Polylactic Acid Material Research Articles

A customizable anthropomorphic phantom for dosimetric verification of 3D-printed lung, tissue, and bone density materials.

To design and manufacture a customized thoracic phantom slab utilizing the 3D printing process, also known as additive manufacturing, consisting of different tissue density materials. Here, we demonstrate the 3D-printed phantom's clinical feasibility for imaging and dosimetric verification of volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy (VMAT) plans for lung and spine stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) through end-to-end dosimetric verification. A customizable anthropomorphic phantom slab was designed using the CT dataset of a commercial phantom (adult female ATOM dosimetry phantom, CIRS Inc.). Material extrusion 3D printing was utilized to manufacture the phantom slab consisting of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene material for the lung and the associated lesion, polylactic acid (PLA) material for soft tissue and spinal cord, and both PLA and iron-reinforced PLA materials for bone. CT images were acquired for both the commercial phantom and 3D-printed phantom for HU comparison. VMAT plans were generated for spine and lung SABR scenarios and were delivered as per departmental SABR protocols using a Varian TrueBeam STx linear accelerator. End-to-end dosimetry was implemented with radiochromic films, analyzed with gamma criteria of 5% dose difference, and a distance-to-agreement of 1mm, at a 10% low-dose threshold by comparing with calculated dose using the Acuros algorithm of the Eclipse treatment planning system (v15.6). 3D-printed phantom inserts were observed to produce HU ranging from -750 to 2100. The 3D-printed phantom slab was observed to achieve a similar range of HU from the commercial phantom including a mean HU of -760 for lung tissue, a mean HU of 50 for soft tissue, and a mean HU of 220 and 630 for low- and high-density bone, respectively. Film dosimetry results show 2D-gamma passing rates for lung SABR (internal and superior) and spine SABR (inferior and superior) over 98% and 90%, respectively. The end-to-end testing of VMAT plans for spine and lung SABR suggests the clinical feasibility of the 3D-printed phantom, consisting of different tissue density materials that emulate lung, soft tissue, and bone in kV imaging and megavoltage photon dosimetry. Further investigation of the proposed 3D printing techniques for manufacturability and reproducibility will enable the development of clinical 3D-printed phantoms in radiotherapy.

A Case Study on the Effect of Printing Temperature on the Tensile Strength of 3D Printed Parts with PLA Material

Abstract The fusion between the layers of a 3D printed part greatly influences the overall mechanical properties and can reduce its applications in certain domains. In order to obtain a better bonding between layers a study on the influence of printing temperature on the tensile strength of 3D printed parts is needed. The mechanical experiments were made on printed parts with polylactic acid material (PLA) on an open-source 3D printer with filament fabrication technology (FFF). The study is made on parts with the same layer height, infill ratio, dimensions, printed at the same speed. The obtained results show the influence of material printing temperature and the fast cooling on the mechanical properties of the 3D printed parts.

Structure-controlled lignin complex for PLA composites with outstanding antibacterial, fluorescent and photothermal conversion properties

Polylactic acid (PLA) is increasingly being considered as an ideal biodegradable candidate to replace petroleum-based polymers. However, its practical applications are often hampered by the poor mechanical robustness and solo functionality. Herein, based on the mechanical property improvement of PLA we proposed a simple process of assembling lignin-hybridized modifier and PLA matrix, as opposed to the traditional trade-off between mechanical strength and functionality, while anchoring a biofluorescent moiety onto lignin surfaces. Specifically, the fluorophore group could act as interfacial compatibilizer of complex and facilitate the shape-tailored hybrids for promoting functionality flexibility. With the bimetallic hetero-particles, the preferable lignin-assembled complex could be controllably configured as an antibacterial, fluorophore and photothermal agent. Thus, mechanical enhancement, fluorescence introduction and favorable photothermal ability of the resulting PLA composites were successfully achieved for integrated unification of structural robustness, geometric integrity and functional multiplicity, which was never seen in the other reports. The results showed that PLA composites containing 5 wt% modified lignin, 10 wt% zinc oxide, and 5 wt% silver presented excellent mechanical, fluorescent, photothermal conversion properties. By controlling the ZnO content and morphology, strong inhibition of Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) than that of Staphylococcus Aureus (Gram-positive) was also observed. The flake-shaped ZnO /Ag hybrids contributed to better overall performance of PLA composites than the rod-shaped ZnO/Ag. In this work we developed a facile strategy to assemble a bioderived fluorophore with lignin particles for constructing a structure-controlled complex as a multitasking modifier, featuring mechanical unity and functional adaptability. Specifically, the lignin reinforcement and bimetallic hybrids with different morphologies were explored as an effective fluorophore, antibacterial and photothermal agent. Through multiple dehydration reactions, a conjugating fluorophore was successfully grafted on lignin surfaces to serve as an interface modifier without physical changing its structural robustness. And morphology-tailored hybrid was advantageously immobilized on predefined hetero-particle carrier of fluorescent lignin and endowed composites with desirable antimicrobial properties. The developed strategy would expand the functional applications of PLA materials in food packaging, biopharmaceuticals and simple fluorescent anti-counterfeiting.

Investigation on tensile characteristics of femur bone 3D model by using FDM

Three dimensional model of femur bone design was done by Pro Engineering. In the three dimensional model rear limb in nature animals of human thigh is known as the thigh bone. PLA materials are furnished to design by the use of 3d modeling design. The tested bone structures and filament areas are adopted from the tensile characteristics and results. FDM is the important stage of creating the layers by layers techniques from the bottom up approach models. Tensile strength of femur bones printed with varying in-fill densities of 15%, 45% and 75%. The printing patterns are used as triangular, horizontal and vertical line. The slicing software of FLASH PRINT was used to create the tool path required for the printing. The material used in this work was Poly Lactic Acid (PLA). ASTM D638 was used to determine the tensile strength and the density of the in-fill rise of base the material's tensile strength increases gradually. The maximum tensile strength of 1230 N was observed for hexagonal pattern with 75% in-fill density model.

Optimization of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) support parameters for fused deposition modelling (FDM) by using design of experiments (DOE)

This study aims to determine the optimum Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) support parameter settings for printing hollow samples using 3D printing technique. The hollow samples were made from Polylactic Acid (PLA) material and the support are from Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA). Full-factorial DOE with two levels of factorial studies for five manipulating factors which are dense support layer (0; 0.5; 1), percentage of support thickness (70%; 90%; 100%), percentage of support infill density (15%; 20%; 25%) and temperature of water (30 °C; 40 °C; 50 °C) were chosen and carried out to study its interaction and effects on the responses such as print time, support material usage and dissolution time of PVA support in the water. A total number of 20 runs with 4 center points are generated in the Design Expert 10 software. Each of the hollow samples together with the support is immersed in warm water to determine the Dissolution Time of PVA Support. From the experiment, it has been found that the run number 5, 7, 11 and 12 gives the best support parameter settings. These runs produce the best optimal outcomes whereby the average print time is 38 min, the Percentage of support material Usage is 0.96 m and the dissolution time of PVA support in water is 60 min. The Analysis of Anova (ANOVA) proves that minimum interaction effects exist between the factors and responses because each factor behaves independently towards a response. The best PVA parameter support settings reduce the support material usage, printing time and printing cost.

An experimental investigation of surface roughness in 3D-printed PLA items using design of experiments

This work investigates the effect of 3D-printing parameters on surface roughness in polylactic acid printed material by adopting Taguchi's design of experiments approach. The control parameters under study were: number of shells, printing temperature, infill rate, and printing pattern. As the response, mean surface roughness (Ra) was selected. The control parameters were assigned to an L9 orthogonal array to organize the experiments and obtain the mean surface roughness results. It is concluded that printing temperature is the dominant parameter that affects surface roughness when it comes to 3D printing of polylactic acid material followed by printing pattern, infill rate, and the number of shells.

Prediction of Tensile Strength of 3D Printed Bronze PLA Part Using Response Surface Modelling

Background - 3D printing is a dynamic process with many process parameters influencing the product, including the type of the material; it is often difficult to understand the combined influence of these parameters. Purpose - The tensile strength of 3D printed parts is important for the functionality of components. The effects of process parameters on tensile strength must therefore be examined. The objective of this study is to develop a response surface model (RSM) to predict the final quality of a 3D printed bronze part from a different set of input parameters. Methods - The tensile test specimen was built in a Makerbot 3D printer with bronze polylactic acid (PLA) material. The three controllable input parameters were; thickness of layers, number of shells, and infill density. The three levels of layer thickness were 0.1mm, 0.2mm and 0.3mm. The number of shells was 2, 3 and 4. The infill densities were 20%, 30% and 40%. A tensile experiment tested the strength of the specimens. RSM is a statistical approach for modelling and analyzing how different variables affect the response of interest, and for optimizing it. Results - The result obtained shows that the specimen with a high layer thickness of 0.3mm and infill density of 40% is the best among all the other parameters. Finally, the regression equation produced was used for random values of layer thickness, the number of shells, and infill density, to see whether the values obtained from the tests fall into the range of experimental data. Conclusion - Infill density and layer thickness are the two criteria that significantly influence the tensile property. The number of shells has the least influence on the tensile property. However, the best tensile strength is the part printed with higher infill density, a greater number of shells, and higher layer thickness.

Determination of Thermodynamic Parameters of Polylactic Acid by Thermogravimetry under Pyrolysis Conditions

In the present study, the thermodynamic parameters of Polylactic Acid (PLA) under conditions of thermal degradation were determined. The PLA material, previously sampled and characterized, was analyzed by dynamic thermogravimetry (TG) at heating rates of 5, 10 and 15 °C min−1 with a nitrogen flow of 20 mL min−1 from a temperature of 25 to 900 °C. The data were treated using isoconversional kinetic models to obtain the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor of each model. To fit the DTG curves, the Arrhenius equation was used applying the Contraction Sphere reaction model: two-dimensional phase limit reaction (R2). The thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy, Gibbs free energy and entropy were determined from the kinetic parameters of suitable models for each heating rate after statistical validation and comparison with other studies. The results showed that as the heating rate increases, the degradation temperature also increases, while the activation energy, enthalpy and pre-exponential factor decrease. According to the value of ∆G (171.65 kJ mol−1), PLA has a significant potential to be used as a raw material to produce bioenergy/biofuels by pyrolysis.

DESIGN OF A 3D-PRINTED THREE-CLAW ROBOTIC GRIPPER END-EFFECTOR

The development of a novel 3D-printed three-claw robotic gripper shall be described in this paper with the goal of incorporating various design considerations. Such considerations include the grip reliability and stability, grip force maximization, wide object grasping capability. Modularization of its components is another consideration that allows its parts to be easily machined and reusable. The design was realized by 3D printing using a combination of tough polylactic acid (PLA) material and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) material. In practice, additional tolerances were also considered for 3D printing of materials to compensate for possible expansion or shrinkage of the materials used to achieve the required functionality. The aim of the study is to explore the design and eventually deploy the three-claw robotic gripper to an actual robotic arm once its metal work fabrication is finished.

Microscopic analysis on dimensional capability of fused filament fabrication three-dimensional printing process

Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) has been the most widely used three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology due to its cost-effectiveness, easy application, and material readiness. FFF, to date, has been used to fabricate polymer components for rapid prototyping and increasingly for some end-user applications. Thus, there is a pressing need to optimize 3DP process parameters for FFF materials to achieve higher dimensional accuracy, especially in functional components for final use applications. Therefore, to ensure desired geometries with reasonable accuracy, precise measurements are required to validate the FFF process’s dimensional capability under different process conditions. This study presents the dimensional measurement and statistical analysis to evaluate the effect of printing materials, speed, and layer heights on dimensional accuracy and repeatability of the commercial FFF process. A benchmark part model was designed with different external and internal features commonly used in manufacturing processes. Taguchi’s design of experiments (DOE) was employed to obtain the experiments scheme, followed by the 3DP, dimensional measurement, and analysis of 3DP samples. Results revealed polylactic acid (PLA) material provided better dimensional control in most of the features. Higher printing speeds and layer heights were found optimum for external features/protrusions, whereas lower-to-medium speeds and layer heights were more appropriate for the fabrication of internal features.

Insight into roles of different types of additives on mechanical and crystalline properties of polylactic acid

AbstractWith people's awareness of environmental protection, the requirement of eco‐quality is increasingly demanding, particularly a more profound reflection in the field of materials. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a hopeful biodegradable thermoplastic material while its adverse nature restricts the practical applications. In this work, a one‐step reactive extrusion method was adopted to improve some properties of PLA by melt blending with some active additives, including commercial epoxy‐based chain extender, that is, ADR4468 of BASF, Germany; thermoplastic polyurethane thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomer, that is, DN‐5380 of Dawn, China, and mineral nucleating agent talc, that is, AH250CL of Aihai, China. Their influences on mechanical properties and crystallization behaviors of PLA were explored, and the detailed mechanisms were also discussed. It is found that ADR chain extender played a key role in improving the strength and rigidity of the composites, and methylenediphenyl diisocyanate type TPU elastomer could significantly enhance the toughness and ductility of PLA materials, while talc had a positive impact on regulating the cooling crystallization behavior of PLA. In particular, only trace ADR4468 (0.4 wt%) could effectively enhance its tensile and flexural strengths of neat PLA by 6.3% and 13.4%, respectively. Reactive polyurethane with 5 wt% significantly improved its elongation at break by 36.5%. The micro‐sized talc‐nucleating agent enhanced the cooling crystallization degrees to 24.7% from 4.8% for PLA blended with trace chain extender. The analysis results indicated that the functional group reactions between the active additives and PLA played key roles in improving the related properties. The output has certain reference values for PLA modification strategy, and will pave a route for endowing PLA materials with specific and required nature.

Mechanical Properties and a Constitutive Model of 3D-Printed Copper Powder-Filled PLA Material.

Three-dimensional printing is becoming increasingly popular because of its extensive applicability. However, printing materials remain limited. To determine the mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) and copper powder-filled polylactic acid (PLA-Cu) materials subjected to static and dynamic loading, stress–strain curves were obtained under the conditions of different strain rates using a universal material testing machine and a separated Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the micro-morphology of the quasi-static compression fracture and dynamic impact sections. The results revealed that the yield stress and elastic modulus of the two materials increased with increasing strain rate. When the strain rate reached a critical point of 0.033 s−1, the rate of crack propagation in the PLA samples increased, resulting in the material undergoing a change from ductile to brittle. The strength of the material subjected to dynamic loading was significantly higher than that subjected to quasi-static loading. The SEM image of the PLA-Cu material revealed that copper powder was evenly distributed throughout the 3D-printed sample and that stress initially began to concentrate at the defect site corresponding to the interface between the copper powder and PLA matrix; this resulted in comparatively lower toughness. This finding was consistent with the photographs captured via high-speed photography, which confirmed that the destruction of the specimen was accompanied by an explosive crushing process. Additionally, a Zhu–Wang–Tang constitutive model was used to fit the experimental results and establish a viscoelastic constitutive model of the material. By comparing the dynamic stress–strain curve to the theoretically predicted curve, we found that the established constitutive model could predict the mechanical properties of the PLA-Cu material with reasonable accuracy when the strain was below 7%.

Temperature-compensated constitutive model of fused filament fabrication 3D printed PLA materials with full extrusion temperatures

PurposeThis study aims to focus on the effect of interlayer bonding and thermal decomposition on the mechanical properties of fused filament fabrication-printed polylactic acid specimens at high extrusion temperatures.Design/methodology/approachA printing process, that is simultaneous manufacturing of contour and specimen, is used to improve the printing accuracy at high extrusion temperatures. The effects of the extrusion temperature on the mechanical properties of the interlayer and intra-layer are evaluated via tensile experiments. In addition, the microstructure evolution affected by the extrusion temperature is observed using scanning electron microscopy.FindingsThe results show that the extrusion temperature can effectively improve the interlayer bonding property; however, the mechanical properties of the specimen for extrusion temperatures higher than 270°C may worsen owing to the thermal decomposition of the polylactic acid (PLA) material. The optimum extrusion temperature of PLA material in the three-dimensional (3D) printing process is recommended to be 250–270°C.Originality/valueA temperature-compensated constitutive model for 3D printed PLA material under different extrusion temperatures is proposed. The present work facilitates the prediction of the mechanical properties of specimens at an extrusion temperature for different printing temperatures and different layers.

Highly Shrinkable Objects as Obtained from 4D Printing

Abstract4D printing of shape memory polymers enables the production of thermoresponsive objects. In this contribution, a facile printing strategy is followed for an in‐house synthesized thermoplastic poly(ether urethane). Processing by means of fused filament fabrication, in which the difference between nozzle temperature and material‐specific glass transition temperature of the polymer is kept as low as possible, allows to obtain highly shrinkable objects whose shape and thermoresponsiveness can be precisely controlled. The effectiveness of the method also applies to the printing material polylactic acid. One possible application lies in highly shrinkable objects for assembly purposes. As proof‐of‐concept, lightweight hands‐free door openers for healthcare applications are functionally simulated and developed. Once printed, such devices shrink when heated to fit on door handles, allowing an easy assembly. At the end‐of‐use, a heating‐initiated disassembling and mechanical recycling are proposed. In perspective, a reuse of the materials in 4D printing can contribute to the emergence of a circular economy for such highly functional materials.

Predictionof Tensile Strength of 3D PrintedBronze PLA Part Using Response Surface Modelling.

Background - 3D printing is a dynamic process with many process parameters influencing the product, including the type of the material; it is often difficult to understand the combined influence of these parameters. Purpose - The tensile strength of 3D printed parts is important for the functionality of components. The effects of process parameters on tensile strength must therefore be examined. The objective of this study is to develop a response surface model (RSM) to predict the final quality of a 3D printed bronze part from a different set of input parameters. Methods - The tensile test specimen was built in aMakerbot3D printer with bronze polylactic acid (PLA) material. The three controllable input parameters were; thickness of layers, number of shells, and infill density. The three levels of layer thickness were 0.1mm, 0.2mm and 0.3mm. The number of shells was 2, 3 and 4. The infill densities were 20%, 30% and 40%. A tensile experiment tested the strength of the specimens. RSM is a statistical approach for modelling andanalyzinghow different variables affect the response of interest, and for optimizing it. Results- The result obtained shows that the specimen with a high layer thickness of 0.3mm and infill density of 40% is the best among all the other parameters. Finally, the regression equation produced was used for random values of layer thickness, the number of shells, and infill density, to see whether the values obtained from the tests fall into the range of experimental data. Conclusion - Infill density and layer thickness are the two criteria that significantly influence the tensile property. The number of shells has the least influence on the tensile property. However, the best tensile strength is the part printed with higher infill density, a greater number of shells, and higher layer thickness.

EFFECT OF EXTRUSION PROCESS PARAMETERS ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 3D PRINTED PLA PRODUCT

The method of producing items through synchronously depositing material level by level, based on 3D digital models, is named Additive Manufacturing (AM) or 3D-printing. Amongs many AM methods, the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technique along with PLA (Polylactic acid) material is commonly used in additive manufacturing. Until now, the mechanical properties of the AM components could not be calculated or estimated until they've been assembled and checked. In this work, a novel approach is suggested as to how the extrusion process affects the mechanical properties of the printed component to obtain how the parts can be manufactured or printed to achieve improved mechanical properties. This methodology is based on an experimental procedure in which the combination of parameters to achieve an optimal from a manufacturing experiment and its value can be determined, the results obtained show the effect of the extrusion process affects the mechanical properties.

Behaviour of 3D printed re-entrant chiral auxetic (RCA) geometries under in-plane and out-of-plane loadings

Three-dimensional printing of auxetic materials is an emerging research field due to their intriguing negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) behaviour which enables improved load resistance than conventional materials for various applications. In this research, re-entrant chiral auxetic (RCA) structures of three different geometries were printed using polylactic acid (PLA) filament. The PLA material was also characterised in compression and tension. In total, 27 RCA specimens of varied cell sizes were designed, printed and tested under in-plane tension and compression and out-of-plane bending loads. Digital image correlation method was employed to study the failure modes, displacement profiles, load–displacement curves and ductility characteristics. Results showed that the samples with the smallest cell sizes exhibited the highest resistance against compression, tension and out-of-plane loading. The elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio was also higher for these geometries with the maximum NPR of −9 in compression and −5 in tension. In comparison, the larger cell geometries due to wider gaps between the cells showed higher deformability which resulted in high energy absorption characteristics in compression and tension. Whereas in out-of-plane bending, all designed geometries, irrespective of cell sizes exhibited similar deformability with the maximum ductility obtained for the RCA structures made of smaller cells.

Ultra-compact, high-numerical-aperture achromatic multilevel diffractive lens via metaheuristic approach

Recently, multilevel diffractive lenses (MDLs) have attracted considerable attention, mainly due to their superior wave-focusing performance; however, efforts to reduce chromatic aberration are still ongoing. Here, we present a numerical design and experimentally demonstrate a high-numerical aperture ( ∼ 0.99 ), diffraction-limited achromatic multilevel diffractive lens (AMDL), operating in the microwave range of 10–14 GHz. A multi-objective differential evolution (MO-DE) algorithm was incorporated with the three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain method to optimize the heights and widths of each concentric ring (zone) of the AMDL structure. To the best of our knowledge for the first time, in this study, the desired focal distance was also treated as an optimization parameter in addition to the structural parameters of the zones. Thus, MO-DE diminishes the necessity of predetermined focal distance and center wavelength by also providing an alternative method for phase profile tailoring. The proposed AMDL can be considered an ultra-compact and flat lens since it has the radius of 3.7 λ c and a thickness of ∼ λ c , where λ c is the center wavelength of 24.98 mm (i.e., 12 GHz). The numerically calculated full width at half maximum values are < 0.554 λ and focusing efficiency values are varying between 28% and 45.5%. To experimentally demonstrate the functionality of the optimized lens, the AMDL composed of polylactic acid material polymer is fabricated via 3D-printing technology. The numerical and experimental results are compared, discussed in detail, and observed to be in good agreement. Moreover, the verified AMDL in the microwave regime is scaled down to the visible wavelengths to observe achromatic and diffraction-limited focusing behavior between 380 and 620 nm wavelengths.

Investigating the Mechanical Behavior of 3D Printed PLA-Coco Coir Composites

It is quite amazing that the use of 3D printing techniques, especially the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) has delivered such significance in terms of cost reduction, time saver features where a different variety of thermoplastic and composite materials (Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable) are well developed. Different sectors have continually developed natural organic materials that are also both structurally composite in nature. Similarly, the use of different fibers that are abundantly accessible and considered as renewable resources which can be optionally combined with other biodegradable materials is a great challenge through the use of the FDM printing method. The study aims to determine the effect of different particle size and raster angle at a certain fiber concentration which could affect the mechanical properties of the composite by developing a printable composite filament made of Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Coco Coir materials using a filament maker and FDM printer. The composite filament was fabricated and optimized using a twin-screw extruder and 3D Devo Filament maker. 3D printing of samples for mechanical testing was conducted using three (3) raster angles (45o, 60o, and 75o) and various particle sizes of coco coir fiber reinforcement in the PLA matrix. Results showed that the < 74μm particle size of the coco-coir exhibited a 24% and 175% increase in tensile strength and izod impact strength compared to the pure PLA at 60o and 75o raster angles, respectively. Likewise, the reinforcement of <149μm particle size coco coir at 45o raster angle contributes to an increase of 4.8% flexural and 176% compressive strength compared to pure PLA. The study concludes that there is an improvement in the mechanical properties of the PLA-Coco Coir composite at a certain particle size and raster angle in 3D printing.

Effects of Topology and Material on Mechanical Properties of Structures Produced by the Additive Manufacturing Method

The usage area of 3D printers from architecture to heavy industry has been increasing in recent decades. By this process, it is possible to manufacture structures having different geometric configurations to improve the mechanical, vibration, impact, and acoustic properties of the structures. In this study, three-point test specimens with different topologies were produced by the 3D printing method in order to see the effect of the geometric configuration. The specimens having 100% infill density were produced using PLA (Polylactic Acid), ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) and PETG (Polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified) filament materials with the additive manufacturing method, which is the most widely used method in three-dimensional production. Numerical and experimental results are compared for loading conditions at specific force values.