Polymeric Sorbent Research Articles

Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies on the Removal of Acid Red-14 from Aqueous Solutions Using PSMA

The use of low-cost and eco-friendly adsorbents has been investigated as an ideal alternative to the current expensive methods of removing dyes from wastewater. In this study, not hydrolyzed poly(styrene-alternative-maleic anhydride) (PSMA) polymer have been used as new synthetic adsorbent to removal of acid red-14 dye from aqueous solutions (industrial wastes). Batch sorption studies have been carried out to determine the effect of agitation time, pH, adsorbent dose, and initial concentration of the sorbate and temperature. The effect of electrolyte interference such as \( {\text{Na}}^{ + } \) and \( {\text{Cl}}^{ - } \) on dyes removal efficiency was investigated. The acid red 14 dye showed maximal amount of sorption capacity as 5.12 mg/g at pH 6.1 and 25 °C. Equilibrium data were fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms to find the best fit, and it was found that the adsorption of this dye on adsorbents particles are monolayer and correspond to the Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption kinetics were investigated using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order rate equations and kinetic data followed the pseudo-second-order rate equation for sorption of this dye on PSMA adsorbent. The application of adsorbents performance was tested with real samples which contain limit exceeded amount of foresaid dyes which had been taken from a Dyeing Factory. This study provides good background to development of dye removal in waste waters by polymeric sorbent.

Target screening of 105 veterinary drug residues in milk using UHPLC/ESI Q-Orbitrap multiplexing data independent acquisition.

This paper presents a multi-class target screening method for the detection of 105 veterinary drug residues from 11 classes in milk using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC/ESI Q-Orbitrap). The method is based on a non-target approach of full mass scan and multiplexing data-independent acquisition (Full MS/mDIA). The veterinary drugs include endectocides, fluoroquinolones, ionophores, macrolides, nitroimidazole, NSAIDs, β-lactams, penicillins, phenicols, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. Veterinary drug residues were extracted from milk using a salting-out and solid-phase extraction (SOSPE) procedure, which entailed the precipitation of milk proteins by an extraction buffer (oxalic acid and EDTA, pH 3) and acetonitrile, a salting-out acetonitrile/water phase separation using ammonium sulfate, and solid-phase extraction for clean-up using polymeric reversed-phase sorbent cartridges. The Q-Orbitrap Full MS/dd-MS2 (data-dependent acquisition) was used to acquire product-ion spectra of individual veterinary drugs to build a compound database and a mass spectral library, whereas its Full MS/mDIA was utilized to acquire sample data from milk for target screening of veterinary drugs fortified at 1.0 or 10.0 μg/kg. The in-spectrum mass correction or solvent background lock-mass correction was used to minimize mass error when building the compound database from experimental dd-MS2 accurate mass data. Retention time alignment and response threshold adjustment were used to eliminate or reduce false negativesand/or false positive rates. The validated method was capable of screening 58% and 96% of 105 veterinary drugs at 1.0 and 10.0 μg/kg, respectively, without manually evaluating every compound during data processing, which will reduce the workload in routine practice.

Improving the On-Line Extraction of Polar Compounds by IT-SPME with Silica Nanoparticles Modified Phases

In the present work the extraction efficiency of in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) for polar herbicides has been evaluated using extractive capillaries coated with different polymeric sorbents. For this purpose, aqueous solutions of herbicides with a wide range of polarities, including some highly polar compounds (log Kow < 1), have been directly processed by IT-SPME coupled on-line to capillary liquid chromatography with UV-diode array detection. For extraction, commercially available capillary columns coated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyetilenglicol (PEG)-based phases have been used, and the results have been compared with those obtained with a synthesized tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)-trimethoxyethylsilane (MTEOS) polymer, as well as the same polymer reinforced with silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs). The SiO2 NPs functionalized TEOS-MTEOS coating provided the best results for most herbicides, especially for the most polar compounds. On the basis of the results obtained, conditions for the quantification of the herbicides tested are described using a SiO2 NPs reinforced TEOS-MTEOS coated capillary. The proposed method provided satisfactory linearity up to concentrations of 200 μg/L. The precision was also suitable, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) values ≤9% (n = 3), and the limits of detection (LODs) were within the 0.5–7.5 µg/L range. The method has been applied to different water samples and the extract obtained from an agricultural soil.

Combination of electrophoresis, chromatography, and magnetism in a single separation technique: Part 1: a first theoretical evaluation

ABSTRACTMagnetic nanoparticles incorporated into the layer of a (polymeric) sorbent, covering the inner surface of a fused silica capillary, can produce—upon applying an electric field across the capillary length—an electromagnetic field that would affect to some extent the separation of charged analytes. A first theoretical assessment of such phenomenon is given here with a view of developing a novel hybrid separation technique based on the principles of electrophoresis, chromatography, and magnetism. Specifically, the effect of built-in magnetic nanoparticles, varying in absolute number, on the strength of axial electric field in an open-tubular column for capillary electrochromatography (CEC) column for CEC—being expressed through the associated changes in near-wall dielectric constant—was analyzed using linearized Poisson–Boltzmann equation.

Effect of the Compositions of Sample and Polymer Sorbents on the Extraction of Volatile Compounds by Solid-Phase Microextraction

A comparative study was performed by solid phase microextraction and capillary gas chromatography to establish the ability of four polymer sorbents of different compositions to extract and concentrate volatile organic compounds from the gas phase above an aqueous solution. All polymer sorbents sorbed nonpolar monoterpene hydrocarbons via a cooperative mechanism with almost equal and high efficiency. Sorbents based on polymethyl disiloxane and its mixture with divinylbenzene were more effective in extracting acetates and sesquiterpenes. As the concentration of these compounds in the gas phase increased, their binding by sorbents decreased. It was found that the determination of polar compounds depended on the presence of a solvent in the system. Compounds that are highly soluble in water (alcohols, ketones, etc.) had low coefficients of distribution between gas and water phases. Consequently, their sorption to any of the polymer sorbents was negligible. In the absence of the solvent, the degree of their extraction from the gas phase above the sample was high. It was shown that the actual composition of compounds in the initial mixture of essential oils could significantly differ from their composition in the gas phase. This method is convenient and informative for the purpose of studying the composition of volatile compounds in the gas phase that determine the flavor of the product.

Determination of carbamazepine and 10-hydroxy-carbamazepine in human serum by solid-phase extraction with poly ethylene glycol dimethacrylate monolithic column coupled with high performance liquid chromatography

A polymeric monolithic solid phase extraction sorbent was fabricated from sole ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in a syringe and applied as a sorbent for the determination of carbamazepine (CBZ) and 10-hydroxy-carbamazepine (MHD) in human serum using high performance liquid chromatography. The effects of reaction temperature and reaction time on the extraction performance of the target compounds were investigated. The parameters, such as washing solvent, and elution solution and its volume, were optimized. Under the optimized condition, the purification and enrichment of CBZ and MHD in human serum were successfully achieved on the proposed poly ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) monolithic column. The linear ranges were 0.02-40 μg/mL for CBZ and 0.05-100 μg/mL for MHD. The results indicated that the method exhibited good linearity in the corresponding ranges with the correlation coefficients (r) of 0.999. The limits of detection (S/N=3) of CBZ and MHD were 0.004 μg/mL and 0.01 μg/mL, respectively. The average recoveries at three spiked levels of CBZ and MHD were 92.7% and 94.2%, respectively, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 6.1%. Furthermore, the intra column to column (n=3) and inter batch to batch (n=5) RSDs were no more than 5.3%. The RSDs of eight repeated extraction cycles were no more than 5.8%. The developed method is effective and simple, and is suitable for the determination of CBZ and MHD in human serum.

ПОЛИМЕРНЫЕ СОРБЕНТЫ ДЛЯ СБОРА НЕФТЕПРОДУКТОВ С ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ВОДОЁМОВ: ОБЗОР АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ ЗА 2000–2017 гг. (ЧАСТЬ 2)

ПОЛИМЕРНЫЕ СОРБЕНТЫ ДЛЯ СБОРА НЕФТЕПРОДУКТОВ С ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ВОДОЁМОВ: ОБЗОР АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ ЗА 2000–2017 гг. (ЧАСТЬ 2)

ПОЛИМЕРНЫЕ СОРБЕНТЫ ДЛЯ СБОРА НЕФТЕПРОДУКТОВ С ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ВОДОЁМОВ: ОБЗОР АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ ЗА 2000–2017 гг. (ЧАСТЬ 1)

ПОЛИМЕРНЫЕ СОРБЕНТЫ ДЛЯ СБОРА НЕФТЕПРОДУКТОВ С ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ВОДОЁМОВ: ОБЗОР АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ ЗА 2000–2017 гг. (ЧАСТЬ 1)

Bar adsorptive microextraction (BAμE) with a polymeric sorbent for the determination of emerging contaminants in water samples by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

A central composite design was applied to evaluate different sorbents in BAμE for the determination of emerging contaminants in water by UHPLC-MS/MS.

ПОЛИМЕРНЫЕ СОРБЕНТЫ ДЛЯ СБОРА НЕФТЕПРОДУКТОВ С ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ВОДОЁМОВ: ОБЗОР РУССКОЯЗЫЧНОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ ЗА 2000–2017 ГГ. (ЧАСТЬ 3)

ПОЛИМЕРНЫЕ СОРБЕНТЫ ДЛЯ СБОРА НЕФТЕПРОДУКТОВ С ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ВОДОЁМОВ: ОБЗОР РУССКОЯЗЫЧНОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ ЗА 2000–2017 ГГ. (ЧАСТЬ 3)

Verification of the analytical signal additivity for the spectrophotometric determination of the total content of Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Zn(II) using indicator films

Statistical 3s- and t-criteria are used for the verification of the absorbance additivity of the immobilized in gelatin films complexes of 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR) with metal ions Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), both in equal concentrations, and in different ratios of their molar concentrations over the entire range of metal contents. An Agfa photographic film for offset printing is used as a transparent polymeric sorbent. Silver halides are previously removed from the gelatin layer. The extraction of the reagent into the gelatin film layer is carried out from an aqueous solution of PAR (1 mmol/l) for 45 minutes; the films with the reagent are kept in a solution of metal salts during 15 minutes. The light absorption of the films with red metal complexes is measured versus to the yellow film with the reagent on the Hitachi U-2000 spectrophotometer and the KFK-3 photocolorimeter. Two types of solutions are prepared in the concentration range (0.25–6.5)·10-5 mol/l — solutions of individual metal salts and solutions containing five metal ions simultaneously. Method I: the concentration of metal ions in individual solutions (c) is set equal to the total metal concentration in their mixture (сΣ); the metal concentrations in the mixture are equal (сΣ/5). Method II: the concentrations of metal ions in individual solutions are set to the same as in their mixtures; the ratio of the concentrations of metals in the solutions of their mixture is varied. 3-5 samples of the modified films are immersed in the solutions, air dried and obtained the value of absorbance in the wavelength range 480-580 nm in 5 nm steps. The results of the measurements are averaged and the dispersions are calculated for the individual and summary signals. The analytical signal from the sum of metal complexes(АΣ) and the sum of analytical signals from individual metal complexes (ΣА) are compared. In the case of application of the 3s-criterion, the deviation from the additivity of the total signal is assumed to be statistically insignificant if the calculated differences (| AΣ – ΣА/n | or | AΣ – ΣА |), doesn’t exceed the tripled standard deviation of the total signal. In the case of Student's-test, the critical value (tcrit=t0.01,f) and the calculated on the basis of the experimental data criterion value are compared. It is found, that the analytical signal from the sum of metals, both in equal concentrations, and in different ratios of their molar concentrations, doesn’t have significant deviations from additivity in the entire range of the metal contents and wavelength range. The indicator films are used for spectrophotometric and visual-test determination of the total content of Cu (II), Co (II), Ni (II), Pb (II), Zn (II) in samples of natural water. The accuracy of the determinations is proved by atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Highly selective preconcentration of ultra-trace amounts of lead ions in real water and food samples by dispersive solid phase extraction using modified magnetic graphene oxide as a novel sorbent

A simple dispersive solid-phase extraction method coupled with atomic absorption spectrometry detection was developed for selective separation of ultra-trace of lead ion using graphene oxide modified such as the pseudo imprinted polymer sorbent in real samples.

Hypercrosslinked microporous polymer sorbents for the efficient recycling of a soluble acid catalyst in cellulose hydrolysis

The use of hypercrosslinked microporous polymers overcomes the difficulties in the recycling of soluble acid catalysts within the lignocellulosic biorefinery improving the sustainability of cellulose hydrolysis and several other transformations.

Preparation of nanoparticle-modified polymeric adsorbent using wastage fuzzes of mechanized carpet and its application in dye removal from aqueous solution

Abstract In this study, using wastage fuzzes of mechanized carpet, a novel polymeric adsorbent (WPAN), was fabricated by electrospinning method; then, MNP-WPAN, GO-MNP-WPAN and C/GO-MNP-WPAN adsorbents were prepared by modifying with magnetic nanoparticle (MNP), graphite oxide (GO) and carboxylate functional group (C), respectively. The nanoparticles and polymeric adsorbents were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, BET, VSM and XRD analyses. The effects of nanoparticles content on polymer structure, pH, sorbent dosage and contact time on the removal of Basic Red 46 (BR 46) from aqueous solution were investigated. In addition, batch experiments were carried out with initial concentration of 5–60 mg/L. Our results showed that the C/GO1%/MNP5%-WPAN spherical polymer (final product) was an effective adsorbent for the BR46 removal, so that the maximum efficiency in removing was 96.92% at pH 11. The correlation coefficients, isotherm and kinetic parameters showed that the Freundlich and pseudo-second order models were the best in describing the equilibrium sorption. The reusability study showed that C/GO1%-MNP5%-WPANpolymer was effective in dye removal about 85% after 5 consecutive use without any modification and the dye desorption.

Boronate affinity solid-phase extraction of cis-diol compounds by a one-step electrochemically synthesized selective polymer sorbent.

A rational-designed conductive sorbent, poly(thiophene-3-boronic acid) electrochemically deposited on a carbon fiber bundle, was applied for boronate affinity extraction. The coated carbon fiber bundle packed into a poly(ether ether ketone) tube was then successfully used for online solid-phase microextraction-high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of cis-diol compounds. Three kinds of catecholamines (namely, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine) were used as the test analytes. Good extraction efficiency (more than 600-fold), low limits of detection (0.2 ng·mL-1 for adrenaline, 0.1 ng·mL-1 for noradrenaline and dopamine), and wide linear ranges were obtained. The method was demonstrated to be efficient for analysis of catecholamines in spiked plasma samples, with good recoveries in the range of 92.5-95.71%. This work exhibited several significant advantages, including ease of use, high specificity, and high extraction efficiency. It has been demonstrated that such an electrochemically synthesized sorbent has great potential for research involving cis-diol compounds. Graphical abstract Electrochemical modification, packing of fiber bundles, and extraction mechanism. PEEK poly(ether ether ketone).

One-pot synthesis of a multi-template molecularly imprinted polymer for the extraction of six sulfonamide residues from milk before high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection.

A highly selective molecularly imprinted polymer sorbent was synthesized and employed for the simultaneous determination of six sulfonamide antibiotic residues (sulfanilamide, sulfacetamide, sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethizole) in milk samples. Multi-analyte imprinted particles were used as a sorbent in solid-phase extraction. Sulfonamides were separated on a high-performance liquid chromatography column (Merck-Lichrospher RP18e, 5 μm 250 × 4mm) and further identified and quantified by diode array detection. Several parameters including required loading of the molecularly imprinted polymer sorbent, mass of milk, volume, and type of elution solvent, as well as time for absorption and elution were investigated to obtain optimal experimental conditions. For comparison purpose, a non-imprinted polymer was applied under the optimum conditions. The validation study according to the European Union Decision 2002/657/EC was based on the investigation of linearity, selectivity, stability, limits of detection and quantitation, decision limit, detection capability, trueness, precision, and ruggedness according to Youden's approach. The decision limit and detection capability values in the milk were achieved from 101.9 to 113.5μg/kg and from 114.4 to 135.4μg/kg, respectively, depending on the target sulfonamide drug. Finally, the optimized protocol was successfully applied to commercial milk samples and human breast milk.

Techno-economic feasibility assessment of CO2 capture from coal-fired power plants using molecularly imprinted polymer

Mature CO2 capture technologies would reduce the net thermal efficiency of the coal-fired power plant by 7–13% points, leading to an electricity cost increase of at least 60%. To minimise the energy-intensity of CO2 capture, novel technologies and CO2 capture materials are being developed. This study assessed the techno-economic feasibility of the CO2 capture system using acrylamide-based molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sorbent in a 580 MWel coal-fired power plant retrofit scenario. Under the initial design basis, the net efficiency penalty and the energy penalty of the MIP retrofit scenario were estimated to be 5.3%HHV points and 14.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the cost of CO2 avoided was estimated to be 29.3 £/tCO2. Such techno-economic performance was found to be superior to the CO2 capture system using chemical solvents. The parametric study revealed that the thermodynamic performance of the MIP retrofit scenario is mainly affected by the sorbent capacity, as the net efficiency penalty was found to increase from 4.4 to 8.9%HHV points on reduction of the sorbent capacity from 1 to 0.2 mmol CO2/g. Moreover, the economic performance was not only found to be affected by sorbent capacity, but primarily on the cyclic performance of the MIP sorbent. It was shown that the cost of CO2 avoided would increase linearly with increase of the MIP sorbent make-up at a rate of 6.8 £/tCO2 per 0.1% of sorbent make-up.

Nanoporosity of Polymer Sorbents and Membrane Materials as Seen by PALS and Low Temperature Gas Sorption

Nanoporosity of Polymer Sorbents and Membrane Materials as Seen by PALS and Low Temperature Gas Sorption

A four-coordinate cadmium(II) polymer for efficient adsorption of Congo red, kinetic, isotherm, fluorescence and antibacterial activity

A 3-D cadmium-based coordination polymer, [CdCl2L]n (1) (where L = 1,1-(1,6-hexanediyl)bis(1,3-dihydro-3-methyl-1H-imidazole-2-thione), was synthesized and structurally characterized. The capability of the polymer as an efficient sorbent for Congo red (CR) removal from aqueous solution has been evaluated. Compound 1 has a tetrahedral arrangement with a CdS2Cl2 core. L in 1 is bidentate to two neighboring CdII centers via the methimidazole sulfurs to create 1D chains propagating along the c-axis. The remaining coordination sites are occupied by two terminal chlorides. The chains are further stabilized by intermolecular C–H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds between the chlorides and hydrogens of the imidazole rings. Parallel chains stack in the 3-D structure. The CdII polymer sorbent was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, UV–vis, solid fluorescence and X-ray single-crystal diffraction. Sorption kinetics were studied by three kinetic models, second order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion. The results indicate that the mechanism of the sorption process followed Elovich kinetic model. Sorption equilibrium was also studied with Langmuir, Temkin, and Freundlich isotherm models. The sorption process followed the Temkin isotherm. MIC, MBC, and DNA cleavage activities of 1 were also studied. Furthermore, the UV–vis and solid state fluorescence spectra of 1 were measured.

Frontal dynamics of erythromycin sorption on monolithic molecularly imprinted polymer sorbents

The effect the flow rate of a mobile phase has on the frontal dynamics of antibiotic erythromycin sorption by monolithic molecularly imprinted polymeric sorbents based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and their non-imprinted analog is studied. It is shown that erythromycin sorption proceeds in both the interglobular and intraglobular space of monolithic matrices, and the dynamic capacity of sorption can be regulated by changing the time of the experiment. The mobile phase flow rate at which the maximum specific bonding of the antibiotic by molecularly imprinted monolithic sorbents is observed is determined.