.06% vs. 65.62%; P=0.005). Poor prognosis was positively correlated with age, tumor size, B-cell level, and CTLA4 level and negatively correlated with tumor stage (T1/T2), lymph node metastasis stage (N0), clinical stage I-II, CD3+T-cell, CD4+T-cell, CD8+T-cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte, natural kill cell, TIGIT expression and OS. The combined model of clinical parameters had an AUC value of 0.898. This study established a prognostic model that demonstrated excellent predictive value for OS of BRCA. The predictive model developed offers valuable insights into prognosis and treatment planning, emphasizing the importance of tumor characteristics and immune cell infiltration.

Hierarchical Stability Conditions for Two Types of Time-Varying Delay Generalized Neural Networks.

In this article, the stability analysis for generalized neural networks (GNNs) with a time-varying delay is investigated. About the delay, the differential has only an upper boundary or cannot be obtained. For the both two types of delayed GNNs, up to now, the second-order integral inequalities have been the highest-order integral inequalities utilized to derive the stability conditions. To establish the stability conditions on the basis of the high-order integral inequalities, two challenging issues are required to be resolved. One is the formulation of the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional (LKF), the other is the high-degree polynomial negative conditions (NCs). By transforming the integrals in N-order generalized free-matrix-based integral inequalities (GFIIs) into the multiple integrals, the hierarchical LKFs are constructed by adopting these multiple integrals. Then, the novel modified matrix polynomial NCs are presented for the 2N-1 degree delay polynomials in the LKF differentials. Thus, the hierarchical linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) are set up and the nonlinear problems caused by the GFIIs are solved at the same time. Eventually, the superiority of the provided hierarchical stability criteria is demonstrated by several numeric examples.

Robust [formula omitted] output feedback control for polynomial discrete-time systems

This paper aims to design a robust output feedback controller with H∞ performance for polynomial discrete-time systems (PDTS). This is due to the lack of research available on PDTS’ output feedback control especially when uncertainty is considered in the system. To be specific, the norm-bounded uncertainties are considered instead of polytopic uncertainties and then a so-called ‘scaled’ system is established to relate the robust H∞ and the nonlinear H∞ output feedback control problem. The integrator approach is introduced to overcome the nonconvexity issue when the polynomial Lyapunov function is selected. The controller is obtained by solving the sufficient conditions which are formulated in Polynomial Matrix Inequalities (PMIs) which is then converted into Sum of Squares (SOS) form. Semidefinite Programming (SDP) is used to obtain the results. Finally, the efficacy of the method is shown through numerical examples.

An effective criterion for a stable factorisation of strictly non-singular 2 × 2 matrix functions: use of the ExactMPF package

In this paper, we propose a method to factorise arbitrary strictly non-singular 2 × 2 matrix functions, allowing for stable factorisation. For this purpose, we use the E x a c t M P F package working within the Maple environment previously developed by the authors and perform an exact factorisation of a non-singular polynomial matrix function. A crucial point in the present analysis is the evaluation of a stability region of the canonical factorisation of the polynomial matrix functions. This, in turn, allows us to propose a sufficient condition for the given matrix function admitting stable factorisation.

Dynamic Analysis and Approximate Solution of Transient Stability Targeting Fault Process in Power Systems

Modern power systems are high-dimensional, strongly coupled nonlinear systems with complex and diverse dynamic characteristics. The polynomial model of the power system is a key focus in stability research. Therefore, this paper presents a study on the approximate transient stability solution targeting the fault process in power systems. Firstly, based on the inherent sinusoidal coupling characteristics of the power system swing equations, a generalized polynomial matrix description in perturbation form is presented using the Taylor expansion formula. Secondly, considering the staged characteristics of the stability process in power systems, the approximate solutions of the polynomial model during and after the fault are provided using coordinate transformation and regular perturbation techniques. Then, the structural characteristics of the approximate solutions are analyzed, revealing the mathematical basis of the stable motion patterns of the power grid, and a monotonicity rule of the system’s power angle oscillation amplitude is discovered. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed methods and analyses is further validated by numerical examples of the IEEE 3-machine 9-bus system and IEEE 10-machine 39-bus system.

On arbitrary matrix coefficient assignment for the characteristic matrix polynomial of block matrix linear control systems

For block matrix linear control systems, we study the property of arbitrary matrix coefficient assignability for the characteristic matrix polynomial. This property is a generalization of the property of eigenvalue spectrum assignability or arbitrary coefficient assignability for the characteristic polynomial from system with scalar $(s=1)$ block matrices to systems with block matrices of higher dimensions $(s>1)$. Compared to the scalar case $(s=1)$, new features appear in the block cases of higher dimensions $(s>1)$ that are absent in the scalar case. New properties of arbitrary (upper triangular, lower triangular, diagonal) matrix coefficient assignability for the characteristic matrix polynomial are introduced. In the scalar case, all the described properties are equivalent to each other, but in block matrix cases of higher dimensions this is not the case. Implications between these properties are established.

Tropical Laurent series, their tropical roots, and localization results for the eigenvalues of nonlinear matrix functions

Tropical roots of tropical polynomials have been previously studied and used to localize roots of classical polynomials and eigenvalues of matrix polynomials. We extend the theory of tropical roots from tropical polynomials to tropical Laurent series. Our proposed definition ensures that, as in the polynomial case, there is a bijection between tropical roots and slopes of the Newton polygon associated with the tropical Laurent series. We show that, unlike in the polynomial case, there may be infinitely many tropical roots; moreover, there can be at most two tropical roots of infinite multiplicity. We then apply the new theory by relating the inner and outer radii of convergence of a classical Laurent series to the behavior of the sequence of tropical roots of its tropicalization. Finally, as a second application, we discuss localization results both for roots of scalar functions that admit a local Laurent series expansion and for nonlinear eigenvalues of regular matrix valued functions that admit a local Laurent series expansion.

On hybrid dynamical systems of differential–difference equations

In this paper, we define and study a class of linear hybrid dynamical systems characterized by differential–difference equations. We introduce two operators that facilitate the analysis of these systems and derive explicit formulas for their solutions. We examine the transfer function matrix and characteristic polynomial to assess stability. Our theoretical findings are supported by numerical examples, demonstrating their application in power systems stability analysis. Specifically, we substantiate our theory within the context of power systems stability analysis, incorporating elements of discrete behavior.