Doped Polymer Research Articles

Antibacterial Properties of Polysulfone Membranes Blended with Arabic Gum.

Polysulfone (PS) membranes blended with different loadings of arabic gum (AG) were synthesized using phase inversion method and the antibacterial properties of the synthesized membranes were tested using a number Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial species. It was shown that AG addition to the dope polymer solutions essentially changed porous structure, hydrophilicity and zeta potential of the cast PS/AG membranes. These changes were due to the amphiphilic properties of AG macromolecules that contained negatively charged hydrophilic residues. A pronounced decrease in bacterial attachment was seen in the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images for PS/AG membrane samples compared to both commercial (Microdyn-Nadir) and bare PS (without AG) membranes. AG loading dependent trend was observed where the prevention of bacterial colonization on the membrane surface was strongest at the highest (7 wt. %) AG loading in the casting solution. Possible mechanisms for the prevention of bacterial colonization were discussed. Significantly, the inhibition of bacterial attachment and growth on PS/AG membranes was observed for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial models, rendering these novel membranes with strong biofouling resistance attractive for water treatment applications.

Dopant‐Dependent Increase in Seebeck Coefficient and Electrical Conductivity in Blended Polymers with Offset Carrier Energies

AbstractThe strong and counterproductive interrelationship of thermoelectric parameters remains a bottleneck to improving thermoelectric performance, especially in polymer‐based materials. In this paper, a compositional range is investigated over which there is decoupling of the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient, achieving increases in at least one of these two parameters while the other is maintained or slightly increased as well. This is done using an alkylthio‐substituted polythiophene (PQTS12) as additive in poly(bisdodecylquaterthiophene) (PQT12) with tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) and nitrosyl tetrafluoroborate (NOBF4) as dopants. The power factor increases two orders of magnitude with the PQTS12 additive at constant doping level. Using a second pair of polymers, poly(2,5‐bis(3‐dodecylthiophen‐2‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (PBTTTC12) and poly(2,5‐bis(3‐dodecylthiothiophen‐2‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene, (PBTTTSC12), with higher mobilities, decoupling of the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity is also observed and higher power factor is achieved. Distinguished from recently reported works, these two sets of polymers possess very closely offset carrier energy levels (0.05–0.07 eV), and the microstructure, assessed using grazing incidence X‐ray scattering, and mobility evaluated in field‐effect transistors, are not adversely affected by the blending. Experiments, calculations, and simulations are consistent with the idea that blending and doping polymers with closely spaced energy levels and compatible morphologies to promote carrier mobility favors increased power factors.

Conducting polymers synthesized by γ-radiolysis in very acidic aqueous medium

In this work, conducting polymers were synthesized for the first time in acidic aqueous solutions by means of γ-irradiation. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) polymers were prepared under N2O atmosphere in the presence of highly concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) at pH ~ 0, thanks to the oxidation of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomers by Cl2•- oxidizing radicals produced in the medium by water radiolysis. UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy was used to estimate the radiolytic yield of EDOT oxidation as well as the required dose for quantitative PEDOT preparation. After a 72-kGy irradiation, PEDOT polymers, which form dark blue suspensions, were characterized by a large absorption band at around 700 nm. Size exclusion chromatography demonstrated that these radiosynthesized PEDOT polymers contain up to 20 EDOT units. After deposition, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis highlighted the doping of PEDOT polymers prepared in the presence of HCl. The morphology of radiosynthesized PEDOT polymers was characterized by SEM microscopy and by high-resolution AFM-IR microscopy coupled with infrared nanospectroscopy. Aggregated spheroidal PEDOT particles with diameters comprised between 200 and 500 nm were detected. In addition, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and four-point probe measurements demonstrated that PEDOT polymers radiosynthesized in very acidic medium are characterized by prominent electronic properties (small band gap and considerable electrical conductivity). Promisingly, the present radiolytic study should offer a new synthetic approach for the preparation in acidic aqueous media of conducting polymers with enhanced properties.

Nanostructured polyaniline based pipette tip solid phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for the selective determination of trace levels of three sulfonamides in honey and milk samples with the aid of experimental design methodology

In this study, a miniaturized solid-phase extraction based on 2-(hexyloxy) naphthalene-sulfate doped polyaniline polymer as a new nanostructured sorbent packed into a 200 μL pipette tip (PT-SPE) as a rapid and efficient method was developed for the simultaneous and selective extraction of three sulfonamide (SAs) antibiotics in aqueous solution. The resultant polymer was well characterized by FT-IR, UV–Vis., FESEM, EDX and XRD. In this strategy, the pipette tip containing the sorbent was matched to a syringe and the sample solution was loaded onto the sorbent using a microsyringe pump. The eluate was analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography using UV–Vis. spectrometry detection (HPLC/UV–Vis). In preliminary experiments, sample pH, sorbent dosage, sample volume and eluent volume were identified as critical variables affecting the solid phase micro-extraction of SAs by the developed sorbent. The response surface methodology (RSM) based on a rotatable central composite design (CCD) was employed for modeling the chromatographic peak areas of SAs as responses and optimized the effective extraction variables. This method is cost-effective because only 7.4 mg sorbent amount and 0.6 mL methanol as eluent were required for the extraction of analytes. The multiple response criteria were used to optimize simultaneous responses of the analytes using the desirability function. Under the optimal conditions, a good linear relationship between the peak areas and concentrations of the SAs was found in the range of 50–50,000 ng mL−1 with correlation coefficients above 0.999. The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of SAs in milk, and honey samples.

The evaluation of Temperature effect on Peak-to-Peak Line Width (ΔHpp) of conjugating polymer Polypyrrole (Ppy)

The magnetic properties of the neutral and doped polymer polypyrrole (Ppy) nanostructure has been successfully synthesize via chemical method. The nanostructured powder was investigated using electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements. The board ESR signal was attributed to the existence of unpaired electrons. The g-factor of pure Ppy decreased with increasing temperature while that of doped (Ppy) was found to increase linearly from 1.9504 to 1.9925 within a temperature range of 298K - 473 K. This could be due to polaron species formation. The current results demonstrated that polypyrrole (Ppy) could be considered as a good candidate for many applications especially in organic photovoltaic and gas sensors.

Doping of donor-acceptor polymers with long side chains via solution mixing for advancing thermoelectric properties

One-step doping of conjugated polymers by solution mixing is typically performed instead of sequential doping because of its simplicity. However, doped polymer solutions often exhibit poor solubility, and the presence of dopants in the produced films can disturb the molecular ordering of polymer structures. In this work, effective pairs of two donor-acceptor (D-A) type polymers and a molecular dopant characterized by high solution stability and good thermoelectric properties of the prepared thin films have been reported. The presence of long side chains in the polymer structures preserves their original solubilities and crystallinity in the solution and thin-film states, respectively, even at large amounts of added dopant (up to 38 mol%). Furthermore, the relatively shallow levels of the highest occupied molecular orbitals of the selected D-A polymers enable efficient charge transfer from the dopant species. Owing to their good charge transport properties, the doped D-A polymers exhibit outstanding thermoelectric properties with a maximum power factor of 31.5 μW m−1 K−2, which is more than an order of magnitude higher than those of the control samples prepared from donor-only poly(3-hexylthiophene).

Effect of graphene oxide on features of functionalizable Poly(Butylene fumarate) and functional Poly(Butylene succinate) doped polyaniline

A novel material that obtained through combining a biodegradable polymer with a conductive polymer, has been successfully developed by graphene oxide (GO). For the first time, unsaturated poly(butylene fumarate) grafted reduced GO (PBF:RGO) was synthesized via in-situ polymerization method and simultaneous in-situ thermal reduction of GO. It was modified through post-polymerization modification to form sulfonated poly(butylene succinate) grafted reduced GO (PBSS:RGO). Then, PBSS:RGO was incorporated as a polymeric dopant in the synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) to prepare the conductive and anticorrosive compound. Functionalizable PBF and PBF:RGO along with functional PBSS and PBSS:RGO were characterized by 1HNMR. Thermal and crystallization properties of PBF and PBF:RGO were studied using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with Avrami and Tobin models. Further investigation of crystallinity and dispersion of graphene sheets in the polymer matrix was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD). PBF:RGO exhibits higher thermal stability, higher crystallization rate, and lower crystallinity compared with pristine PBF. Final composites (PANI:PBSS and PANI:RGO:PBSS) were also characterized through Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), contact angle analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrical conductivity measurements. PANI:RGO:PBSS indicates a higher conductivity, higher inhibition efficiency and more hydrophilicity than PANI:PBSS.

The effect of nanoscale surface electrical properties of partially biodegradable PEDOT-co-PDLLA conducting polymers on protein adhesion investigated by atomic force microscopy

This study used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to elucidate the interaction of fibronectin (FN) on a conducting and partially biodegradable copolymer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PEDOT-co-PDLLA) in three different proportions (1:05, 1:25 and 1:50). The copolymers with higher PEDOT:PDLLA content ratios (1:05 and 1:25) had higher surface roughness, water contact angle, with current and conductivity occurring at discrete large grain structures on the surface. In contrast, the lower PEDOT:PDLLA content ratio (1:50) did not show high conductivity grains but showed homogenous surface conductivity across the entire surface. Using FN-functionalized AFM probes, force measurements showed that the copolymers with higher PEDOT content (1:05 and 1:25) had significantly lower adhesion forces (~0.2–0.3 nN), while the copolymer with the lower content of PEDOT (1:50) had stronger FN interactions with significantly higher adhesion forces of 1 nN. By correlating the spatially distributed electrical surfaces with FN interactions, we observed that the synthesis of 1:50 PEDOT:PDLLA produced more uniformly doped polymer films that facilitated FN adsorption through favorable interactions with accessible sulfate dopants. Importantly, these findings are correlated with previous studies showing increased stem cell migration and differentiation on 1:50 PEDOT:PDLLA surfaces compared with surfaces with 1:05 and 1:25 PEDOT:PDLLA ratios.

Manipulation of Magnetic Dipole Emission from Eu3+ with Mie-Resonant Dielectric Metasurfaces.

Mie-resonant high-index dielectric nanoparticles and metasurfaces have been suggested as a viable platform for enhancing both electric and magnetic dipole transitions of fluorescent emitters. While the enhancement of the electric dipole transitions by such dielectric nanoparticles has been demonstrated experimentally, the case of magnetic-dipole transitions remains largely unexplored. Here, we study the enhancement of spontaneous emission of Eu3+ ions, featuring both electric and magnetic-dominated dipole transitions, by dielectric metasurfaces composed of Mie-resonant silicon nanocylinders. By coating the metasurfaces with a layer of an Eu3+ doped polymer, we observe an enhancement of the Eu3+ emission associated with the electric (at 610 nm) and magnetic-dominated (at 590 nm) dipole transitions. The enhancement factor depends systematically on the spectral proximity of the atomic transitions to the Mie resonances as well as their multipolar order, both controlled by the nanocylinder size. Importantly, the branching ratio of emission via the electric or magnetic transition channel can be modified by carefully designing the metasurface, where the magnetic dipole transition is enhanced more than the electric transition for cylinders with radii of about 130 nm. We confirm our observations by numerical simulations based on the reciprocity principle. Our results open new opportunities for bright nanoscale light sources based on magnetic transitions.

Nanomechanical, Mechanical Responses and Characterization of Piezoelectric Nanoparticle-Modified Electrospun PVDF Nanofibrous Films

Limitless implementations of nanofibrous membrane show the importance of understanding the nanomechanical responses for water purification and piezoelectric nanogenerator applications. Here, the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) electrospun nanofibrous films doped by 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 wt% of ZnO nanoparticles were prepared in the method of electrospinning. Characterizations of PVDF nanocomposite fibrous films were inspected using field emission scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, water contact angle, uniaxial tensile test and nanoindentation technique. The influence of minimal concentration of piezoelectric nanoparticles on the morphological, water contact angle, dynamic water contact angle, piezoelectric, thermal and mechanical stabilities of nanocomposite fibrous films was examined. The nanoscale mechanical properties of the PVDF/ZnO nanofibrous films were performed by nanoindentation technique at different spots of nanofibrous mat to examine the elastic–plastic behavior of membranes. The eventual ZnO nanoparticle-modified nanofibrous membranes have been shown nano-level fibers, considerable hydrophilicity and preferable thermal, mechanical and piezoelectric properties. The doping of polymer by 0.1 wt% of ZnO nanoparticles exposed significant enhancement of thermal, mechanical and nanomechanical responses of the melting temperature 2% (170– $$173\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ ), tensile strength 20% (2.418 MPa), elastic modulus 18% (2.418 GPa) and hardness 60% (235 MPa) and piezoelectric coefficient 13.42 pC/N of the nanofibrous films. These understandings of nanoscale properties are highly promising in the development of sensor and actuators, biomedical, energy harvesting and water filtration devices.

Inorganic Acid Doped Highly Hydroxylated Polymer Based Thin Membrane

Abstract The effects of phosphoric acid (p) on the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as highly hydroxyl–group content polymer have been investigated. Functionalized membranes (p-PVA) have been prepared via sol-gel method with different doped acid ratios. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to confirm the structure of the pure polymer and the synthesized membrane. Water uptake capacity, plane swelling, thickness swelling, proton conductivity by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and thermal stability by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) are used to characterize the membranes for their applications in the suitable engineering fields. The results showed that the doped acid has suppressed effects on the hydrophilic properties of the used polymer which leads to decreasing in the water uptake and swelling properties of membranes. Thermally cross-linked 30% p-PVA thin membrane was selected because of its good water uptake capacity (43.78%) and low swelling degree (21.07%). The proton conductivity of all membrane increased with increasing the temperature up to 60 °C for 30% p-PVA thin membrane and it attained to 0.07 S cm-1. The proton conductivity decreased to 0.013 S cm-1 at the same temperature for 40% p-PVA thin membrane. The thermal stability of doped polymer membranes is significantly higher than pure hydroxylated polymer which indicates the strong bonding between the doped acid and polymer

Synthesis and Electrochemical Capacitor Characterization of Novel Composite Materials with p-Type Conductive Polymer

Considering the importance of conductive polymer nanocomposite, the present paper attempts to create a method for increasing the conductivity of poly(o-aminophenol). Nanocomposite MnO2/poly(o-aminophenol) thin film was synthesized by using pulse potential electrodeposition technique on a graphite electrode. In this research, nanoparticles of MnO2 are used after synthesis to prepare polymer nanocomposites in one-step. Appending of MnO2 to polymer matrix increases the current. This current growth could be ascribed to the synergistic MnO2 nanostructure, which presents the superior surface area and smaller particle size that is increasingly acting sites. Morphology or samples composition was investigated by the scanning electron microscope and the UV-Vis method, which clearly indicate the formation of nanocomposites. The findings show that the capacitive behavior of MnO2-poly(o-aminophenol) is superior to poly(o-aminophenol), especially at high potential high temperatures. The results showed that MnO2/poly(o-aminophenol) had a higher level of activity and the electron transfer capability was faster than pure polymer film. The doped MnO2 polymer also has excellent cyclic performance and load discharge features. Additional electrochemical properties of these polymer composites were observed against pure polymer so that capacity of 645 Fg−1 has been designated.

Control of aggregation and dissolution of small molecule hole transport layers via a doping strategy for highly efficient perovskite solar cells

Polymeric dopant strategy distinctly suppressed the molecular aggregations and surface dewetting of the NPB small molecule hole transport layer in perovskite photovoltaics.

Effects of dope compositions on morphologies and separation performances of PMDA-ODA polyimide hollow fiber membranes in aqueous and organic solvent systems

Hollow fibers (HFs) fabricated with organo-insoluble polyimides are rarely adopted in the application of organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN), since the insolubility limits their processability. To deal with it, its precursor polyamic acid (PAA) is selected to fabricate HFs, but the slow phase inversion nature of PAA may lead to filament breaking during spinning. In an earlier study, we have successfully addressed the processing of spinning PMDA-ODA PAA HFs with regular cross-sections, but the membrane’s separation performances is not shown. Here for optimal performances, we investigate the effects of dope compositions including polymer concentration, ethanol (EtOH) and TiO2 additives on the pore size and pore size distributions, hydrophilicities, and separation properties of PMDA-ODA PI HF membranes in both aqueous and organic solvent systems. The results showed that polymer dopes with high concentrations of PAA or EtOH led to high rejections but sacrificing permeability. Interestingly, just adding 1.1 wt% TiO2 in dope solutions significantly increased membrane porosities, hydrophilicities and decreased membrane surface charges. Therefore, membrane water fluxes were doubled and rejections to negatively charged dyes increased. At last, the PMDA-ODA PI HF membranes showed good separation performance in organic solvents also. The optimal permeability and rejection in DMF solution was 2.51 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 and 90.6% for FG (Fast Green, MW = 808 Da) dye. Hence, the PMDA-ODA PI HF membranes are suitable for applications in both aqueous and organic systems.

Correlation between coherent charge transport and crystallinity in doped π-conjugated polymers

Crystalline semiconducting polymers can be chemically doped with molecular dopants via integer charge transfer to highly conductive states, where charge carriers in high-mobility, semicrystalline polymers undergo band-like transport. Although coherent, band-like transport characteristics are indispensable for further improvement of conductivity, the correlation between band-like transport and crystallinity in doped conjugated polymers has not been comprehensively studied. Here, we investigate the role of crystallinity in molecular-doped thiophene-based semiconducting regioisomers. The doping efficiency and band-like transport were examined using X-ray diffraction and magnetotransport measurements, which revealed clear differences between regioisomers due to the differences of their polymer packing structures and crystallinity.

Crystallization of the polymer induced liquid mineral precursor in the constraint nanopores

The liquid mineral intermediates are very important for the formation of different biominerals in biological systems. However, the detail growth mechanisms of these amorphous phases in complicated biochemical condition, such as organic frameworks, special interfaces and compartmented cells, are still incomplete understand. To gain a better understanding of the evolution of the polymer-induced liquid mineral precursor (PILP) in the special microenvironments, the nanopores of track etch (TE) membranes have been applied. Simultaneously, several synergetic ions of Sr2+, Mg2+ and Ba2+ were introduced to tune properties (nucleation time, lifespan and flowability) of liquid mineral phases. Simultaneously, the titration experiments have also been performed to track the crystallization processes. Experiments have shown that the nanopores could effectively stabilize the metastable vaterite crystals. Under the influences of polymer, nanopores and synergetic doping ions, mono- and polycrystalline nanorods could be synthesized. Doping ions in a certain concentration rang could effectively postpone the nucleation time and prolong the lifespan of liquid mineral precursor. Our study will be helpful to understand the crystallization process of different amorphous phases in the complicated biological microenvironments.

Polymer Doping Enables a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas for High-Performance Homojunction Oxide Thin-Film Transistors.

High-performance solution-processed metal oxide (MO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) are realized by fabricating a homojunction of indium oxide (In2 O3 ) and polyethylenimine (PEI)-doped In2 O3 (In2 O3 :x% PEI, x = 0.5-4.0 wt%) as the channel layer. A two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is thereby achieved by creating a band offset between the In2 O3 and PEI-In2 O3 via work function tuning of the In2 O3 :x% PEI, from 4.00 to 3.62 eV as the PEI content is increased from 0.0 (pristine In2 O3 ) to 4.0 wt%, respectively. The resulting devices achieve electron mobilities greater than 10 cm2 V-1 s-1 on a 300 nm SiO2 gate dielectric. Importantly, these metrics exceed those of the devices composed of the pristine In2 O3 materials, which achieve a maximum mobility of ≈4 cm2 V-1 s-1 . Furthermore, a mobility as high as 30 cm2 V-1 s-1 is achieved on a high-k ZrO2 dielectric in the homojunction devices. This is the first demonstration of 2DEG-based homojunction oxide TFTs via band offset achieved by simple polymer doping of the same MO material.

Real-time insight into the doping mechanism of redox-active organic radical polymers.

Organic radical polymers for batteries represent some of the fastest-charging redox active materials available. Electron transport and charge storage must be accompanied by ion transport and doping for charge neutrality, but the nature of this process in organic radical polymers is not well understood. This is difficult to intuitively predict because the pendant radical group distinguishes organic radical polymers from conjugated, charged or polar polymers. Here we show for the first time a quantitative view of in situ ion transport and doping in organic radical polymers during the redox process. Two modes dominate: doping by lithium ion expulsion and doping by anion uptake. The dominance of one mode over the other is controlled by anion type, electrolyte concentration and timescale. These results apply in any scenario in which electrolyte is in contact with a non-conjugated redox active polymer and present a means of quantifying doping effects.

Comparing the effect of incorporation of various nanoparticulate on the performance and antifouling properties of polyethersulfone nanocomposite membranes

We have prepared polyethersulfone (PES) nanocomposite membranes comprising of cloisite 30B clay, SiO2, TiO2, hydroxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-OH), and carboxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH). The nanoparticulate at five different concentrations were added into the polymeric dope solutions including 15 or 18 wt% of PES, N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) or 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvents, and 1 wt% of pore forming agent. These nanoparticulate may improve porosity, hydrophilicity, and open the channels up for improved water transport. Although many nanoparticulate with various properties and functionalities have been used for the same aims, the efforts have been made to choose the best nanomaterial and its loading among these five famous nanofillers for modifying PES ultrafiltration membrane. The nanocomposite membranes showed better antifouling characteristics and water permeability as compared with the pristine PES membrane because of the porosity and hydrophilicity improvements. However, further increasing nanoparticulate loading led to a possible agglomeration and diminished the water flux and fouling resistance. The effect of polymer concentration and solvent showed that membranes fabricated using 15 wt% of PES concentration possessed greater fouling resistance and water flux compared to those of fabricated using 18 wt% of PES concentration. Also, membranes fabricated using DMAc exhibited a more porous structure with considerably greater water flux as compared with those of fabricated using NMP as the solvent. Based on the results, 1 wt% of TiO2 is recommended as the best nanoparticulate for the PES ultrafiltration membrane modification since it exhibited the superlative performance with a 320% water flux enhancement, nearly 98% BSA rejection, and 130% FRR improvement.

Efficient organic-inorganic hybrid cathode interfacial layer enabled by polymeric dopant and its application in large-area polymer solar cells

An organic-inorganic hybrid cathode interfacial layer (CIL) was developed by doping ZnO with the naphthalene-diimide based derivative NDI-PFNBr. It was found the resulting organic-inorganic hybrid CIL showed apparently improved conductivity and could act as an effective cathode interlayer to modify indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent electrodes. As a result, by employing the blend of PTB7-Th:PC71BM as the photoactive layer, the inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs) exhibited a remarkable enhancement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 8.52% for the control device to 10.04% for the device fabricated with the hybrid CIL. Moreover, all device parameters were simultaneously improved by using this hybrid CIL. The improved open-circuit voltage ( V OC) was attributed to the reduced work function of the ITO cathode, whereas the enhancements in fill factor (FF) and short-circuit current density ( J SC) were assigned to the increased conductivity and more effective charge extraction and collection at interface. Encouragingly, when the thickness of the hybrid CIL was increased to 80 nm, the resulting device could still keep a PCE of 8.81%, exhibiting less thickness dependence. Considering these advantages, 16 and 93 cm2 large-area PSCs modules were successfully fabricated from the hybrid CIL by using doctor-blade coating techniques and yielded a remarkable PCE of 8.05% and 4.49%, respectively. These results indicated that the hybrid CIL could be a promising candidate to serve as the cathode interlayer for high-performance large-area inverted PSCs.