Polymorphic Protein Systems Research Articles

Поліморфізм систем білків крові та його значення у репродуктивній функції корів української чорно-рябої молочної породи

Goal. To assess the reproductive capacity of livestock, to determine in the blood serum polymorphic systems of protein macromolecules and enzymes, and to establish their relationship with indicators of reproductive function, resistance to obstetric and gynecological pathology in cows. To study the options for using molecular genetic analysis of cattle to identify immunogenetic markers to theoretically substantiate their use for the formation of highly productive and resistant to obstetric and gynecological pathology of dairy cows. Methods. The study was conducted in “Dairy Rivers, Ltd.” on 75 cows of the Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed (Western intra-breed type) aged 5-9 years, live weight 550-600 kg. Obstetric and gynecological examination of cows was performed according to the method elaborated by M. Kosenko et al. (2005). Criteria for assessing the reproductive function of cows were as follows: duration of pregnancy, time of the first insemination after calving, service period, insemination index; fertility after the first insemination, all fertilized (total number of fertilized animals during the study period), the birth of twins. Results. The material selected for genetic and biochemical studies (blood samples from 75 cows) contained the following polymorphic protein systems: post-albumins, transferrins, haptoglobin, and isoforms of enzymes: catalase, peroxidase, and succinate oxide dismutase. The genetic frequency of alleles of polymorphic systems of proteins and serum enzymes was determined using the Hardy–Weinberg formula. The frequency of allele A of the transferrin locus in cows is lower, and that one of allele D is higher by 0.11 units. This indicates that the genetic frequency of the studied polymorphic systems of proteins and serum enzymes of cows in different herds is not the same. Conclusions. In cows-homozygotes and cows-heterozygotes tested for catalase isoforms, no significant difference in the studied indicators of reproductive function was found, because the phenotypes of isoforms of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase during their separation in polyacrylamide gel were monomorphic. The birth of twins was observed in K-AA homozygotes.

Population structure of the Pacific black halibut Reinhardtius matsuurae Jordan et Snyder

A blood serum electrophoresis study of black halibut ( Reinhardtius matsuurae Jordan et Snyder) in the North Pacific revealed polymorphic protein systems of esterases (Est-1, Est-2) and transferrin (Tf). Comparison of genetic similarity among black halibut from different locations of the northern Pacific Ocean showed that groups inhabiting areas with stable water circulation were genetically more different than groups inhabiting geographically distant waters that were connected by sea currents. It is concluded that black halibut in the North Pacific consists of two types of metapopulations. The first type comprises populations inhabiting waters with a stable water circulation which entrains the pelagic eggs and larvae. The other type comprises an aggregate of local populations connected to a central population through water currents that transport the pelagic eggs and larvae.

Genetic structure in the Garfagnana (Tuscany, Italy): a study of eight protein markers by isoelectric focusing.

The genetic structure of the human population in a random sample of 238 unrelated individuals from Garfagnana (Tuscany, Italy) was studied for five highly polymorphic serum proteins (GC, TF, PI, AHSG, ORM1) and three red cell isozymes (ACP, PGM1, ESD) by isoelectric focusing. Comparison with the gene frequencies from other districts of Tuscany has shown no significant deviation in seven out of eight polymorphic protein systems. Subtype allele frequencies of orosomucoid 1 (ORM1), which were not yet determined in Italian populations, are as follow: ORM1*F1 = 0.586, ORM1*F2 = 0.021, and ORM1*S = 0.393. The most striking features of this unique sample were the relatively high frequencies of PGM1*2B (0.093) and PI*I (0.013) alleles.

A Biochemical Genetic Evaluation of Ring-Necked Pheasants

Phenotypes of 41 enzyme loci were revealed by vertical starch gel electrophoresis for 11 groups of pheasants (Phasianus colchicus): 8 groups from the established range in Illinois, 1 from traditional Illinois game-farm stock, I from a first filial (F,) cross of game farm x wild pheasants, and 1 from wild pheasants from southern Iowa (n = 9-20 birds/group). Allele frequencies at each locus, the mean number of alleles at each locus, the mean number of polymorphic loci, and indices of heterozygosity were calculated for each group. Genetic differences along a north-south cline for wild pheasants in Illinois were detected from principal coordinates analysis. Genetic analysis of North American pheasants is important for developing guidelines for preventing the loss of genetic variability in confined stocks, identifying characteristics that relate to fitness in the wild, and identifying where genetic mixing of stocks is appropriate. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 52(1):108-112 North American ring-necked pheasants exemplify the challenges of integrating guidelines for genetic conservation of wild vertebrates (Schonelwald-Cox et al. 1983) with management strategies for exotic species. Genetic management of North American pheasants must account for the facts that: (1) the ancestry of introduced pheasant stocks is poorly documented, (2) pheasants have persisted in North America for a relatively short time (<100 generations) in dynamic environments, and (3) the founding populations have been subjected to extensive mixing of genotypes (Warner and Philipp 1987). Genetic information for ring-necked pheasants has not been available because analytical tools for delineating potential differences in genotypes have not been sufficient. The use of plumage or other traits to describe genetic variability has not been adequate (Trautman 1982). Even in extensively studied groups such as fish, phenotypic expressions are too variable for meristic and morphometric data to be reliable (Ihssen et al. 1981). The initial electrophoretic studies of pheasants considered polymorphic protein systems in eggs and sera (Brandt et al. 1952, Sandnes 1954, Baker et al. 1966). Vohs (1966) found that some blood group factors were different for pheasants in southern, central, and northern Iowa. Baker et al. (1966) identified an east-west gradient in h frequency of fast-binding forms of blood protein from pheasants sampled in Illinois, Iowa, and Kansas. Thus, the early genetic analyses indicated differences in pheasant genotypes over broad regions of North America. However, these electrophoretic procedures did not appear adequate for recognizing subpopulations or strains-a level of analytical resolution that would be useful for genetic management of the species. We applied more recently developed starch gel elec rophoretic procedures to assess biochemical genetic variability of captive and wild pheasants in Illinois and Iowa. Our objective was to develop analytical techniques suitable for detecting regional differences in genotypes of pheasants. Our ultimate goal is to foster genetic management of the species, including identification of potentially distinct wild genotypes that should be protected from introductions of other pheasant stock. This work was supported by Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Project W-66-R, the Illinois Natural History Survey, The Illinois Department of Conservation (IDOC), and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The IDOC and USFWS have no responsibility for the form and content of this report, or for the conclusions reached. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wild pheasants were collected by hunters and biologists, primarily in fall-winter 1982, from IPresent address: Missouri Department of Conservation, 1110 College Avenue, Columbia, MO 65201.

Prediction of the halothane (Hal) genotypes of pigs by deducing Hal, Phi, Po2, Pgd haplotypes of parents and offspring: results from a large-scale practice in Swedish breeds.

Results from a large-scale study, comprising 75 different breeding herds, are reported on predicting the halothane (Hal) genotypes of individual pigs by making use of the known close linkage between Hal and three electrophoretic blood marker loci (Phi, Po2, Pgd). The parents haplotypes (involving Hal and marker loci) were determined from the HAL phenotypes (halothane test results) and marker loci phenotypes of their offspring in the first one or two litters studied. In subsequent litters of the Hal-marker loci haplotyped parents, the offspring's expected Hal genotypes could be predicted on the basis of the marker loci haplotypes inherited by them. By comparing the expected and observed HAL phenotypes of offspring in subsequent litters, the predicted Hal genotype was found to be correct in 90-95% of the 4000 offspring (from Nn X Nn and Nn X nn matings) of Swedish Landrace and Yorkshire breeds studied. The order of the three marker loci was confirmed as Phi-Po2-Pgd but the position of Hal with regards to Phi could not be resolved. The recombination frequencies between the most distant loci in this region, viz. Hal-Pgd and Phi-Pgd, were estimated to be 3-4.5% and 4-6%, respectively. The easy and rapid electrophoretic techniques described in the study to phenotype PHI, PO2, PGD, also allowed phenotyping of six other polymorphic protein systems on the same gels. Thus Hal genotyping and effective parentage control can be conducted simultaneously.

New protein polymorphisms in cattle.

Preparation techniques are outlined for blood samples from cattle, which permit rapid separation of several constant fractions within a large number of animals. Electrophoretical examination of the blood fractions, the methods for which are described, rendered possible the phenotyping of 5 new polymorphic protein systems. Furthermore the electrophoresis of erythrocyte carboanhydrase was tested. In about 550 cattle, including familial material of the breed 'Deutsche Schwarzbunte', the observed phenotypes, segregation data and allele frequencies of 7 polymorphisms, are described. We were able to find new polymorphisms of serum posttransferrins (Ptf), leucocytic proteins 1 and 2 (Leu1 and Leu2), and erythrocytic proteins 1 and 2 (Ery1, and Ery2). Moreover, data of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes stained with protein dyes, as well as identified as esterases, are given.

Studies on Blood Groups and Polymorphic Protein Systems in Jersey Cattle on the Isle of Jersey

Studies on Blood Groups and Polymorphic Protein Systems in Jersey Cattle on the Isle of Jersey

Theoretical implications of the application of polymorphic protein systems to gene location on a trisomic chromosome, and its application to the haptoglobin phenotype frequencies in Down's syndrome.

In this, the first of a series of communications on the application of the study of polymorphic enzyme and protein systems to gene location on a trisomic chromosome, the theoretical implications are considered. Mathematical models for the expected phenotype shift have been examined, and have been expanded to include a three‐allele locus and a three‐allele locus with one allele being of the ‘silent’ variety. Some modifications in the existing mathematical models were necessary due to possible failure of electrophoretic and immuno‐electrophoretic separations to differentiate between some heterozygote forms. The mathematical models have been applied to a series of hi‐allelic polymorphic systems and one tri‐allelic system to determine the minimum number of subjets with trisomy that would be required to establish the presence or absence of a phenotype shift. The additional use of the techniques for estimating the position of the gene with respect to the centromere, and estimating the timing of the non‐disjunction are discussed.The application of Haldane's log ratio test (1956) involving the combining of the homozygous Corms is considered and applied to the phenotype data on the serum haptoglobins of 254 subjects with Down's syndrome and 853 mentally retarded control subjects.

An analysis of macaque systematics using gene frequency data

Macaque gene frequencies for seven polymorphic protein systems are employed to generate dendrograms via two algorithms. The frequency data employed are drawn from 14 populations of macaques representing nine species. The two algorithms are the unweighted pair group method and an iterative program based on the additive hypothesis. The topologies generated by the two approaches are quite similar. The one major difference, involving M. fuscata, is investigated in detail. As measured by our index of dissimilarity (ID) conspecific populations of M. nemestrina, M. mulatta and M. fascicularis are closely related. Often the ID values separating conspecific groups are in agreement with expectations based on geographic considerations. Interspecific comparisons involving M. mulatta and M. fascicularis also exhibit clinal variation. M. cyclopis and M. fuscata show a particularly strong relationship to M. mulatta. This cluster of three species is closely related to M. fascicularis. M. speciosa, on the other hand, appears to be the most divergent of the species analyzed. The results are considered in light of previous thoughts about macaque systematics based on morphological characteristics.

Genetic polymorphisms of proteins in different breeds and different populations of chickens

SummarySix polymorphic protein systems in 15 chicken breeds have been investigated. In the Silkie breed another variant of G3 proteins (G3 AF Silkie) has been observed characterized by higher electrophoretic mobility than G3 A. The frequencies of individual alleles in various lines and different generations have been determined in two breeds (White Leghorn and White Cornish).

Nomenclature of Polymorphic Protein Systems

IN this communication some suggestions as to nomenclature of polymorphic protein systems are considered. For these, primarily those of blood, the number of recognized systems increases rapidly in both man and animals. The techniques for detecting and characterizing such systems vary. This bears some influence on the problem of nomenclature. If we, for example, have a system recognized by serological methods only, the common practice has been to name the first-found character A (or a)1, the next B (or b) and so on. The letters therefore merely show the order of detection. After the characters have been classified into genetic systems, letter designations, usually two, have been ascribed to each system. Such a nomenclature is sufficient if characters belonging to the same system do not show a second order of relationship which is contradictory to the alphabetical order. This often happens with polymorphic proteins characterized by their different rates of migration as determined by, for example, the technique of electrophoresis.