Dispersion Polymerization Research Articles

New Insight into Industrial Lignin Intermolecular Force Heterogeneity Mitigation: Monodispersed Lignin Colloidal Sphere Synthesis and Full Biomass Photonic Material Preparation.

Industrial lignin is an underutilized resource from the pulping industry due to its high heterogeneity. The transformation of industrial lignin into monodispersed lignin colloidal spheres (LCSs) for the preparation of advanced biomass photonic materials is particularly appealing, because of their unique biocompatibility. However, the LCSs synthesized from industrial lignin generally show a wide size distribution and thus limit this specific application. To address the issue, selective functionalization was carried out to convert phenolic and aliphatic -OH groups into ester groups, decreasing the LCS size distribution to a monodispersing degree. Simulation analysis revealed that the functionalization had narrowed the difference of C-O linkage electron cloud distribution and led to a lignin polarity decrease. Additionally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) quantification of lignin proved a force distribution index (FDI) decrease from 0.38 to 0.11, which was consistent with the LCS polymer dispersity index (PDI) decrease from 0.182 to 0.05. The photonic materials can be readily prepared from monodispersed LCSs with the color precisely adjusted by controlling LCS particle sizes.

Highly efficient iodine capture and selective adsorption and removal of cationic dyes by using a copper-based coordination polymer decorated over graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes

This study focuses on synthesizing hybrid nanocomposites (HNCs) through a one-step solvothermal method, combining highly crystalline and evenly dispersed copper-based coordination polymer (Cu-CP), graphene oxide (GO), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Extensive characterization using elemental analysis, SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, and crystallographic studies confirm the properties of the nanocomposites, with PXRD investigation supporting their clear crystalline structure. Morphological and elemental studies reveal effective adsorption of copper-benzoic acid-containing Cu-CP onto GO and CNT substrates. The synthesized nanocomposites exhibit superior adsorption capacity for iodine (I2), a model radioactive pollutant, attributed to decreased CP size and larger surface area. The strong affinity for I2 arises from various interactions, including conjugated π-electron aromatic systems and halogen bonds. Cu-CP, Cu-CP@GO, and Cu-CP@CNT adsorbents efficiently extract toxic iodine from hexane solution, achieving a substantial capture capacity of 347.85 mg/g over 24 h. In the vapor phase, Cu-CP@GO exhibits an even higher capacity (951.52 mg/g within 25 h). Moreover, the application of Cu-CP, Cu-CP@GO, and Cu-CP@CNT in environmental protection showcases their efficacy in removing cationic and anionic dyes, particularly highlighting remarkable cationic dye selectivity through cation-π and π-π interactions. This research underscores the promising potential of these HNCs in addressing environmental challenges and pollutant remediation.

Control of molecular weight distribution through photoresponsive RAFT polymerization with a temporal program-controlled system

The polymer dispersity index (PDI) is a vital metric for characterizing molecular weight distribution, significantly influencing polymer material performance. However, achieving precise control over PDI in polymer synthesis remains a substantial challenge. In this study, we introduce an approach for modifying the PDI of poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) in switchable reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerizations (RAFT). The devised strategy involves the utilization of photoresponsive hexaarylbiimidazole (HABI) as a mediator, coupled with temporal programming, to cyclically deactivate and reactivate propagating radicals at distinct stages throughout the polymerization process. The precise timing of the light stimulus is facilitated through computer-controlled single-chip microcomputer technology, ensuring automatic modulation of the optical state and mitigating operational inaccuracies. By manipulating external light conditions, the PDI of PMAs can be systematically adjusted within the range of 1.80–2.59. Validation through successful chain-extension experiments and analysis via MALDI-TOF MS confirm the preservation of good chain-end fidelity across PMAs with varying PDIs fabricated through this methodology.

Aqueous Dispersion Polymerization for the Development of Lamivudine-Polyacrylonitrile Nanoparticles through Quality by Design Approach.

The development of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) from preformed polymers usually requires the use of organic solvents and is more expensive. Hence, in this work, the development of polymeric nanoparticles by in situ aqueous dispersion polymerization from the monomers was set as an objective. Acrylonitrile monomer based polymeric NPs comprising Lamivudine (LMV) as a model drug were prepared using the aqueous dispersion polymerization technique. A quality by design approach was applied to optimise various formulation and process factors viz. monomer concentration, initiator concentration, stabilizer concentration and polymerization temperature. Polymerization time (PT), entrapment efficiency (EE), particle size (PS), and drug release rate constant (k) were taken as the responses to define the quality of the prepared NPs. Design of experiments analysis followed by optimization was performed to identify the optimized combination of the factors. Later, the optimized formulation was studied for the physical state of the LMV in the nanoparticles, surface morphology of the NPs and cytotoxicity studies. The optimized formulation was found to have 91.7 min. of PT, 81.4% of EE, 253 nm of PS and a k value of 0.262 h-1 (18 h to release 99%). The cytotoxicity studies indicated that the NPs were highly safe to use. These results altogether inferred that LMV contained NPs were developed effectively from the acrylonitrile monomer by the aqueous dispersion polymerization method.

Introduction of Novel Drug Shipping Gadget Nanocapsule

Nano drugs are vesicular structures in which the medicine is contained in a hollow with an inner liquid middle and a polymeric membrane surrounding it . A Nano pill is nanoscale shall made from a secure polymer Nano pill consists of a thin membrane surrounding a middle (Liquid, stable) with their length starting from 10nm to one thousand nm. Nano capsules are submicroscopic colloidal drug provider structures composed of an oily or an aqueous middle surrounded via a skinny polymer membrane. The membrane can be composed of natural or artificial polymers. Kinds of polymers can be hired inside the manufacture of Nano tablets. 1) Polymers discovered in nature 2) Polymers that have been synthesized . a) Solvent evaporation b) Nano precipitation c) emulsification / Solvent diffusion d) Salting out e) Dialysis f) incredible vital fluid era are some of the strategies used to create nano pills. The nanometric length of Nano capsule may be exciting for many programs like cosmetics, perfumes or pharmaceutical industries. this text is an prolonged overview of these Nanocapsule technologies and their applications for the remedy of diverse diseases. The Nanocapsule is used in various fields for drug transport in case of tumors, as a Nano capsule Bandages to combat infection, as a liposomal Nanocapsule in meals technology and Agriculture, in turning in radio remedy and as a self-recovery material. Nano capsules are subjected to a diffusion of characterization and evaluation methods. To attain managed launch and efficient drug focused on, dispersed polymer nanocapsules can be employed as nano-sized drug providers. Nanocapsules variety in length from 10 nm to a thousand nm and are available in a selection of sizes. Nanocapsule is a Nanoparticle that is spherical, hole shape with a diameter much less than 200nm in which favored substance may be placed. They may be packed with a solvent, both polar or non polar.

Plasma synthesis and characteristics of nanocomposite coatings based on PVA and chitosan with incorporated nanoparticles for the healing of skin wounds

This study investigated the impact of new composites based on PVA and chitosan on wound healing in mice. Metal or metal oxide nanoparticles were synthesized without reagents by creating an impulse discharge between metal electrodes in a polymer dispersion. Polymer composites and coatings were then prepared using these nanoparticles. The composites were analyzed using various techniques, including UV spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmittance electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The maximum concentration of nanoparticles in the composite was 3.5%. The average diameter of the nanoparticles was approximately 50-60 nm. The inclusion of Ag and ZnO nanoparticles accelerated the healing process by approximately 25%.

Polymer microparticles with ultralong room-temperature phosphorescence for visual and quantitative detection of oxygen through phosphorescence image and lifetime analysis

Room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials exhibiting long emission lifetimes have gained increasing attention owing to their potential applications in encryption, anti-counterfeiting, and sensing. However, most polymers exhibit a short RTP lifetime (<1 s) because of their unstable triplet excitons. Herein, a new strategy of polymer chain stabilized phosphorescence (PCSP), which yields a new kind of RTP polymers with an ultralong lifetime and a sensitive oxygen response, has been reported. The rigid polymer chains of poly(methyl mathacrylate) (PMMA) immobilize the emitter molecules through multiple interactions between them, giving rise to efficient RTP. Meanwhile, the loosely-packed amorphous polymer chains allow oxygen to diffuse inside, endowing the doped polymers with oxygen sensitivity. Flexible and transparent polymer films exhibited an impressive ultralong RTP lifetime of 2.57 s at room temperature in vacuum, which was among the best performance of PMMA. Intriguingly, their RTP was rapidly quenched in the presence of oxygen. Furthermore, RTP microparticles with a diameter of 1.63 μm were synthesized using in situ dispersion polymerization technique. Finally, oxygen sensors for quick, visual, and quantitative oxygen detection were developed based on the RTP microparticles through phosphorescence lifetime and image analysis. With distinctive advantages such as an ultralong lifetime, oxygen sensitivity, ease of fabrication, and cost-effectiveness, PCSP opens a new avenue to sensitive materials for oxygen detection.

Spray drying of polymer dispersions for redispersible powder coatings: Effects of stabilization mechanisms and process conditions

Spray drying of polymer dispersions for redispersible powder coatings: Effects of stabilization mechanisms and process conditions

Preparation and properties of polymer composites filled with modified highly dispersed polyethylene terephthalate

A new method of processing polyethylene terephthalate waste into a highly dispersed polymer filler by chemical treatment in an aqueous ammonia solution has been proposed. The possibility of obtaining highly dispersed polymer filler and polymer composite materials under elevated pressure and temperature by incorporating the filler into an epoxy oligomer has been demonstrated. The size and microphase structure of dispersed modified polyethylene terephthalate were determined using optical microscopy and speckle interferometry. Infrared spectroscopy established the presence of polyamide groups on the surface and preserved polyethylene terephthalate in the center of the particles. The use of 2-(tri-butoxymethyl)oxirane monoepoxide demonstrated that the resulting powder is an active filler and reacts with epoxy groups at elevated temperature, enhancing the strength of the composite after formation. Some operational characteristics of the polymer composites have been determined, and the feasibility of applying the proposed methods to address the disposal of PET containers, including plastic bottles, has been shown. The conditions for producing the fillers, along with the characteristics of the obtained fillers and the polymer composites based on them, have been established.

Enhancing mechanical properties and crack resistance of high-strength SHCC/ECC for durable transportation through ethylene-vinyl acetate polymer modification

Strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) possess excellent ductility and toughness, making them suitable for reinforcement and repair projects of transit infrastructures, such as tunnel linings, bridges, and highways. Especially, polyethylene (PE) fiber is admixed to SHCC for fabricating high-strength PE-SHCC. However, the hydrophobic nature of PE fibers results in relatively weak interfacial frictional bond strength with cementitious matrix, ultimately leading to larger crack widths and wider gaps. This poses durability and safety concerns for the practical applications of PE-SHCC in transit infrastructure. In this study, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) dispersible polymer is selected to address this problem. The effect of admixing EVA on mechanical and direct tensile properties of PE-SHCC is investigated. The compressive strength, first crack strength and matrix fracture toughness of PE-SHCC tended to decrease after EVA modification, however, the tensile strength and tensile strain increased significantly with doping. After that, the single fiber pullout test combined with flaw size/distribution analysis is performed to explore the improvement mechanism of PE-SHCC after EVA modification. It was found that the addition of EVA could significantly improve the interfacial transition zone (ITZ), increase the interfacial friction between PE fibers and matrix, and optimise the defect distribution within the matrix. The recommended dosage of EVA is 3–6 % comprehensive consideration of the tensile strength, strain energy, crack width, and mechanical strengths of the EVA-modified PE-SHCC. The enhancement of mechanical strengths and crack resistance in PE-SHCC contributes to the development of transit infrastructure towards greater reliability, durability, and resilience.

Deciphering Biosynthesis Mechanism and Solution Properties of Cyclic Amylopectin.

A novel cyclic amylopectin (CA) was synthesized from waxy corn starch (WCS) using Bacillus stearothermophilus branching enzyme (BstBE), providing insights into its biosynthesis mechanism and solution properties. During the first 4 h, BstBE partially cyclized WCS, producing 68.20% CA with a significantly reduced molecular weight (MW), from 8.98 × 10⁶ to 3.19 × 10⁴ g/mol and a lower polymer dispersity index (PDI), decreasing from 1.97 to 1.12. This resulted in a uniform CA structure with shorter chain lengths, particularly increasing DP 3-13, especially DP 7-9. Over the subsequent 4-12 h, the PDI slightly increased to 1.18 as the CA content decreased to 50.48%, with an increase in small ring structures (DP 6-12) of CA, suggesting both ring-opening and ring-downsizing due to continued enzyme catalysis. These results propose a two-stage reaction model: initial cyclization followed bybranching and secondary cyclization. CA exhibited excellent solution properties, with BE-4 and BE-12 samples demonstrating high solubility (≥65 g/100 mL), low viscosity (<0.01 Pa·s), and over 90% light transmittance after 14 days at 4 °C, highlighting its broad application potential.

Photoluminescence color-tuning with polymer-dispersed fluorescent films containing two fluorinated diphenylacetylene-type fluorophores.

The development of organic light-emitting devices has driven demand for new luminescent materials, particularly after the 2001 discovery of aggregation-induced emission. This study focuses on fluorinated diphenylacetylene-based luminescent molecules, revealing that specific molecular modifications can enhance fluorescence and achieve a wide range of photoluminescence colors. A simple and effective luminescence color-tuning method is proposed to investigate the photoluminescence behavior of two-component polymer dispersion films blended with two types of fluorinated diphenylacetylenes, namely blue- and yellow- or red-fluorescent fluorinated diphenylacetylenes. It is confirmed that if blue and green-yellow or yellow fluorophores are blended in appropriate ratios, a binary blend with color coordinates (0.20, 0.32) can be achieved, which approaches the white point of pure white emission. These findings contribute to the development of effective lighting and display devices as new white-light-emitting materials.

Co-stabilization effects of gluten/carrageenan to the over-heated myofibrillar protein: Inhibit the undesirable gel weakening and protein over-aggregations

High-temperature (120 °C) sterilization is an indispensable process for manufacturing ready-to-eat surimi products, yet risking the denaturation of their myofibrillar proteins (MP), thus significantly reducing the gelling properties. To resolve this problem, herein, a synergistic co-strengthening strategy was designed. The negatively charged polysaccharide carrageenan (CG) was introduced into MP simultaneously with wheat gluten, followed by 120 °C thermal treatment for 30 min. A substantial enhancement in mechanical strength, up to four times greater (from 9.86 to 42.38 g·cm), was observed for MP gels, which even surpassed that subjected to conventional gelation processes at 90 °C (36.53 g·cm). Gels that were concurrently added with gluten and CG exhibited porous networks, uniform water distribution, and improved water holding capacity. Accordingly, over-aggregation behaviors of MP were restricted, as evidenced by their reduced particle sizes and polymer dispersity index. Other heat-induced protein deteriorations at 120 °C, i.e., changes of secondary structures and disulfide bonding conformations, were also alleviated. By varying the CG types, it was shown that the κ-CG/gluten-added MP achieved highest gel strength, while the ι-CG/gluten combination may better stabilize the moisture in gel networks. This study introduces a co-reinforcement paradigm and scientific insights to the quality improvement of ready-to-eat meat products.

Nanocellulose‐polypropylene composites with novel antimicrobial complex salt

AbstractPolypropylene composites with different contents of zinc‐ammonium salts (3, 5 and 7 wt%) and nanocellulose (1 wt%) after enzymatic bioconversion were characterized by structural, dispersion‐morphological, thermal, antimicrobial and mechanical analysis. It was shown that the use of a newly synthesized salt significantly affected the formation of the supermolecular structure of the polymer matrix and increased the nucleation activity, thermostability and flexibility of the composite materials. Moreover, the addition of the inorganic filler allowed to obtain composites with very good antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. An interesting relationship between the degree of filler dispersion in the polymer matrix and the formation of polymorphic varieties was elucidated in the study, which contributes to the improvement of final performance characteristics of composite materials. It is noteworthy that a hybrid filler in the form of nanometric cellulose and a biocidal additive containing zinc‐ammonium complex salt was used for the first time. Research has shown that such polymer composites can find application during the manufacture of smart packaging materials with enhanced barrier properties against oxygen and water vapor as well as improved biocidal characteristics, which will notably extend food storage time. At the same time, the presented process of obtaining the innovative composite materials is an excellent example of sustainable technologies for the design of antimicrobial treatments, while guaranteeing the possibility of further processing of these composite materials through material recycling.Highlights Zinc‐ammonium complex with antimicrobial properties was obtained The strength properties and thermal stability of the composites were improved Degree of filler dispersion in polymer affects formation of polymorphic varieties The composites can be applied in the production of smart packaging materials

Prediction of mechanical properties of manufactured sand polymer-modified mortar based on swarm intelligence algorithm

Because polymer-modified mortar (PMM) exhibits a complex and diverse composition, there is a complex nonlinear relationship between its mechanical properties and mix proportions that is challenging for conventional mechanical performance prediction methods to accurately predict. Consequently, in this study, a predictive model utilizing a backpropagation neural network (BPNN) was formulated, featuring a structure of 6–14-2. Simultaneously, three swarm intelligence algorithms were integrated—the ant colony optimization algorithm, grey wolf optimization algorithm, and bat optimization algorithm (BAT)—to collectively refine the optimization process of the BPNN prediction model. The model's input layer included cement (OPC), cellulose ether (CE), dispersible polymer powder (DPP), antifoam (AF), fly ash (FA), and tuff stone powder (SP), and the output layer consisted of the compressive and bond strengths. The model dataset comprised 520 samples (260 × 2), with 60 % (312) used for model establishment and 40 % (208) used for validation. Correlation matrix and principal component analyses were conducted on the dataset, along with a comparative analysis of the factors influencing the mechanical performance evaluation indicators. The results indicate that at 7 and 28 d, there was a positive correlation between the DPP and AF with the development of PMM mechanical properties. At 7 d, the SP and FA were negatively correlated with the compressive and flexural strength, whereas the CE was positively correlated with the bond strength. At 28 d, the OPC was negatively correlated with the compressive, bond, and flexural strengths, and positively correlated with the SP and FA. C3 represents the optimal mix proportion for the PMM, and considering the influence of all raw materials, F3 was identified as the comprehensive optimal mix proportion. The predictive performance evaluation indicators of the BAT–BPNN for the compressive and bond strengths were R2 = 0.980 and 0.942, MAE = 5.967 and 1.958, MAPE = 0.071 and 0.041, and RMSE = 4.686 and 1.594, respectively. BAT significantly improves the predictive accuracy of the BPNN model, enabling the prediction of PMM mechanical properties and providing a scientific basis for its mix proportion design.

Low-Dispersity Polymers via Free Radical Alternating Copolymerization: Effects of Charge-Transfer-Complexes.

Alternating copolymers are crucial for diverse applications. While dispersity (Ð, also known as molecular weight distribution, MWD) influences the properties of polymers, achieving low dispersities in alternating copolymers poses a notable challenge via free radical polymerizations (FRPs). In this work, we demonstrated an unexpected discovery that dispersities are affected by the participation of charge transfer complexes (CTCs) formed between monomer pairs during free radical alternating copolymerization, which have inspired the successful synthesis of various alternating copolymers with low dispersities (>30 examples, Ð=1.13-1.39) under visible-light irradiation. The synthetic method is compatible with binary, ternary and quaternary alternating copolymerizations and is expandable for both fluorinated and non-fluorinated monomer pairs. DFT calculations combined with model experiments indicated that CTC-absent reaction exhibits higher propagation rates and affords fewer radical terminations, which could contribute to low dispersities. Based on the integration of Monte Carlo simulation and Bayesian optimization, we established the relationship map between FRP parameter space and dispersity, further suggested the correlation between low dispersities and higher propagation rates. Our research sheds light on dispersity control via FRPs and creates a novel platform to investigate polymer dispersity through machine learning.

Synthesis of Polyacrylamide Nanomicrospheres Modified with a Reactive Carbamate Surfactant for Efficient Profile Control and Blocking

Urethane surfactants (REQ) were synthesized with octadecanol ethoxylate (AEO) and isocyanate methacrylate (IEM). Subsequently, reactive-carbamate-surfactant-modified nanomicrospheres (PER) were prepared via two-phase aqueous dispersion polymerization using acrylamide (AM), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). The microstructures and properties of the nanomicrospheres were characterized and examined via infrared spectroscopy, nano-laser particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and in-house simulated exfoliation experiments. The results showed that the synthesized PER nanomicrospheres had a uniform particle size distribution, with an average size of 336 nm. The thermal decomposition temperature of the nanomicrospheres was 278 °C, and the nanomicrospheres had good thermal stability. At the same time, the nanomicrospheres maintained good swelling properties at mineralization &lt; 10,000 mg/L and temperature &lt; 90 °C. Under the condition of certain permeability, the blocking rate and drag coefficient gradually increased with increasing polymer microsphere concentration. Furthermore, at certain polymer microsphere concentrations, the blocking rate and drag coefficient gradually decreased with increasing core permeability. The experimental results indicate that nanomicrospheres used in the artificial core simulation drive have a better ability to drive oil recovery. Compared with AM microspheres (without REQ modification), nanomicrospheres exert a more considerable effect on recovery improvement. Compared with the water drive stage, the final recovery rate after the drive increases by 23.53%. This improvement is attributed to the unique structural design of the nanorods, which can form a thin film at the oil–water–rock interface and promote oil emulsification and stripping. In conclusion, PER nanomicrospheres can effectively control the fluid dynamics within the reservoir, reduce the loss of oil and gas resources, and improve the economic benefits of oil and gas fields, giving them a good application prospect.

Melanin-intercalated layered double hydroxide LDH/MNP as a stable photothermal agent

Melanin nanoparticles (MNPs) are a type of electronegative compound that can be used as photothermal agent for cancer treatment. Nevertheless, the agglomeration of MNP, which is one of the limitations in practice, contributes to the instability of MNP. Pristine layered double hydroxide (LDH), as a kind of positive inorganic material when there exist no other cargo between its layers, can accommodate electronegative molecules between its layers to endow them with stable properties. Hence, in this study, electronegative MNP was intercalated into LDH lamellas via ion-exchange method to obtain the stable original photothermal agent LDH/MNP, solving the tough problem of MNP’s agglomeration. The surface morphology, X-ray diffraction and fourier transform infrared spectra affirmed the successful intercalation of MNP between LDH lamellas. The Z-average particle sizes of LDH/MNP on day 0, 7 and 14 were measured as 221.8 nm, 227.6 nm and 230.5 nm without obvious fluctuation, while the particle sizes of MNP went through dramatic enlargement from 105.8 nm (day 0) to 856.1 nm (day 7), indicating the better stability of LDH/MNP than MNP. The typical polymer dispersity index (PDI) values on day 0, 7 and 14 verified the better stability of LDH/MNP, too. Photothermal properties of LDH/MNP were assessed and the results ensured the representative photothermal properties of LDH/MNP. The fine cytocompatibility of LDH/MNP was verified via cytotoxicity test. Results confirmed that the agglomeration of MNP disappeared after its intercalation into LDH and LDH/MNP possessed fine stability as well as typical photothermal property. The intercalation of MNP into LDH gave the photothermal agent MNP a promising way for its better stability and long-term availability in photothermal treatment.

Effect of polymer dispersion characteristics and incorporation methodology on properties of cement asphalt mortar for high-speed rail slab track system

This study investigates the impact of polymer dispersion characteristics and incorporation methods on the polymer modified asphalt emulsion (PMAE) characteristics and, consequently, on the properties of Cement Asphalt Mortar (CAM) for high-speed rail tracks. The results showed that latex-form polymer dispersions with anionic charge and coagulation values below 1 % after 30 minutes provided stable mortars with shorter flow times. Mortar with PMAE produced through terminal blending (TB) method exhibited superior workability characteristics compared to those produced via soap pre-batch (S) and co-milling (C) methods. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) studies indicated improved polymer integrity in the CAM when produced with PMAE:TB. Mortar containing PMAE:C found to have the highest compressive strengths, with values of 1.49 MPa at 7 days and 2.32 MPa at 28 days, followed by PMAE:S, PMAE:TB, and the control asphalt emulsion (AE). Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) results on hydrated CA paste were consistent with the compressive strength trend, and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analysis revealed a more uniform polymer distribution in TB method. The study concludes that anionic polymer dispersions having low coagulation values introduced through terminal blending are most suitable for CAM production.

Polymers Enhance Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride Solubility

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC) is a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic with a wide range of antibacterial activities. Due to low solubility, poor stability, and low bioavailability, clinical preparation development is limited. We sought to improve these solubility and dissolution rates by preparing solid dispersions. A hydrophilic polymer was selected as the carrier, and a solid dispersion was prepared using a medium grinding method, with samples characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and particle size distribution (PSD). To maximize CTC solubility and stability, different polymer types and optimal drug-to-polymer ratios were screened. The solubility of optimized povidone K30 (PVPK30) (1/0.75, w/w)-, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) (1/2, w/w)-, and gelatin (1/1, w/w)-based solid dispersions was 6.25-, 7.7-, and 3.75-fold higher than that of pure CTC powder, respectively. Additionally, in vitro dissolution studies showed that the gelatin-based solid dispersion had a higher initial dissolution rate. SEM and PS analyses confirmed that this dispersion had smaller and more uniform particles than PVPK30 and HP-β-CD dispersions. Therefore, successful solid polymer dispersion preparations improved the CTC solubility, dissolution rates, and stability, which may have potential as drug delivery systems.