Polylactide Acid Research Articles

Transcriptomic profiling under poly (L-lactide) polymer degradation of the thermophilic filamentous bacterium Laceyella sacchari LP175 and its potential for polymer film hydrolysis

Polylactide or polylactic acid (PLA) is a hydrolysable polymer used in many applications including medical devices, agricultural films, and packaging materials. Biological methods that completely decompose biodegradable polymers are environmentally beneficial. Laceyella sacchari LP175, a thermophilic filamentous bacterium, had a high potential producing poly (L-lactide) (PLLA)-degrading enzyme which is characterized as a serine protease. This study demonstrated that this strain is an effective degrader of PLLA at a high temperature of 50 °C, which resulted in an increase in enzyme activity within the initial 24 h of incubation. The alterations in the physical and structural characteristics of the PLLA polymer film were verified to occur when incubated with a culture supernatant of this strain. Transcriptomic profiling revealed the differentially expressed genes of Laceyella sacchari LP175 under PLLA degradation, showing 289 and 296 up-regulated and down-regulated genes, respectively. Findings indicated that serine protease and transport-related genes played a key role in the biodegradation of PLLA in Laceyella sacchari LP175. The functions and metabolic pathway annotation of the enriched expression genes showed that propanoate metabolism, protein secretion, and membrane transportation were the main pathways induced when cells were grown in the presence of PLLA powder. Therefore, transcriptome data will be helpful in the development and manipulation of microbial systems to improve the degradation of biodegradable polymers.

Development of erythromycin loaded PLGA nanoparticles for improved drug efficacy and sustained release against bacterial infections and biofilm formation

Bacterial infections are a common cause of sepsis, often leading to high patient mortality. Such infections are challenging to treat due to bacterial resistance to many existing drugs. Erythromycin (Ery) is a macrolide antibiotic used against bacterial infections with reported resistance. Recently, synthetic poly-lactide co-glycolic acid (PLGA) polymer nanoparticles (NPs) have displayed improved drug delivery characteristics and biocompatibility. In this study, PLGA-Ery NPs were synthesized by the o/w emulsion diffusion method, having a particle size of 159 ± 23 nm and displayed 71.89 % of encapsulation efficiency. The PLGA-Ery NPs showed 1.5, 2.1 and 1.5-fold improved MIC and antibacterial efficacy against E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa, respectively than the pure drug. As illustrated by scanning electron microscopy, PLGA-Ery NPs caused damage to the bacterial cell walls. Furthermore, a surface coating with PLGA-Ery NPs on a glass surface showed efficient inhibition (>90 %) of the biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa, as determined by fluorescence microscopy and MTT assay. This study demonstrates that PLGA-Ery NPs can increase the efficiency of erythromycin and can suppress the growth and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa. Such polymeric nanoparticles drug nanoformulations have potential as an antimicrobial and as a surface coating for medical devices.

Effects of Different Fiber Sizes in PLA/Carbon Fiber Composites on Mechanical Properties

This study assessed the morphology and chemical composition of coir coconut husk carbon fiber, as well as the impact of fiber diameters on the physical and mechanical properties of polylactic acid composites. Researchers are studying polylactide acid, a biodegradable material. This eco-friendly material’s excellent features, generated from sustainable and renewable sources, have drawn many people. Malaysia’s high coconut fiber output made coir husk a popular commodity. Coconut fibers are lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. Alkaline treatment eliminates hemicellulose, oil, wax, and other contaminants from coir fibers and removes lignin. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy were used to examine the treated coconut fibers’ chemical modification analysis and morphology. Coconut coir husk was carbonized to produce carbon fiber using a furnace operated at 300°C for 2 hours. Fiber and polylactic acid were mixed in different fiber sizes (0, 53 μm, 75 μm, and 212 μm) via extrusion and injection processing techniques. The results showed that the alkali treatment reduced the hydroxyl (-OH) group and separated the area from the carbonyl (C=O) group of coconut coir husk, which changed the filler’s hydrophilicity. The fiber size of 212 μm was discovered to have the highest tensile and flexural strength values. According to testing, the modified material structure had a better surface fill-matrix bond. Thus, generalized fiber sizing and characterization methods were developed. Regardless of the matrix, this method can characterize natural fiber strength and interfacial shear strength of varied diameters and solid contents.

Pivotal role of polylactide in carbon emission reduction: A comprehensive review

AbstractThis review paper explores the diverse applications of polylactide or polylactic acid (PLA) and its contributions to environmental sustainability. It delves into the synthesis, properties, and numerous applications of PLA, accompanied by illustrative examples demonstrating its ability to reduce carbon emissions. The environmentally friendly characteristics of PLA, coupled with its versatility, make it a vital player in the ongoing efforts to combat climate change. PLA generally requires lower extrusion temperatures than other 3D printing materials, such as ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene). Lower extrusion temperatures lead to reduced energy consumption during the printing process thus the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions during production. Plants, such as corn and sugarcane, play a crucial role in absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during their growth cycle. When these plants are utilized to produce PLA, the captured CO2 remains sequestered within the plastic material. This contributes to offsetting CO2 emissions from other sources. In conclusion, the usage of PLA has demonstrated positive contributions to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions through its renewable sourcing, lower extrusion temperatures, lower dependence on fossil fuels, reduced greenhouse gas emissions during production, biodegradability, and participation in a closed carbon cycle.

Analysis of 3D-Printing Layer Height Pattern Effect to ADC12’s Mechanical Properties Investment Casting Results

This study aims to determine the mechanical properties, both hardness and tensile strength of investment casting results from 3D-Printing patterns. In this analysis, the aluminum scrap comes from the piston and will later be Die Casted and become ADC 12. The pattern used Poly Lactid Acid material, then the pattern is printed with varying layer height. After that, analysis was carried out using experimental for surface roughness and hardness of ADC12. The Hardness value is used to get the Tensile strength of ADC12 from empirical aproach. The results of the analysis show that the hardness and tensile strength of the ADC12 casting investment product have decreased due to the increasing value of the surface roughness of the cast product which is influenced by the use of a larger layer thickness.

Construction of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Artificial Human Urinary Bladder: A Preliminary Study

Objective: The present study aimed to obtain the required cells and select a suitable scaffold material for constructing an artificial bladder using the tissue engineering approach. 
 Materials and methods: The convenience of obtaining human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hADMSCs) was used in this study. It was attempted to differentiate these cells into smooth muscle cells (SMC), which are present along the wall of the bladder. Urothelial cells were enzymatically isolated from tissue biopsies. Synthetic (poly-lactide co-glycolic acid, PLGA) and natural (chitosan) polymers were used in scaffold fabrication using a tissue engineering approach.
 Results: In the cellular experiments, urothelial cells couldn’t be cultured in polystyrene culture vessels in vitro and required a support material to maintain viability. Better results were obtained with the feeder layer. The hADMSCs exhibited the expected morphological changes in the serum-rich medium content in the SMC differentiation experiments. Chitosan, biocompatible and biodegradable, was mixed with PLGA as an alternative scaffold combination.
 Conclusion: This study indicated that hADMSCs-derived smooth muscle cells and biopsy-isolated urothelial cells cultured on hybrid chitosan–PLGA scaffolds with appropriate physical properties could serve as a suitable model for tissue-engineered artificial bladder construction.

Life cycle assessment of baby leaf spinach: Reduction of waste through interventions in growing treatments and packaging

Salad vegetables are an important dietary nutrient source, but are prone to spoilage, and actions to reduce waste are being explored and assessed. The Leaf No Waste project aims to reduce food and packaging waste in Ireland, by extending the shelf life of leafy vegetables through growing treatments and packaging choices. This LCA study assessed environmental impacts of a silicon foliar treatment and packaging choices - Oriented Polypropylene (OPP) and Polylactide Acid (PLA) for baby leaf spinach, focussing on climate change, terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, fossil resource scarcity, and water use. The production of spinach, storage, packaging, retail, and waste management of the spinach supply chain are included in the system boundary, for 1 kg packed baby leaf spinach. The results illustrate that the silicon foliar treatment reduces waste, and LCA of the silicon foliar treatment for baby leaf spinach in OPP packaging under 3-day shelf life demonstrates limited effects on climate change (323 vs 321 g CO2-eq/kg), freshwater eutrophication (21.4 vs 20.9 mg P-eq/kg), and water use (10.2 vs 10 L/kg), increased impact on fossil resource scarcity (98.6 vs 91.4 g oil-eq/kg) and lowers impact on terrestrial acidification (3573 vs 3997 mg SO2-eq/kg). PLA packaging has a greater impact than OPP packaging in all impact categories, except fossil resource scarcity. The 7-day shelf life causes more impacts than the 3-day shelf life, except for the scenario with PLA packaging in the impact category of fossil resource scarcity. The results of this study identify environmental hotspots of an Irish spinach supply chain and are preliminary evidence to support actions to reduce waste in fresh leaf spinach supply chains from packaging to retail.

The influence of steam sterilization on the deflection of 3D printing shapes

The impact of testing loads and deflection of samples made of polymeric materials used in the field of medical engineering after the steam sterilization process were investigated. The research was carried out on samples with standard geometry, according to PN-EN ISO 179-1, which were produced in two different printing configurations relative to the coordinate system of 3D printers using the extrusion additive process. Polymers used are polyether ether ketone (PEEK), MED610, polylactide acid and photocurable resin. The results regarding strength properties were analysed based on measurements of the deflection arrow during straight bending. The photocurable resin showed the smallest deformation, polylactic acid the highest. It is worth noting, each material had a different dependencies during the load test. From results it is concluded, that print orientation, material type and sterilization have significant impact on strength and deformation of polymers.

Antibacterial properties of marine algae incorporated polylactide acid membranes as an alternative to clinically applied different collagen membranes

The reconstruction of bony defects in the alveolar crest poses challenges in dental practice. Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures utilize barriers to promote bone regeneration and prevent epithelial growth. This study focuses on evaluating the antibacterial properties of marine algae-polylactic acid (PLA) composite membranes compared to commercially available collagen membranes. Marine algae (Corallina elongata, Galaxaura oblongata, Cystoseira compressa, Saragassum vulgare, and Stypopodium schimperi) were processed into powders and blended with PLA to fabricate composite membranes. Cytocompatibility assays using human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (n = 3) were performed to evaluate biocompatibility. Antibacterial effects were assessed through colony-forming units (CFU) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of bacterial colonization on the membranes. The cytocompatibility assays demonstrated suitable biocompatibility of all marine algae-PLA composite membranes with human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Antibacterial assessment revealed that Sargassum vulgare-PLA membranes exhibited the highest resistance to bacterial colonization, followed by Galaxaura oblongata-PLA and Cystoseira compressa-PLA membranes. SEM analysis confirmed these findings and revealed smooth surface textures for the marine algae-PLA membranes compared to the fibrous and porous structures of collagen membranes. Marine algae-PLA composite membranes show promising antibacterial properties and cytocompatibility for guided bone and tissue regeneration applications. Sargassum vulgare-PLA membranes demonstrated the highest resistance against bacterial colonization. These findings suggest that marine algae-PLA composite membranes could serve as effective biomaterials for infection control and tissue regeneration. Further in vivo validation and investigation of biodegradation properties are necessary to explore their clinical potential.Graphical

[Translated article] Mechanical resistance of polylactic acid bone matrices developed by 3D printing for the reconstruction of bone defects

IntroductionBone defects are one of the main limitations in orthopaedic surgery and traumatology. For this reason, multiple bone replacement systems have been developed, either by prosthetic implant or by substitution with osteoforming substances, whose limitations are their survival and lack of structurality, respectively. The objective of this work is the generation of a new material for the creation of biologically active structures that have sufficient tensile strength to maintain the structure during remodelling. Material and methodsA new filament based on the fusion of natural polylactide acid (PLA) powder was designed for the generation of pieces by means of fused deposition modelling (FDM) on which to carry out tensile mechanical tests of osteosynthesis material. A total of 13 groups with different cortical thickness, filling and layer height were carried out, with 10 tensile tests in each group, defining the tensile breaking limit for each group. The regression lines for each group and their mechanical resistance to traction on the filament used were determined. ResultsThe filament ratio per contact surface unit with the osteosynthesis used was the main determinant of the mechanical resistance to traction, either at the expense of the increase in cortical thickness or by the increase in the percentage of cancellous bone filling. Layer height had a minor effect on tensile strength. The regression value was high for cortical thickness and cancellous filling, being elements with a predictable biomechanical behaviour. ConclusionsThe new methodology allows the creation of personalised neutral and implantable PLA bone matrices for the reconstruction of large bone defects by means of 3D printing by FDM with a mechanical resistance to traction greater than that of current biological support structures.

KARAKTERISASI BIODEGRADASI PADA KOMPOSIT POLYMER POLYLACTID ACID (PLA) DENGAN PENAMBAHAN CHITOSAN DAN HYDROXYAPATITE

Polylactid Acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer made from natural ingredients so it is safe to use for biomaterials. The purpose of this study was to determine the biodegradation characteristics of the addition of chitosan powder and Hydroxyapatite to PLA. There were 4 variations in this study, namely PLA 100 (pure PLA), PLA-chitosan-Hydroxyapatite 94-3-3 (Composite 1), PLA-chitosan-Hydroxyapatite 94-0-6 (Composite 2), PLA-chitosan-Hydroxyapatite 94-6-0 (Composite 3). Samples were prepared using the extrusion method to form filaments, then the filaments were injected with a temperature of 170-190°C and an injection pressure of 5-6 bar. Characterization was carried out using the Immerse Test, FTIR Test, and SEM-EDS Test. The results of the Immerse Test showed an increase in sample mass of 1.04%, 1.1%, 1.05% and 1.14% respectively. FTIR test results did not show any new functional groups in the composite. The results of the SEM test indicated the presence of Na and Cl deposits on the sample surface as evidenced by the results of the EDS test that all samples contained Na and Cl elements. So that the weight gain occurs because the three materials are not chemically mixed which easily separate and cause cavities, these cavities are filled with HBSS liquid.

Transient magnesium‐based thin‐film temperature sensor on a flexible, bioabsorbable substrate for future medical applications

AbstractIn this work, the bioabsorbable materials, namely fibroin, polylactide acid (PLA), magnesium, and magnesium oxide are investigated for their application as transient, resistive temperature detectors (RTD). For this purpose, a thin‐film magnesium‐based meander‐like electrode is deposited onto a flexible, bioabsorbable substrate (fibroin or PLA) and encapsulated (passivated) by additional magnesium oxide layers on top and below the magnesium‐based electrode. The morphology of different layered RTDs is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The sensor performance and lifetime of the RTD is characterized both under ambient atmospheric conditions between 30°C and 43°C, and wet tissue‐like conditions with a constant temperature regime of 37°C. The latter triggers the degradation process of the magnesium‐based layers. The 3‐layers RTDs on a PLA substrate could achieve a lifetime of 8.5 h. These sensors also show the best sensor performance under ambient atmospheric conditions with a mean sensitivity of 0.48 Ω/°C ± 0.01 Ω/°C.

Effect of infill pattern of polylactide acid (PLA) 3D-printed integral sandwich panels under ballistic impact loading

This paper investigates the effect of the infill pattern of polylactide acid (PLA) 3D-printed sandwich panels under ballistic impact loading. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique is used to manufacture the PLA 3D-printed integral sandwich panels with four infill patterns: cubic, grid, gyroid, and honeycomb. The ballistic data acquisition system is collected the experimental results with three impact velocities: 109.65, 173.97, and 209.48 m/s. It was revealed that the 3D-printed sandwich panel with cubic infill pattern reached the highest maximum impact load than the other three infill patterns. Moreover, it was highlighted that the sandwich panel with cubic and gyroid infill patterns absorbed 1.41 and 1.15 J and provided better impact resistance characteristics. It is highlighted that the infill pattern plays a vital role in the impact resistance of 3D-printed sandwich structures. Furthermore, it is recommended the three-dimensional (3D) infill pattern, e.g., cubic, gyroid, 3D honeycomb, can provide better impact performance than the two-dimensional (2D) infill pattern.

PENGARUH CORE HONEYCOMB KOMPOSIT SANDWICH TERHADAP KEKUATAN COMPRESS DENGAN METODE VACUUM BAGGING

Sandwich composites are a combination of two materials with different properties, when combined to form one material that has stronger properties and resistance than its constituent materials. This structure consists of a surface layer (skin) and a core (core). This study used fiberglass woven roving skin, core polylactid acid (PLA), and put together using polyester resin. One of the new technologies used today is 3D printing, which allows the manufacture of products with three-dimensional shapes. The research aims to produce new composite products by creating vertical and horizontally oriented variations of honeycomb cores, combined with PLA cores printed using 3D printing technology. The manufacturing process uses the vacuum bagging method because the process is simpler. The test is performed by flatwise compressive method to evaluate the resistance of the specimen to a given compression load. The test results showed that of the four vertically oriented honeycomb sandwich core composite specimens, the highest maximum compressive strength value was found in vertical honeycomb 3, reaching 61,310 MPa with a maximum load of 46434 N. Meanwhile, in the four horizontally oriented honeycomb sandwich core composite specimens, the highest maximum compressive strength value was found in horizontal honeycomb 2, reaching 15,265 MPa with a maximum load of 13603 N. From the test results It was concluded that the vertically oriented honeycomb sandwich core composite has superior structural strength

Influence of printing material moisture on part adhesion in fused filament fabrication 3D printing

ABSTRACT Fused filament fabrication plays an increasingly important role in modern manufacturing. Despite this, issues like deformations caused by thermal shrinkage are still common. These process failures, called warping, can easily be avoided by ensuring sufficient adhesion of the printed part to the build surface during the manufacturing process. Nevertheless, only a few is known about the factors which have an impact on the adhesion between a part to be printed and the build surface. Although the content of moisture in the used polymer plays an important role in every established processing method, its influence on adhesion is still unknown for fused filament fabrication. This publication investigates the influence of moisture in the printing material for the examples of build surfaces made from Pertinax and borosilicate glass and printing materials such as polylactide acid, polyvinyl alcohol and polyamide. These printing materials were characterized by thermogravimetric analyses and differential scanning calorimetry. Following adhesion tests showed that the moisture content of the printing material can alter the adhesion between the printed part and the build surface up to 68%. It was also shown that there is an optimum moisture content at which maximum adhesion is reached.

Aging effects on the viscoelastic behaviour of products by fused deposition modelling (FDM) made from recycled and wood-filled polymer resins

In this work, we analyse the thermal aging effects on the thermo-mechanical properties of bio-based specimens realized using fused deposition modelling technology. For the investigations, three commercial filaments made of polylactide acid (PLA) were used. The first filament was a pure virgin PLA (B-PLA); the second one was made from recycled waste production, PLA (R-PLA), and the third one was wood-filled PLA (W-PLA). Such materials were extruded under pre-optimized conditions and thermally aged in an oven at 70 °C. The as-prepared specimens were subjected to dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The experimental results are presented in terms of storage modulus (E'), loss modulus (E"), tan delta, and absorption spectra at different aging periods (0, 50, 70, 130, 175 days). For B-PLA and R-PLA, the thermal aging results in a decrease in both storage and loss moduli and in an increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg). On the contrary, for the W-PLA the storage modulus increases with the aging time, while the Tg remains constant. The IR spectra support the hypothesis of a degradation mechanism involving hydrolysis and/or hydrogen atom transfer. Based on these observations, we conclude that heat treatments always lead, through polymer degradation and structural changes, to more stable structures. The presence of wood particles slows down the aging process and makes the final products more durable.

Understanding of trabecular-cortical transition zone: Numerical and experimental assessment of multi-morphology scaffolds

Applications of additive manufacturing (AM) in tissue engineering develop rapidly. AM offers layer-by-layer creation of complex objects, developed to restore functionality of, or replace, damaged tissues. Porous 3D-printed functional gradient structures are of particular interest: their special architecture makes it possible to simulate the heterogeneity of the replaced tissue and, by continuously changing the mechanical properties, to avoid the concentration of stresses that can be caused by abrupt geometric changes. Such structures also allow combinations of different types of unit cells and a smooth transition between them, making design of personalised scaffolds with optimal parameters for the replacement of damaged host tissue at the interface between tissues possible. This paper presents the results of development of scaffold structures with gradients of porosity and multi-morphology using unit cells based on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS). The mechanical behaviour of additively manufactured scaffold prototypes made of polylactide acid (PLA) was studied under compressive loading. Strain fields on their surface were captured using the Vic-3d Micro-DIC digital image correlation system and compared with those obtained with detailed numerical simulations, employing elastic-plastic properties of PLA, obtained in experiments. The effect of gradient parameters and unit-cell morphology on the stress distribution in scaffolds was analysed. A smooth gradient transition between cells with different morphologies was found to reduce the probability of structural failure under intense compressive loading. A good agreement between numerical results and experimental data was achieved, which justifies application of the developed approach to design of personalised bone scaffolds.

Crack penetration versus deflection in extrusion-based additive manufacturing – Impact of nozzle temperature and morphology

Two different modes of fracture propagation can occur when a crack encounters a weak interface in a fused filament fabricated (FFF) part: the crack either deflects into the interface, or penetrates the subsequent layers. The objective of this work is to verify the suitability of an energy- and a strength-based criterion for predicting which failure mode will occur in FFF printed parts. Four different materials, glycol-modified poly(ethylene terephthalate), polylactide acid and two different poly(methyl methacrylate) grades were examined. Fracture mechanical tests were performed on single edge-notched bending specimens for the energy-based approach and tensile tests performed on dumbbell specimens for the strength-based approach. Additionally, porosity measurements and thermal analysis were carried out to provide structural information. The energy-based approach proved unreliable for failure mode prediction. Potential problems include failure to meet the requirements of linear elastic fracture mechanics and issues with notch design. The strength-based approach, in contrast, correctly predicted the crack path for all tested materials and seems a promising candidate for failure mode prediction in FFF materials.

PENGEMBANGAN MATERIAL KOMPOSIT TAHAN PANAS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE 3D PRINTING DAN HAND LAY UP


 Sandwich composites are a combination of two materials that have different properties which are then put together to have stronger properties and resistance than their constituents, consisting of the skin and the core. In this study, ceramic fiber blanket insulation was used, leather fiber, core polylactid acid (PLA) and united using merrhyl polyester resin. This research produces a new composite product with a honeycomb core combined with a core made of PLA which is printed with 3D printing, the manufacturing process is by using a hand lay up based on its superiority which is a simpler process, making heat resistant composites by combining ceramic fiber blanket fibers insulation and merrhyl polyester resin, in the thermal conductivity test and also the impact charpy obtained the results from the impact charpy test with a honeycomb core with a ratio of 50% fiber and 50% resin to get an impact on specimen 3 of 4,848j then on impact without skin only PLA got a value of 1.5034j in the thermal conductivity test with a time of 30s to get a Q1 temperature of 1.3130C in Q2 to get a result of 3540C in this study obtained a heat-resistant composite with a mixture of ceramic fiber blankets this insulating material is suitable for the temperature conditions from the results of this test fix what the impact results and also know the ceramic fiber blanket insulation fiber which is suitable for use in composite materials that require high temperatures.

PENGARUH KONFIGURASI STRUKTUR TERHADAP KEKUATAN BENDING DARI KOMPOSIT SANDWICH 3D PRINTING

Sandwich composites are a combination of two materials that have different properties which are then put together to have stronger properties and resistance than their constituents, consisting of the skin and the core. In this study using fiberglass skin, core polylactid acid (PLA) and put together using epoxy resin. One of the new technologies today is 3D printing by working to produce three-dimensional products. In this study, it was used to produce new composite products with variations of honeycomb and rectangular cores combined with 3D printing printed PLA cores. The manufacturing process using the hand lay up method is based on its superiority that the process is simpler. Bending test with the three point bending method is carried out in order to determine the resistance of the specimen to a given bending load. The results obtained after testing where of the three honeycomb cores 1, 2 and 3 obtained the highest bending stress value in honeycomb 2 of 10.732Mpa and a maximum load of 359.573N. Then on the three rectangular cores 1.2 and 3, the highest bending stress value is obtained in rectangular 2 of 10.456Mpa and the maximum load is 252.432N. From the test results it was found that the honeycomb sandwich core composite has superior structural strength compared to the rectangular sandwich core composite.