Polymer Nano Research Articles

Highly efficient solar seawater evaporation by aerogel with vertical channels and hierarchical pores structure based on high-absorbent alginate fibers

Utilizing interfacial evaporation under sunlight is an effective way for desalination. Researchers have developed various solar evaporators to replace traditional processes. However, crystalline salt deposition and low evaporation rates have hindered the application of solar evaporators, which remain critical challenges in the field. Inspired by vascular plants, a novel strategy using natural high-absorbent alginate fibers as the aerogel backbone and polypyrrole as the solar absorber was employed to prepare an eco-friendly solar evaporator in this study. The biomimetic evaporator with abundant hydrophilic groups, vertical channels, and hierarchical pores structure inside achieves a maximum evaporation efficiency of 4.27 kg m-2h−1 under one solar intensity radiation, with an energy efficiency of more than 99 %. The nano polymer photo absorbents provide composite aerogels with excellent light absorption and mechanical properties, maintaining their shape and evaporation efficiency even after repeated use dozens of times. Its unique structures reduce water transport resistance radially to provide a fast water transport channel and efficiently desalinate, preventing salt from crystallizing on the evaporator surface. Obtaining a structurally controllable solar-driven evaporator in this way is expected to be used on a large scale for high-efficiency water purification, solving the freshwater resource crisis.

Exploring the potential of curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for angiogenesis and antioxidant proficiency in zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio)

BackgroundCurcumin is an age old traditional medicine. Although curcumin has several advantages, its water solubility and bioavailability limit its use as a natural therapeutic agent. Polymeric nano curcumin could be an excellent option to overcome these challenges to augment its therapeutic efficacy. This work aimed to synthesize curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles and assess their angiogenic and antioxidant potential in the zebrafish model.ResultsThe double emulsion solvent evaporation process was employed to make curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles. Curcumin showed ~ 28.23 (± 2.49) encapsulation efficacy with an average diameter of PLGA nanoparticles 168.5 (± 2.5) nm and curcumin nanoparticles about 281.6 (± 17.2) nm, respectively. The curcumin nanoparticles showed no developmental toxicity to the zebrafish embryos while reduced toxicity compared to the native curcumin. Further, the curcumin nanoparticles reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species and improved angiogenesis in the model system. All these results confirmed that the nanoparticle has had higher bio-efficacy than that of native curcumin.ConclusionThis study shows that PLGA curcumin nanoparticles hold an excellent therapeutic promise for wound healing, tissue regeneration and other biomedical applications where angiogenesis and ROS play critical role.

Impact of Nitrogen Containing Nano Clay Polymer Composite (N-NCPC), Nano Urea and Other Nitrogen Carriers on Soil Nitrogen Fractions and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Wheat Grown in a Typic Haplustepts

Impact of Nitrogen Containing Nano Clay Polymer Composite (N-NCPC), Nano Urea and Other Nitrogen Carriers on Soil Nitrogen Fractions and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Wheat Grown in a Typic Haplustepts

Recent Advances in Polymeric Nano Formulations Using Phenolic Compound Targeting Anti Inflammation

Recent Advances in Polymeric Nano Formulations Using Phenolic Compound Targeting Anti Inflammation

Introduction of Novel Drug Shipping Gadget Nanocapsule

Nano drugs are vesicular structures in which the medicine is contained in a hollow with an inner liquid middle and a polymeric membrane surrounding it . A Nano pill is nanoscale shall made from a secure polymer Nano pill consists of a thin membrane surrounding a middle (Liquid, stable) with their length starting from 10nm to one thousand nm. Nano capsules are submicroscopic colloidal drug provider structures composed of an oily or an aqueous middle surrounded via a skinny polymer membrane. The membrane can be composed of natural or artificial polymers. Kinds of polymers can be hired inside the manufacture of Nano tablets. 1) Polymers discovered in nature 2) Polymers that have been synthesized . a) Solvent evaporation b) Nano precipitation c) emulsification / Solvent diffusion d) Salting out e) Dialysis f) incredible vital fluid era are some of the strategies used to create nano pills. The nanometric length of Nano capsule may be exciting for many programs like cosmetics, perfumes or pharmaceutical industries. this text is an prolonged overview of these Nanocapsule technologies and their applications for the remedy of diverse diseases. The Nanocapsule is used in various fields for drug transport in case of tumors, as a Nano capsule Bandages to combat infection, as a liposomal Nanocapsule in meals technology and Agriculture, in turning in radio remedy and as a self-recovery material. Nano capsules are subjected to a diffusion of characterization and evaluation methods. To attain managed launch and efficient drug focused on, dispersed polymer nanocapsules can be employed as nano-sized drug providers. Nanocapsules variety in length from 10 nm to a thousand nm and are available in a selection of sizes. Nanocapsule is a Nanoparticle that is spherical, hole shape with a diameter much less than 200nm in which favored substance may be placed. They may be packed with a solvent, both polar or non polar.

Casein and acryl amide complexation and bio-adhesive polymeric nano micelles influence on vortioxetine dissolution, penetration enhancement and in vivo absorption

Vortioxetine (VTX) is a new atypical antidepressant used to treat major depression and other mental disorders. Due to its low water solubility, oral absorption, and fast metabolism, VTX has been commercially manufactured and sold as a hydrobromide. Long-term VTX hydrobromide therapy is frequently associated with respiratory irritation and digestive dysfunction. Two techniques were developed for dissolution, swelling, adherence, and penetration enhancements. The techniques were the VTX and casein (CAS) complexation using the maximum loading capacity, and VTX-polymeric nano micelle using the “Sandwich Technique”. This study includes the maximum VTX-CAS binding capacity determination, VTX-CAS complex preparation, polymeric nano micelle encapsulating VTX-CAS complex optimizations, physiochemical characterisations, solubility assessment, VTX release analysis, swelling analysis and mucus-penetrating study of the VTX-CAS complex and VTX polymeric nano micelle in comparison to the VTX raw material. The optimum VTX-polymeric nano micelle dissolution, swelling, adherence, and penetration enhancements were supported by the results of 91.10±16.34 nm, +19 mV zeta-potential, structural arrangements, and enhanced amorphic character with the morphology and size distribution (50–100 nm). The VTX-polymeric nano micelle could serve as an oral alternative to the VTX hydrobromide therapy based on the results of the biocompatibility and in vivo absorption studies for the VTX-polymeric nano micellar system.

Microfluidics-Assisted Polymer Vesicle Budding in Emulsion Systems: A Promising Approach for the Preparation and Application of Polymer Vesicles

The challenge of producing polymer vesicles remains difficult, despite numerous attempts to modulate the kinetics of polymer vesicle budding and achieve precise control over the membrane characteristics. An innovative approach that incorporates the use of copolymer-loaded single-emulsion droplets is proposed to address this challenge. This method enables the precise manipulation of micelles and polymer vesicles’ composition, structures and dimensions. The emulsion contracts and forms microspheres when the copolymer concentrations exceed > 0.5 wt%, resulting in the formation of nano polymer vesicles. Conversely, the copolymer spontaneously forms micro polymer vesicles and micelles through vesicle budding at lower concentrations. The spontaneous production of vesicles and micelles can be induced by modifying the copolymer concentration in the emulsion. Our discoveries have a significant impact relative to the development of copolymer membranes and contribute to an enhanced comprehension of the mass manufacturing of polymer vesicles from single emulsions.

A novel conjugated microporous polymer nano hollow sphere containing N, P and Si flame retardant elements with both thermal insulation and flame retardant properties

It is particularly important to develop new materials with both thermal insulation and flame retardant properties for addressing the severe issues caused by fire accidents. Herein, a kind of conjugated microporous polymer nanospheres with hollow structure (HCMPNS) was synthesized by Sonogashira-Hagihara cross-coupling reaction using SiO2 nanospheres as hard template and 1,3,5-triacetylenebenzene, as alkynyl monomer. Then, HCMPNS was chemically graft-modified with azidotrimethylsilane (TMSA) by "click" chemistry (HCMPNS-FRSi), and the HCMPNS-FRSi obtained from the reaction was introduced into flammable epoxy resin (EP) to obtain EP based composites, i.e. EP-Ⅰ and EP-Ⅱ. The thermal conductivities were found to be 0.0341 W m−1 K−1 and 0.0268 W m−1 K−1 for EP-Ⅰ and EP-Ⅱ, respectively, showing excellent thermal insulation performance. The total heat release (THR), the total smoke production (TSP) and the peak CO2 produced (CO2P) of EP-Ⅰ were reduced by 18.0 %, 8.0 %, 14.3 % compared with pure EP as measured by cone calorimetry (CC), respectively, indicating a certain extent flame retardant effect. In order to further improve its flame retardant properties, phosphoric acid containing the flame retardant phosphorus element was added to HCMPNS-FRSi (HCMPNS-FRSi-P), followed by the introduction of the resulting HCMPNS-FRSi-P into EP matrix to form EP based composites with Si and P dual incorporation (EP-III and EP-IV), with the thermal conductivities of 0.0470 W m−1 K−1 and 0.0855 W m−1 K−1, respectively. Through the cone calorimetry (CC) of EP-III, EP-IV, total heat release (THR) were reduced by 17.0 %, 23.8 %, total smoke production (TSP) were reduced by 6.2 %, 7.2 %, respectively. The peak heat release rate (HRR) and the peak CO2 produced (CO2P) of EP-Ⅳ were reduced by 16 % and 25 %, respectively, compared with pure EP. It has good thermal insulation and flame retardant effect. Therefore, HCMPNS-FRSi-P, as a new type of flame retardant material, has great potential in the fields of electronics, construction, transportation and so on.

Application of nano- and micro-particle-based approaches for selected bronchodilators in management of asthma.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the airways, posing a substantial health threat to a large number of people worldwide. Bronchodilators effectively alleviate symptoms of airway obstruction by inducing relaxation of the smooth muscles in the airways, thereby reducing breathlessness and enhancing overall quality of life. The drug targeting to lungs poses significant challenges; however, this issue can be resolved by employing nano- and micro-particles drug delivery systems. This review provides brief insights about underlying mechanisms of asthma, including the role of several inflammatory mediators that contribute to the development and progression of this disease. This article provides an overview of the physicochemical features, pharmacokinetics, and mechanism of action of particular groups of bronchodilators, including sympathomimetics, PDE-4 inhibitors (phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors), methylxanthines, and anticholinergics. This study presents a detailed summary of the most recent developments in incorporation of bronchodilators in nano- and micro-particle-based delivery systems which include solid lipid nanoparticles, bilosomes, novasomes, liposomes, polymeric nano- and micro-particles. Specifically, it focuses on breakthroughs in the categories of sympathomimetics, methylxanthines, PDE-4 inhibitors, and anticholinergics. These medications have the ability to specifically target alveolar macrophages, leading to a higher concentration of pharmaceuticals in the lung tissues.

Enhanced drug loading efficiency of polymer nano fluorescent carrier system for osteoarthritis treatment

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease in the elderly, characterized by chondrocyte death and cartilage matrix degradation, influenced by mechanical, biological, and environmental factors. Current treatments focus on surgery, but there is a critical need for effective drug development to advance OA management. In this study, we developed a novel composite material, ALG-BA-8-HQ, composed of alginate (ALG), benzoic acid (BA), and 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ), and subsequently loaded it with compound 1, forming ALG-BA-8-HQ@1. Comprehensive characterization using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and fluorescence spectroscopy confirmed the chemical bonding between ALG, BA, and 8-HQ, revealed the surface morphology and microstructure, and demonstrated excellent fluorescence properties. The application of ALG-BA-8-HQ@1 in OA treatment showed promising results, enhancing chondrocyte proliferation and increasing the anti-inflammatory capacity of chondrocytes, indicating its potential for effective OA therapy.

Utilization of Nanocenospheres a waste material to improve the physical and rheological properties of SBS asphalt binders

The performance enhancement of asphalt binders by incorporating innovative additives has been a subject of significant research and industry interest. This study emphasizes the potential of Nano polymer composites as a promising additive for improving the performance of asphalt binders, providing valuable insights into developing advanced asphalt materials for sustainable road infrastructure construction and maintenance. It explores the utilization of nano cenospheres to amplify the attributes of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) modified asphalt binders. It introduces a novel approach by incorporating Nano polymer composites (NPC) comprising nanocenosphere particles and Styrene-butadiene-Styrene Particles. Nanocenosphere particles are the waste materials derived from coal combustion in thermal power plants. Styrene-butadiene-styrene is a type of thermoplastic elastomer, a synthetic rubber. A series of experimental tests, penetration, softening point, ductility, performance grading, temperature sweep, multiple stress and creep recovery, frequency sweep, linear amplitude sweep, and rutting aging index, is conducted to evaluate changes in physical and rheological properties. Results indicate that adding nano cenospheres particles in SBS asphalt binder enhances its softening point, elasticity recovery, rutting resistance, fatigue life, storage stability, and aging resistance compared to traditional SBS-modified asphalt binders. Statistical analyses were accomplished to comprehend the influence of the Nano polymer composites. This analysis provides valuable insights into the effects of nanocenospheres on SBS-modified binders. Through rigorous statistical analysis, a thorough interpretation of how the incorporation of nanocenospheres influences the attributes of Nano-polymer composites.

Lysine and citric acid based pegylated polymeric dendritic nano drug delivery carrier and their bioactivity evaluation

The main objective of this work is to synthesize multifunctional nanodendritic structural molecules that can effectively encapsulate hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic therapeutic agents. Four different types of fourth-generation lysine-citric acid based dendrimer have been synthesized in this work: PE-MC-Lys-CA-PEG, TMP-MC-Lys-CA-PEG, PE-MS-Lys-CA-PEG, and TMP-MS-Lys-CA-PEG. The antibacterial drug cefotaxime (CFTX) was further conjugated to these dendrimers. The dendrimer and drug-dendrimer conjugate structures were characterized with the help of FTIR,1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Zeta sizer, AFM, and HR-TEM techniques were used to investigate the particle size, surface topography, and structural characteristics of drug-dendrimer conjugates. In vitro drug release was then investigated using dialysis method. Various kinetic drug release models were examined to evaluate the type of kinetic drug release mechanism of the formulations. Cytotoxicity study revealed that the dendrimers encapsulated with CFTX exhibited 2-3% toxicity against healthy epithelial cells, indicating their safe use. Plain dendrimers show 10-15% hemolytic toxicity against red blood cells (RBC), and the toxicity was reduced to 2-3% when CFTX was conjugated to the same dendrimers. The 3rd and 4th generation synthesized drug-dendrimer conjugates exhibit a significantly effective zone of inhibition (ZOI) against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. For Gram-positive bacteria, the lower concentration of 0.1 mg/mL showed more than 98% inhibition of drug-dendrimer conjugate samples against B. subtilis and more than 50% inhibition against S. aureus using 0.2 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, samples with concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL exhibited more than 50% inhibition against S. typhimurium and E. coli, respectively.

Nano Formulation and Evaluation of Atorvastatin Mouth Dissolving Tablets

Atorvastatin calcium is an anti-hyperlipidemic drug that competitively inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and decrease production of cholesterol in liver. This statin derivative is highly metabolized in gut wall and liver so that it produces only 14% oral bioavailability. In this study we aim to improve the bioavailability of BCS II drug atorvastatin calcium in the formulation of mouth dissolving tablet, which enters the blood stream via facial, jugular artery and vein, by penetrating the lipid membrane when the tablet disintegrates. The Atorvastatin – chitosan nanoparticles was formulated by freeze drying of colloidal solution of nanoparticles. Super disintegrant like croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, and sodium starch glycolate were added and tested for its dispersion properties. The prepared formulation shows enhanced rate of dissolution and may helpful by avoiding first pass metabolism and to achieve maximum bioavailability. Further the polymeric nano formulation (atorvastatin-chitosan nano particle) allows drug to penetrate much faster and dissolve the drug in saliva. Finally, the prepared formulation is evaluated by pre formulation studies, pre compression evaluation, post compression evaluation and the result of the study revealed that atorvastatin chitosan nanoparticles with size of 406 nm and PDI 0.246 had 118% dissolute in 10 min and shows enhance bioavailability.

A computational Finite Element Study for Optimizing the Biomedical Strength of MWCNT Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are highly regarded for reinforcing polymeric nano biocomposites, like polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), owing to their versatility across various biological applications such as such as dental crowns, artificial teeth and dentures. In this study micromechanical models were meticulously developed to evaluate PMMA matrices fortified with MWCNTs at varying weight percentages (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%). The assessment was conducted using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) facilitated by ANSYS 2022 (Ansys, Inc., USA). Notably, the investigation focused on validating the tensile strength against experimental data, revealing the peak tensile strength at 0.5 wt% MWCNT. Moreover, models featuring isotropic filler orientations demonstrated remarkable alignment with experimental outcomes. Furthermore, the study delved into exploring the influence of diverse MWCNT filler diameters (ranging from 10 to 35 nm) on the tensile strength, indicating a direct correlation with increasing diameter. However, it was observed that the larger diameters tended to correlate with decreased compressive and flexural strength. These comprehensive findings underscore the promising potential of MWCNT reinforced PMMA nanocomposites in advancing biomedical research, where enhanced mechanical properties play a pivotal role.

Harnessing of carboxy containing starch nanoparticles as an adsorbent for Cd (II) ions and methylene blue from waste water effluent: synthesis, metrological characterization and properties

Purpose The novelty addressed here is undertaken by using tailor-made and fully characterized starch nanoparticles (SNPs) having a particle size ranging from 80 to 100 nm with a larger surface area, biodegradability and high reactivity as a starting substrate for cadmium ions and basic dye removal from wastewater effluent. This was done via carboxylation of SNPs with citric acid via esterification reaction using the dry preparation technique, in which a simple, energy-safe and sustainable process concerning a small amount of water, energy and toxic chemicals was used. The obtained adsorbent is designated as cross-linked esterified starch nanoparticles (CESNPs). Design/methodology/approach The batch technique was used to determine the CESNPs adsorption capacity, whereas atomic adsorption spectrometry was used to determine the residual cadmium ions concentration in the filtrate before and after adsorption. Different factors affecting adsorption were examined concerning pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and degree of carboxylation. Besides, to validate the esterification reaction and existence of carboxylic groups in the adsorbent, CESNPs were characterized metrologically via analytical tools for carboxyl content estimation and instrumental tools using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphological analysis. Findings The overall adsorption potential of CESNPs was found to be 136 mg/g when a 0.1 g adsorbent dose having 190.8 meq/100 g sample carboxyl content at pH 5 for 60 min contact time was used. Besides, increasing the degree of carboxylation of the CESNPs expressed as carboxyl content would lead to the higher adsorption capacity of cadmium ions. FTIR spectroscopy analysis elucidates the esterification reaction with the appearance of a new intense peak C=O ester at 1,700 cm−1, whereas SEM observations reveal some atomic/molecules disorder after esterification. Originality/value The innovation addressed here is undertaken by studying the consequence of altering the extent of carboxylation reaction expressed as carboxyl contents on the prepared CESNPs via a simple dry technique with a small amount of water, energy and toxic chemicals that were used as a sustainable bio nano polymer for cadmium ions and basic dye removal from wastewater effluent in comparison with other counterparts published in the literature.

Coaxial electrospinning of polycaprolactone – A design of experiments approach

Coaxial electrospinning is a commonly used technique in pharmaceutical sciences that allows producing polymeric nano- or microfibers with core-shell structure. In addition to process parameters such as voltage and flow rate of the polymer solutions, the properties of such fibers are influenced by solution properties including the total polymer concentration and the polymer ratio between fiber core and shell. As these parameters are typically changed empirically during development of electrospinning methods, there is a lack of structured studies that determine the optimal settings for the production of homogeneous, mechanically stable fibers. Therefore, we used a design of experiments approach to systematically address the coaxial electrospinning process of polycaprolactone, a polymer for biomaterials applied to the skin, for instance in the form of patches for wound healing or the treatment of skin cancer. We set out to investigate the influence of different process parameters on the fiber morphology (diameter and size distribution) as well as their mechanical properties as these properties are decisive determinants for handling and pharmaceutical efficacy of such patches. The investigated process parameters were the polymer concentration in the electrospinning solution and the ratio of polymer between fiber core and shell. We additionally investigated the impact of the presence of the model drug hydrocortisone in the fiber core on the electrospinning outcome and the drug release. The experiments revealed that the fiber diameter increases with increasing total polymer concentration, correlating with a narrower fiber size distribution. In addition, our results show that a higher ratio of polymer content in core and shell leads to more mechanically stable fibers (higher tensile strength, higher Young’s modulus). Taken together, the results obtained in this study contribute to a better understanding of the electrospinning process of polycaprolactone.

An Application of Polymer Nanocomposites Based On Carboxymethylcellulose along with Aluminium (Al) and Copper (Cu) Nanoparticles for Increasing Oil Production

As an agent for displacing residual and hard-to-recover oil reserves, polymer nanocomposites based on sodium salts of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and aluminium (Al) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles were investigated. It has been shown that polymer nanocomposites are more effective as oil displacement agents than the sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose itself. Increasing the viscosity of an oil displacement solution can be achieved by varying the concentrations of CMC and nanoparticles. This study thoroughly examined the dynamic viscosities of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and polymer nanocomposites that contain CMC and metal nanoparticles (Al and Cu) across various concentrations. The results obtained are robust and reliable. It has been shown that, among polymer nanocomposites containing Al nanoparticles, there is a higher dynamic viscosity compared to its Cu nanoparticle counterpart at equivalent concentrations. This work proposes a simulation reservoir model to enhance oil recovery from hard-to-recovery reserves. Through this reservoir model simulation, the oil recovery factor was calculated using filler sand and oil extracted from a hydrocarbon field. The experimental data revealed the most effective concentration of CMC and nanoparticles for oil displacement. The results suggest that polymer nano composites composed of different metal nano powders have varying impacts on oil displacement efficiency. In this experiment, a composition consisting of Al nanoparticles with a size range of 50-70 manometers (nm) proved to be more successful as an oil displacement agent than a polymer nanocomposite made of Cu nanoparticles and CMC. At these concentrations and combinations, the highest oil recovery factors were achieved.

Mechanical characterization of bamboo and glass fiber hybrid composite material

Natural fibers are appealing due to its inexpensive price, small weight, and high specific modulus, renewable nature, as well as biodegradability. Bamboo fibers is one of the most promising natural fibers (along with jute, sisal, bamboo, coir, banana, and others) owing to its low cost, light weight, quick growing cycle, and wide availability. The goal of this paper is to look into fibers orientation reinforced hybrid polymer nano composites that combine BAMBOO/E-GLASS and epoxy polymer in the ratios of E-glass fibre80 percent +bamboo 20 percent, E-glass Fibre70 percent +bamboo 30 percent, and E-glass Fibre60 percent +bamboo 40 percent of volume. The mechanical characteristics will be calculated by performing tests on the specimen's tension, hardness, and flexural qualities in line with ASTM standards. Finally, the values are verified when the testing results have been obtained.

Experimental investigation and FEA implementation on drilling of graphene reinforced GF/epoxy polymer nano composite laminate using coated and uncoated carbide drills

Experimental investigation and FEA implementation on drilling of graphene reinforced GF/epoxy polymer nano composite laminate using coated and uncoated carbide drills

Experimental Investigation and FEA Implementation on Drilling of Graphene Reinforced GF/epoxy Polymer nano Composite Laminate using Coated and Uncoated Carbide Drills.

Experimental Investigation and FEA Implementation on Drilling of Graphene Reinforced GF/epoxy Polymer nano Composite Laminate using Coated and Uncoated Carbide Drills.