Polymer-based Composite Materials Research Articles

Preparation of three dimensional boron nitride-aluminum oxide dual thermal network resin-based composite materials and their performance study

With the gradual miniaturization and integration of electronic devices, the design and development of new high thermal conductivity polymer-based composite materials are crucial for enhancing the performance of modern electronic devices. In this study, three-dimensional boron nitride (3D-BN) aerogels with vertically aligned structures were prepared using the ice templating method, serving as the primary thermal conductive network. Subsequently, aluminum oxide (Al2O3)/epoxy resin (EP) nanofluids were infiltrated into the aerogel’s air pores using vacuum impregnation. The Al2O3 particles in contact with each other formed the secondary thermal conductive network. Thus, a 3D BN-Al2O3/EP composite material with a dual thermal conductive network structure was successfully fabricated. The composite material exhibited a high thermal conductivity coefficient of 1.077 Wm−1K−1 when loaded with 17.67 wt% BN and 26.23 wt% Al2O3, representing a 496 % increase compared to pure EP and a 211 % increase compared to 3D-BN/EP composite materials. Furthermore, this composite material demonstrated excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties. This work provides a new direction for designing novel polymer-based composite materials with low filler loading and high thermal conductivity performance.

Tribological and mechanical exploration of polymer-based hemp and colemanite composite as a friction material

Natural and organic-based composite materials are widely used in many industrial applications due to their low cost, easy recyclability, economic feasibility, and ready availability. In this study, a polymer-based composite friction material consisting of Hemp-Colemanite composition (HCFCo) has been developed for the automotive sector to exhibit lower cost, environmentally friendly characteristics, and suitable friction-wear behaviors. For this purpose, three different ratios (%4, %8 and %12) of HCFCo composites were produced using a coating technique called impregnation process with a specially designed device. During the production stage, homogeneity of the composites was ensured, and then the final shape was given by the hot pressing method. Local based natural materilas frequently used for as anon-asbestos friction materails. For this reason, hemp and colomanited based composites were tested. Properties such as hardness, density, water and oil absorption, friction coefficient, and specific wear of HCFCo samples were examined. In addition, the microstructures of HCFCo composites were investigated to determine the bonding form between hemp fiber and colemanite. The results obtained revealed that the friction coefficient values decreased with an increase in temperature, while no significant change was observed in hardness and density values. Throughout the entire testing process, the friction coefficients varied between 0.14 and 0.29 on average. It was concluded that the developed fiber-reinforced composite can be reliably used in industrial applications and can contribute significantly to innovations in the literature.

Characterization of Microstructure, Optical Properties, and Mechanical Behavior of a Temporary 3D Printing Resin: Impact of Post-Curing Time.

The present study aimed to characterize the microstructure of a temporary 3D printing polymer-based composite material (Resilab Temp), evaluating its optical properties and mechanical behavior according to different post-curing times. For the analysis of the surface microstructure and establishment of the best printing pattern, samples in bar format following ISO 4049 (25 × 10 × 3 mm) were designed in CAD software (Rhinoceros 6.0), printed on a W3D printer (Wilcos), and light-cured in Anycubic Photon for different lengths of time (no post-curing, 16 min, 32 min, and 60 min). For the structural characterization, analyses were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical behavior of this polymer-based composite material was determined based on flexural strength tests and Knoop microhardness. Color and translucency analysis were performed using a spectrophotometer (VITA Easy Shade Advanced 4.0), which was then evaluated in CIELab, using gray, black, and white backgrounds. All analyses were performed immediately after making the samples and repeated after thermal aging over two thousand cycles (5-55 °C). The results obtained were statistically analyzed with a significance level of 5%. FT-IR analysis showed about a 46% degree of conversion on the surface and 37% in the center of the resin sample. The flexural strength was higher for the groups polymerized for 32 min and 1 h, while the Knoop microhardness did not show a statistical difference between the groups. Color and translucency analysis also did not show statistical differences between groups. According to all of the analyses carried out in this study, for the evaluated material, a post-polymerization time of 1 h should be suggested to improve the mechanical performance of 3D-printed devices.

Fabrication of Living Entangled Network Composites Enabled by Mycelium.

Organic polymer-based composite materials with favorable mechanical performance and functionalities are keystones to various modern industries; however, the environmental pollution stemming from their processing poses a great challenge. In this study, by finding an autonomous phase separating ability of fungal mycelium, a new material fabrication approach is introduced that leverages such biological metabolism-driven, mycelial growth-induced phase separation to bypass high-energy cost and labor-intensive synthetic methods. The resulting self-regenerative composites, featuring an entangled network structure of mycelium and assembled organic polymers, exhibit remarkable self-healing properties, being capable of reversing complete separation and restoring ≈90% of the original strength. These composites further show exceptional mechanical strength, with a high specific strength of 8.15MPag.cm-3, and low water absorption properties (≈33% after 15 days of immersion). This approach spearheads the development of state-of-the-art living composites, which directly utilize bioactive materials to "self-grow" into materials endowed with exceptional mechanical and functional properties.

Adverse reactions to dental biomaterials: Experiences from a specialty clinic

ObjectivesThe Dental Biomaterials Adverse Reaction Unit was initiated by the Norwegian health authorities in 1992 as a response to the public concern regarding the safety of dental amalgam and other dental materials. In this paper, experiences from the Unit are briefly summarized. MethodsThe Norwegian health authorities’ strategy included four main topics: (i) development of a manufacturer-independent system for monitoring adverse reactions related to dental materials, (ii) funding of a specialty unit for clinical examinations of referred patients, (iii) development of official guidelines for examination and treatment of patients with health complaints attributed to dental materials, and (iv) funding of an experimental treatment project for patients with health complaints attributed to dental amalgam. ResultsFrom the start, more than 2700 adverse reaction reports were received. In the initial years, amalgam was the most frequent material mentioned in the reports. Reports about polymer-based composite materials have not increased after the prohibition of amalgam in Norway. Clinical examination of referred patients is complex and time consuming, and it is important to consider differential diagnoses. There are methodological challenges associated with the design of experimental treatments used on patients with adverse reactions attributed to dental materials. However, the results from the treatment project indicate lower symptom load after replacement of amalgam with other dental restorative materials. SignificanceProducer independent adverse reaction reporting can provide valuable information about the safety of these materials and could serve as a complement to the mandatory reporting system described in the European medical device regulations (MDR).

Profiling Elastoplastic and Chemical Parameters to Assess Polymerization Quality in Flowable Bulk-Fill Composites.

In the chronology of polymer-based composite materials, flowable bulk-fill composites represent the most recent development. They enable a significant reduction in treatment time by being applied in larger increments of 4 to 5 mm. The aim of the investigation was to assess the polymerization quality and mechanical performance of a new formulation that has just entered the market and was still in experimental formulation at the time of the investigation, and to compare these results in the context of clinically established materials of the same category. Adequate curing in increments of up to 4 mm could be confirmed both by profiling the elastoplastic material behavior of large increments in 100 µm steps and by real-time assessment of the degree of conversion and the associated polymerization kinetic. A slightly lower amount of filler in the experimental material was associated with slightly lower hardness and elastic modulus parameters, but the creep was similar and the elastic and total indentation work was higher. The kinetic parameters were assigned to the specific characteristics of each tested material. The mechanical macroscopic strength, evaluated in a three-point bending test and supplemented by a reliability analysis, met or exceeded the standards and values measured in clinically established materials, which for all materials is related to the higher flexibility of the beams during testing, while the modulus of elasticity was low. The low elastic modulus of all flowable bulk-fill materials must be taken into account when deciding the clinical indication of this material category.

Recyclability of novel energy harvesting and storage technologies for IoT and wireless sensor networks

This paper aims to present a set of separation and recycling methods designed to recover valuable materials and components from innovative high-performance piezoelectric (PEG) and thermoelectric (TEG) generators and monolithic supercapacitors (SC) developed within the InComEss project. This project, a part of the European Horizon H2020 research program, focuses on creating environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and highly efficient Energy Harvesting Systems (EHSs) for powering wireless sensor networks. It combines advanced polymer-based composite materials for piezoelectric, thermoelectric, and supercapacitors, capable of harvesting and storing electrical energy from mechanical or waste heat sources. The authors initially identified key recoverable components. In PEG, these includes Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), silver electrodes, polyimide, fiberglass/resin composite and copper. In TEG the highest-value components are single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and polymeric matrices, along with the SWCNTs, while in SC, aluminium, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and carbon particles are targeted. This paper proposes a range of separation and recycling techniques involving mechanical, thermal, and chemical processes. These methods include microwave-assisted and pyrolysis thermal processes, various mechanical fragmentation and separation processes, hydrometallurgical recovery processes, and solvent-based dissolution methods. However, a comprehensive understanding of the end-of-life waste stream of these devices is necessary for further advancements. The authors are currently conducting a thorough laboratory assessment of the recovery methods to pinpoint the most effective recyclable options. The outcomes of this assessment will be shared in a subsequent article.

Tribological behavior of 3D printed nanofluid reinforced photosensitive self-lubricating polymer materials

Oil-loaded polymer composites have become a research focus in tribology due to the good environmental stability and excellent performance. Usually, it is necessary to endow the polymer with a porous structure to facilitate lubricating oil storage. However, most methods require complex operating steps, making it difficult to control the complex shape of materials, and excessive pores often lead to an imbalance between the oil storage and retention rates. At the same time, the mechanical properties of the material can also be negatively affected. Developing a simple synthesis method to obtain oil-loaded polymer composite materials with good self-lubricating and mechanical properties still faces challenges. Herein, a one-pot synthesis method for oil-loaded self-lubricating polymers was proposed, which embeds the porous silica nanoparticles loaded with lubricating oil into the polymer and uses vat photopolymerization-based technologies to construct the polymer with various complex and delicate structures. After a series of treatments, such as photocuring and cleaning, an oil-loaded polymer-based composite material with good self-lubricating performance was prepared. Benefiting from the rich mesoporous pore structure of mesoporous silica, high specific surface area of 467 m2g−1, and pore volume of 1.06 cm3g−1, the oil content and retention rate of the composite materials are at a high level. In addition, by combining oil-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles with 3D printing, controllable preparation of complex shapes of self-lubricating composite materials has been achieved. During the friction performance testing process, the oil-loaded particles in the polymer composite can continuously provide lubricating oil on the friction surface, thus making the friction coefficient and wear rate reduced by 85.7% and 97.7%.

Universal Approach to Integrating Reduced Graphene Oxide into Polymer Electronics.

Flexible electronics have sparked significant interest in the development of electrically conductive polymer-based composite materials. While efforts are being made to fabricate these composites through laser integration techniques, a versatile methodology applicable to a broad range of thermoplastic polymers remains elusive. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms driving the formation of such composites are not thoroughly understood. Addressing this knowledge gap, our research focuses on the core processes determining the integration of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with polymers to engineer coatings that are not only flexible and robust but also exhibit electrical conductivity. Notably, we have identified a particular range of laser power densities (between 0.8 and 1.83 kW/cm2), which enables obtaining graphene polymer composite coatings for a large set of thermoplastic polymers. These laser parameters are primarily defined by the thermal properties of the polymers as confirmed by thermal analysis as well as numerical simulations. Scanning electron microscopy with elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that conductivity can be achieved by two mechanisms-rGO integration and polymer carbonization. Additionally, high-speed videos allowed us to capture the graphene oxide (GO) modification and melt pool formation during laser processing. The cross-sectional analysis of the laser-processed samples showed that the convective flows are present in the polymer substrate explaining the observed behavior. Moreover, the practical application of our research is exemplified through the successful assembly of a conductive wristband for wearable devices. Our study not only fills a critical knowledge gap but also offers a tangible illustration of the potential impact of laser-induced rGO-polymer integration in materials science and engineering applications.

Copper foam reinforced polymer-based phase change material composites for more efficient thermal management of lithium-ion batteries

In this study, copper foam reinforced polymer-based composite phase change materials (CPCM) were prepared to solve the problems of low thermal conductivity, melting leakage, and poor mechanical strength in the realistic application of phase change materials. The CPCM consists of paraffin (PA) and styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS). Stability and mechanical tests were conducted and it was found that CPCM-90 (with a mass fraction of PA at 90 %) exhibited excellent leakage protection ability, shape stability, and bending resistance. The enthalpy of CPCM-90 is up to 168.11 J/g. After filling CPCM into copper foam (CF) with 98 % porosity, the thermal conductivity of the CF/CPCM-90 is improved up to 0.943 W/m·K, nearly 3 times higher than the thermal conductivity of CPCM-90. In addition, the reinforcement of copper foam allows CF/CPCM-90 before and after the phase transformation to withstand mechanical stress of 2 MPa and 0.7 MPa respectively with only 1 % strain. The CF/CPCM-90 also maintained its structural integrity during phase transformation, distinguishing it from CPCM, which commonly experiences cracking and deformation. Furthermore, CF/CPCM-90 maintains battery temperatures below 60 °C for 70 min at 7 W of heat generation and 34 min even at 13 W. Notably, at all heating powers, the duration below 60 °C of the CF/CPCM group is 3 times longer than in the copper foam group and 4 times longer than in the control group (no CF/CPCM-90 or CF). The CF/CPCM-90 shows very effective temperature control for LIBs and has great potential for realistic application regarding battery thermal management. Moreover, this paper provides ideas for further engineering applications of phase change materials in terms of synergistic enhancement of thermal conductivity, leakage prevention, and mechanical properties.

Review of Polymer-Based Composites for Electromagnetic Shielding Application.

The rapid advancement of electronic communication technology has greatly aided human productivity and quality of life, but it has also resulted in significant electromagnetic pollution issues. Traditional metals and alloys are often used for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding due to their excellent electrical conductivity. However, they have drawbacks such as being heavy, expensive, and having low corrosion resistance, which limits their application in electromagnetic shielding. Therefore, it is crucial to develop novel EMI shielding materials. Polymers, being highly flexible, corrosion-resistant, and possessing high specific strength, are frequently employed in electromagnetic shielding materials. In this review, we firstly introduce the basic theory of electromagnetic shielding. Then, we outline the processing methods and recent developments of polymer-based electromagnetic shielding composites, including uniform-, foam-, layered-, and segregated structures. Lastly, we present the challenges and prospects for the field, aiming to provide direction and inspiration for the study of polymer-based electromagnetic shielding composite materials.

Book Review Advanced Materials for Wastewater Treatment and Desalination: Fundamentals to Applications

Book Review Advanced Materials for Wastewater Treatment and Desalination: Fundamentals to Applications

Modeling of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Homogeneous Glycolysis Kinetics.

Polymer composites with various recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)-based (PET-based) polyester matrices (poly(ethylene terephthalate), copolyesters, and unsaturated polyester resins), similar in properties to the primary ones, can be obtained based on PET glycolysis products after purification. PET glycolysis allows one to obtain bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate and oligo(ethylene terephthalates) with various molecular weights. A kinetic model of poly(ethylene terephthalate) homogeneous glycolysis under the combined or separate action of oligo(ethylene terephthalates), bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate, and ethylene glycol is proposed. The model takes into account the interaction of bound, terminal, and free ethylene glycol molecules in the PET feedstock and the glycolysis agent. Experimental data were obtained on the molecular weight distribution of poly(ethylene terephthalate) glycolysis products and the content of bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate monomer in them to verify the model. Homogeneous glycolysis of PET was carried out at atmospheric pressure in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvents with catalyst based on antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) under the action of different agents: ethylene glycol at temperatures of 165 and 180 °C; bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate at 250 °C; and oligoethylene terephthalate with polycondensation degree 3 at 250 °C. Homogeneous step-by-step glycolysis under the successive action of the oligo(ethylene terephthalate) trimer, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate, and ethylene glycol at temperatures of 250, 220, and 190 °C, respectively, was also studied. The composition of products was confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy. Molecular weight characteristics were determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), the content of bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate was determined via extraction with water at 60 °C. The developed kinetic model was found to be in agreement with the experimental data and it could be used further to predict the optimal conditions for homogeneous PET glycolysis and to obtain polymer-based composite materials with desired properties.

Modern Applications of Polymer Composites in Structural Industries: A Review of Philosophies, Product Development, and Graphical Applications

Polymer-based materials have been discovered as the most outstanding class of material that is fast displacing other materials in all areas of human needs. The dire need for durable, aesthetic, and lightweight materials has favored the increasing demand for polymer-based materials in structural industries. The application of polymeric-based materials in all aspects of human endeavor is based on their ease of formation, lightweight, and acceptable properties. The philosophy of composite development has also contributed immensely to the production of components from polymer-based materials suitable for several structural applications. More recently, interest in green materials also encourages the use of polymer-based materials in structural applications. The suitability of a material for any selected application is justified by structural and environmental compatibility. Thus, researchers have focused on these two major areas in their investigations for product development. Despite continuous efforts in these two directions, they are still issues of great concern to researchers in satisfying the desires of users presently. Hence, this review presents the philosophies of researchers, the product developed, and areas of application for polymer-based materials in structural industries such as biomedical, building and construction, energy, and sports. The paper advanced graphical presentation of the application of developed products and strongly supports the recommendation of polymer-based composite materials as a viable alternative to other materials due to their remarkable capabilities in many application domains.

Influence of structural disorder on the elastic, frictional, and electrical properties in functionalized polyaniline thin films at the nanoscale investigated by atomic force microscopy

We investigated the influence of structural order on the elastic, frictional, and electrical properties of butylthio-functionalized PANI (PANI-SBu) films by atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based techniques, including PeakForce quantitative nanomechanical mapping, friction force microscopy, and conductive AFM. The PANI-SBu films were prepared by the drop-cast method from the solution of PANI-SBu in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone that was continuously stirred. The PANI-SBu films were fabricated after different solution stirring times. The shear force during the mechanical stir will disentangle the highly-coiled PANI-SBu polymer chains in the solution. Therefore, the polymer chains in solution cast on the substrates will progressively self-assemble into a more organized structure when solvents evaporate, leading to PANI-SBu films with improved structural order. Our AFM studies discovered that more structurally-ordered PANI-SBu films have substantially larger out-of-plane elastic moduli and charge mobility but smaller kinetic friction coefficients. The denser packing of polymer molecules increases film elasticities and promotes chain-to-chain charge transport. In addition, stiffer PANI-SBu film surfaces are more difficult to deform when sheared by the sliding AFM probe, resulting in less energy dissipation during AFM friction measurements. Thus, smaller kinetic friction coefficients were found. Conversely, more structurally-disordered PANI-SBu films have smaller elasticity and charge mobility but larger kinetic friction coefficients. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to manipulate the elastic, frictional, and electrical properties of PANI-SBu films by controlling their structural order, which can be essential for developing polymer-based composite materials and flexible electronic devices.

Composite microgranular scaffolds with surface modifications for improved initial osteoblastic cell proliferation

Polyester-based granular scaffolds are a potent material for tissue engineering due to their porosity, controllable pore size, and potential to be molded into various shapes. Additionally, they can be produced as composite materials, e.g., mixed with osteoconductive β-tricalcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite. Such polymer-based composite materials often happen to be hydrophobic, which disrupts cell attachment and decreases cell growth on the scaffold, undermining its primary function. In this work, we propose the experimental comparison of three modification techniques for granular scaffolds to increase their hydrophilicity and cell attachment. Those techniques include atmospheric plasma treatment, polydopamine coating, and polynorepinephrine coating. Composite polymer/β-tricalcium phosphate granules have been produced in a solution-induced phase separation (SIPS) process using commercially available biomedical polymers: poly(lactic acid), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), and polycaprolactone. We used thermal assembly to prepare cylindrical scaffolds from composite microgranules. Atmospheric plasma treatment, polydopamine coating, and polynorepinephrine coating showed similar effects on polymer composites' hydrophilic and bioactive properties. All modifications significantly increased human osteosarcoma MG-63 cell adhesion and proliferation in vitro compared to cells cultured on unmodified materials. In the case of polycaprolactone/β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds, modifications were the most necessary, as unmodified polycaprolactone-based material disrupted the cell attachment. Modified polylactide/β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold supported excellent cell growth and showed ultimate compressive strength exceeding this of human trabecular bone. This suggests that all investigated modification techniques can be used interchangeably for increasing wettability and cell attachment properties of various scaffolds for medical applications, especially those with high surface and volumetric porosity, like granular scaffolds.

Graphene NanoPlatelet-based coating as thermal protection from high-power radiative fluxes

A major disadvantage of polymer-based composite materials is their poor performance when exposed to relatively high heat flux. At temperatures typically above 300–400 °C, the organic matrix decomposes releasing heat, smoke, and toxic volatiles, jeopardising the composite mechanical performances. The heat flux resistance of composites can be improved by integrating protective coatings on their surface. In the present work, graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) films are employed as thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) to mitigate the thermal degradation of Carbon Fibres Reinforced Plastic (CFRP). The films were bonded onto the heat-exposed surface of CFRP laminates. Laser spot heating tests, with different laser power densities (25–150 kW/m2), were adopted to assess the effectiveness of the coating. The effect of the thickness of the protective layer has been tested too, by changing the number of layers (from 1 to 2 layers). From the results, a significant reduction in the temperatures and damages were observed. Moreover, the damage extension and residual mechanical performances of exposed samples have been assessed as a function of the power density and the protection level. A significant improvement of the post-heat flexural moduli and a significant reduction of the damaged areas have been obtained in laminates protected with high-loaded graphene nanoplatelet films.

PANI-wrapped BaFe12O19 and SrFe12O19 with rGO composite materials for electromagnetic interference shielding applications

We report electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency in the PANI-wrapped BaFe12O19 and SrFe12O19 with rGO composites. Barium and strontium hexaferrites were synthesized using the nitrate citrate gel combustion method. These hexaferrites were polymerized in situ with aniline. The PANI-coated ferrite-based composite materials were developed along with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer, and their shielding effectiveness was assessed in X-band frequency range (8.2–12.4 GHz). The reflection (SER) and absorption (SEA) mechanism of shielding effectiveness was discussed with the different rGO concentrations. The results reveal that 5 wt% of rGO with PANI-coated barium and strontium hexaferrite polymer composites exhibit shielding efficiency of 21.5 dB and 19.5 dB, respectively, for 1 mm thickness composite. These hexaferrite polymer-based composite materials can be used as an attractive candidate for EM shielding materials in various technological applications.

Rapid assessment of out-of-plane nonlinear shear stress–strain response for thick-section composites using artificial neural networks and DIC

Thick-section fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites (TSCs) have been increasingly used in primary and secondary load-bearing structures. Due to complex deformation mechanisms, accurate out-of-plane constitutive relations, including nonlinear shear stress–strain response, are required for structural analysis and failure prediction of TSC structures. A plate torsion test is proposed to assess the nonlinear out-of-plane shear stress–strain response using an artificial neural network (ANN) and digital image correlation (DIC). The ANN model was developed using three-dimensional finite element numerical simulations, and the out-of-plane shear stress was obtained with good accuracy. The efficiency of the shear stress calculation has been improved. The usability of the test method has been refined substantially. A comparison of the shear stress with the FEM-calculated result showed that the average error of the ANN-predicted shear stress was less than 0.5%. Accordingly, the constitutive parameters of a 15-ply thick S6C10/AC318 glass/epoxy unidirectional tape panel have been extracted from the minimization of the normalized error between ANN-calculated shear stress and DIC-measured shear strain iteratively. The efficiency of stress updating for the plate-torsion specimen has been improved by 105 times to extract the material constitutive parameters. Not limited to plate-torsion specimens, the proposed ANN-DIC method can be extended further for rapid assessment of material constitutive parameters for other anisotropic polymer-based composite materials using complex, statically indeterminate tests.

Structural Analysis of Airplane Wing Using Composite and Natural Fiber Materials: A Survey

Abstract: Natural fiber-reinforced polymer-based composites are increasingly used in modern society due to their numerous benefits for uses in mechanical engineering. Polymer-based composite materials are widely employed in civil construction, automotive, aerospace, and many other industries due to their many benefits. Natural fibers can be used to create new, highperformance polymer materials because they are affordable, environmentally friendly, renewable, and partially and fully biodegradable. Examples of these fibers include EGR Glass R Glass, Carbon fiber, and S Glass, as well as kenaf, pineapple, sugarcane, hemp, oil palm, flax, and leaf. The purpose of this study is to explore the use of natural fibers and composites in the production of airplane wings, including mechanical characteristics, applications, and potential as well as problems and future demand for natural composite materials for engineering uses. A good 50% of the airspace's components are natural composites. Because natural composites have the ability to lower aircraft weight, they are currently being used to construct helicopters, military fighter aircraft, small and large civil transport aircraft, cockpits, satellites, launch vehicles, and missiles. Rudder, spoilers, LG doors, keel beam, airbrakes, elevators, turbine engine fan blades, propellers, rear bulkhead, wing ribs, main wings, interior fixtures, etc. Composites made of natural fibers are attractive and promising. The use of natural fiber-based composite materials is growing daily due to their strength and integrity. The natural fiber is a renewable, environmentally beneficial, and biodegradable raw material. Both its mechanical and thermal insulation qualities are strong in natural fiber. However, the loading placed on the natural fiber and its youthful modulus determines its strength In addition to discussing the benefits of natural fibers over other materials, this paper provides a description of the several types of natural fiber, their physical and mechanical properties, and their advantages.