Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma Research Articles

Characterization of the Principal Constituents of Danning Tablets, a Chinese Formula Consisting of Seven Herbs, by an UPLC-DAD-MS/MS Approach

Danning Tablets are a traditional Chinese formula showing broad clinical applications in hepatobiliary diseases and containing a diversity of bioactive chemicals. However, the chemical profiling of the formula, which serves as the material foundation of its efficacy, is really a big challenge as Danning Tablets consist of seven herbs from different origins. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) approach was developed to characterize the principal polyphenol constituents in the formula. As a result, a total of 32 constituents, including 14 anthraquinones and their glucosides, four anthrones, two naphthalene glycosides, two stilbenes and 10 flavonoids were identified based on their retention time, UV absorption and MS/MS fragmentation patterns. The sources of these compounds were also illustrated. Most of the bioactive anthraquinone derivatives were found in Rhei Radix et Rhizoma or Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix, which are the Emperor drugs in the formula for its clinic usage. These findings indicate the merit of using this integrated UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS approach to rapidly illustrate the chemical foundation of complex formulas. The present study will facilitate the quality control of Danning Tablet formulas as well as the individual herbs.

New Potential Pharmacological Functions of Chinese Herbal Medicines via Regulation of Autophagy.

Autophagy is a universal catabolic cellular process for quality control of cytoplasm and maintenance of cellular homeostasis upon nutrient deprivation and environmental stimulus. It involves the lysosomal degradation of cellular components such as misfolded proteins or damaged organelles. Defects in autophagy are implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases including cancers, myopathy, neurodegenerations, infections and cardiovascular diseases. In the recent decade, traditional drugs with new clinical applications are not only commonly found in Western medicines, but also highlighted in Chinese herbal medicines (CHM). For instance, pharmacological studies have revealed that active components or fractions from Chaihu (Radix bupleuri), Hu Zhang (Rhizoma polygoni cuspidati), Donglingcao (Rabdosia rubesens), Hou po (Cortex magnoliae officinalis) and Chuan xiong (Rhizoma chuanxiong) modulate cancers, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular disease via autophagy. These findings shed light on the potential new applications and formulation of CHM decoctions via regulation of autophagy. This article reviews the roles of autophagy in the pharmacological actions of CHM and discusses their new potential clinical applications in various human diseases.

Chinese hamster ovary-sphingomyelin synthase2 biospecific extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis for the prediction of bioactive components of Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati.

A novel strategy for predicting bioactive components in traditional Chinese medicines using Chinese hamster ovary-sphingomyelin synthase2 (CHO-SMS2 ) cell biospecific extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and tandem mass spectrometry analysis was proposed. The hypothesis is that when cells are incubated with the extract of traditional Chinese medicines, the potential bioactive components in the traditional Chinese medicines should selectively combine with the cells, while the cell-combining components would be detectable in the extract of denatured cells. The identities of the cell-combining components could be determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Using the proposed approach, the potential bioactive components of Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for atherosclerosis, were detected and identified. Eight compounds in the extract of Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati were detected as the components selectively combined with CHO-SMS2 cells, which is a stable cell line that highly expresses sphingomyelin synthases, it was found that piceid, resveratrol, emodin-8-β-d-glucoside, physcion-8-β-d-glucoside, emodin, physcion, 3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene-3-O-(6"-galloyl)-glucoside, and emodin-1-O-glucoside combined specifically with CHO-SMS2 cells. The results indicate that the proposed approach may be applied to predict the bioactive candidates in traditional Chinese medicines.

A novel adduct of ECG fused to piceid and four new dimeric stilbene glycosides from Polygonum cuspidatum

Polyflavanostilbene B (1), an unusual adduct of epicatechin-3-O-gallate fused to piceid through a carbon–carbon bond, four new dimeric stilbene glycosides (2–5), and four new compounds (6–9), were isolated from the rhizome of Polygonum cuspidatum.

Development of a mitochondria-based centrifugal ultrafiltration/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method for screening mitochondria-targeted bioactive constituents from complex matrixes: Herbal medicines as a case study

Mitochondria are an important intracellular pharmacological target because damage to this organelle results in a variety of human disorders and because mitochondria are involved in complex processes such as energy generation, apoptosis and lipid metabolism. To expedite the search for natural bioactive compounds targeting mitochondria, we initially developed an efficient mitochondria-based screening method by combining centrifugal ultrafiltration (CU) with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), which is called screening method for mitochondria-targeted bioactive constituents (SM-MBC) and is compatible with the search of mitochondria-targeted compounds from complex matrixes such as herbal medicines extracts. Functionally active, structurally intact and pure mitochondria were obtained from rat myocardium using an optimized protocol for mitochondrial isolation comprising organelle release followed by differential and Nycodenz density gradient centrifugation. After evaluating the reliability of the method using thiabendazole (TZ), rotenone (RN), amiodarone (AR) and trimetazidine (TD) as positive controls, this method was successfully applied to screen bioactive constituents from extracts of Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix (PCRR) and Scutellariae Radix (SR). Nineteen active compounds were detected and identified by LC/MS, of which 17 were new mitochondria-targeted compounds. The activity of 9 of the 19 hit compounds was confirmed by in vitro pharmacological trials. These results demonstrate that SM-MBC can be used for the efficient screening of mitochondria-targeted constituents in complex preparations used to treat mitochondrial disorders, such as PCRR and SR. The results may be meaningful for an in-depth understanding of drug mechanism of action and drug discovery from medicinal herbs.

Effect of Chinese medical herbs- burn liniment on deep second degree burn in rats

Background: Burn Liniment (BL) is a popular traditional Chinese medicine formula consisting five herbal medicines (Flos Lonicerae, Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Pericarpium Granati,Terminalia chebula Retz. and Galla Chinensis), that has been used in China for centuries to cure burn. This study investigated the healing effect of BL on deep second degree burn wounds in rats.Materials and methods: The animals were divided into four groups including control group, model group,1% silver sulfadiazine (SSD) group and BL group. On days 0,3,7,14 and 21,animal weight, wound area as well as histo-pathological observations of the skin were evaluated in different groups. Serum anti-intercellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1), IL-10 levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were measured on the 21st day. HPLC chromatography of BL was prepared and concentrations of active constituents were determined. Antibacterial test and toxicological test were also performed.Results: The average wound area of BL treatment group was also significantly smaller than model control rats on days 14 and 21. Serum anti-intercellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1) levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of BL group decreased significantly than in model rats on day 21 while IL-10 level of BL group increased remarkably than in model rats on the 21st day, showing that BL has strong anti-inflammatory activity on burned rats. The histological studies indicated that inflammatory cells disappeared significantly and were replaced by new granulation tissue, and epithelialization progressed quickly and was treated with BL on the 21st day. Meanwhile, HPLC chromatography of BL was prepared and concentration of Chlorogenic acid, Polydatin and Gallic acid from BL were determined. Antibacterial test revealed that the MIC of BL on Staphyloccocus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were 1.56, 6.25 and 1.56 mg·mL-1 respectively. Toxicological test showed that BL does not induce skin irritation or sensitivity signs and has no acute toxicity reaction.Conclusions: Our study revealed that BL could enhance cutaneous burn wound healing effectively. It also showed strong anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity in rats.Keywords: Burn Liniment; Deep second degree; Burn wound; Anti-inflammatory; Antibacterial; Toxicological test

Emodin is identified as the active component of ether extracts from Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, for anti-MRSA activity.

This study investigated the anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (anti-MRSA) activity and chemical compositions of ether extracts from Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati (ET-RPC). Significant anti-MRSA activities of ET-RPC against MRSA252 and MRSA clinical strains were tested in in vitro antibacterial experiments, such as inhibition zone diameter test, minimal inhibitory concentration test, and dynamic bacterial growth assay. Subsequently, 7 major compounds of ET-RPC were purified and identified as polydatin, resveratrol-4-O-d-(6'-galloyl)-glucopyranoside, resveratrol, torachryson-8-O-glucoside, emodin-8-O-glucoside, 6-hydroxy-emodin, and emodin using liquid chromatography - electrospray ionization - tandem mass spectrometry. After investigation of anti-MRSA activities of the 7 major compounds, only emodin had significant anti-MRSA activity. Further, transmission electron microscopy was used to observe morphological changes in the cell wall of MRSA252, and the result revealed that emodin could damage the integrity of cell wall, leading to loss of intracellular components. In summary, our results showed ET-RPC could significantly inhibit bacterial growth of MRSA strains. Emodin was identified as the major compound with anti-MRSA activity; this activity was related to destruction of the integrity of the cell wall and cell membrane.

Polydatin Inhibits Formation of Macrophage-Derived Foam Cells

Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, a Chinese herbal medicine, has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for a long time. Polydatin, one of the major active ingredients in Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, has been recently shown to possess extensive cardiovascular pharmacological activities. In present study, we examined the effects of Polydatin on the formation of peritoneal macrophage-derived foam cells in Apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice (ApoE−/−) and explored the potential underlying mechanisms. Peritoneal macrophages were collected from ApoE−/− mice and cultured in vitro. These cells sequentially were divided into four groups: Control group, Model group, Lovastatin group, and Polydatin group. Our results demonstrated that Polydatin significantly inhibits the formation of foam cells derived from peritoneal macrophages. Further studies indicated that Polydatin regulates the metabolism of intracellular lipid and possesses anti-inflammatory effects, which may be regulated through the PPAR-γ signaling pathways.

Liver protective effects of Siphonostegia chinensis decoction in rats with liver fibrosis

Objective To investigate the liver protective effects of Siphonostegia chinensis decoction in rats with liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride（CCl4）.Methods A total of 120 male SD rats were randomly divided into six groups： a blank control group, a model group, a Siphonostegia chinensis decoction group, a Salvia miltiorrhiza decoction group, a Rhizoma polygoni cuspidati decoction group and a polyene phosphatidylcholine capsules group, with 20 rats in each group. The model of liver fibrosis in rats was induced by subcutaneous injection with CCl4, except the blank group. Except rats in the blank control group and the model group, the rats in the other four groups were treated with Siphonostegia chinensis decoction, Salvia miltiorrhiza decoction, Rhizoma polygoni cuspidati decoction and polyene phosphatidylcholine capsules（10 ml/kg）. The serum level of tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the fibrosis stage assessment were determined by histopathological examination.Results Compared with the model group, Siphonostegia chinensis decoction group significantly reduced the stage of liver fibrosis（P〈0.01）and there were no obvious difference in liver fibrosis stage among the Salvia miltiorrhiza decoction group, Rhizoma polygoni cuspidati decoction group and polyene phosphatidylcholine capsules group, and the Siphonostegia chinensis decoction group（allP〉0.05）.Compared with liver fibrosis model group（368.06±24.90）U/L, the serum level of TNF-α in the Siphonostegia chinensis decoction group（336.61± 20.20）U/L significantly reduced（P〈0.01）, and there were no obvious difference among the Siphonostegia chinensis decoction group, the Salvia miltiorrhiza decoction group（337.81±21.04）U/L, the Rhizoma polygoni cuspidati decoction group（338.95±24.43）U/L and the polyene phosphatidylcholine capsules group（337.11± 23.64） U/L（allP〉0.05）.Conclusion Siphonostegia chinensis decoction has certain liver protective effect in rats with liver fibrosis induced by CCl4. Key words: Siphonostegia chinensis; Liver Fibrosis; Drug-Induced Liver Injury; Carbon Tetrachloride

Polydatin supplementation ameliorates diet-induced development of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in rats.

The pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease remains to be elucidated, and the currently available treatments are not entirely effective. Polydatin, a stilbenoid compound derived from the rhizome of Polygonum cuspidatum, has previously been demonstrated to possess hepatoprotective effects. The present study aimed to determine the effects of polydatin supplementation on hepatic fat accumulation and injury in rats fed a high-fat diet. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of polydatin were examined. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups and received one of four treatment regimes for 12 weeks: Control diet, control diet supplemented with polydatin, high-fat diet, or high-fat diet supplemented with polydatin. Polydatin was supplemented in the drinking water at a concentration of 0.3% (wt/vol). The results of the present study showed that long-term high-fat feeding resulted in fatty liver in rats, which was manifested by excessive hepatic neutral fat accumulation and elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels. Polydatin supplementation alleviated the hepatic pathological changes, and attenuated the insulin resistance, as shown by an improved homeostasis model assessment of basal insulin resistance values and a glucose tolerance test. Polydatin supplementation also corrected abnormal leptin and adiponectin levels. Specifically, polydatin supplementation enhanced insulin sensitivity in the liver, as shown by improved insulin receptor substrate 2 expression levels and Akt phosphorylation in the rat liver, following high-fat diet feeding. The results of the present study suggest that polydatin protects rats against high-fat feeding-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Polydatin may be an effective hepatoprotective agent and a potential candidate for the prevention of fatty liver disease and insulin resistance.

EFFECT OF CHINESE MEDICAL HERBS- BURN LINIMENT ON DEEP SECOND DEGREE BURN IN RATS

Background: Burn Liniment (BL) is a popular traditional Chinese medicine formula consisting five herbal medicines (Flos Lonicerae, Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Pericarpium Granati,Terminalia chebula Retz. and Galla Chinensis), that has been used in China for centuries to cure burn. This study investigated the healing effect of BL on deep second degree burn wounds in rats.
 Materials and methods: The animals were divided into four groups including control group, model group,1% silver sulfadiazine (SSD) group and BL group. On days 0,3,7,14 and 21,animal weight, wound area as well as histo-pathological observations of the skin were evaluated in different groups. Serum anti-intercellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1), IL-10 levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were measured on the 21st day. HPLC chromatography of BL was prepared and concentrations of active constituents were determined. Antibacterial test and toxicological test were also performed.
 Results: The average wound area of BL treatment group was also significantly smaller than model control rats on days 14 and 21. Serum anti-intercellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1) levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of BL group decreased significantly than in model rats on day 21 while IL-10 level of BL group increased remarkably than in model rats on the 21st day, showing that BL has strong anti-inflammatory activity on burned rats. The histological studies indicated that inflammatory cells disappeared significantly and were replaced by new granulation tissue, and epithelialization progressed quickly and was treated with BL on the 21st day. Meanwhile,
 HPLC chromatography of BL was prepared and concentration of Chlorogenic acid, Polydatin and Gallic acid from BL were determined. Antibacterial test revealed that the MIC of BL on Staphyloccocus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were 1.56, 6.25 and 1.56 mg•mL-1 respectively. Toxicological test showed that BL does not induce skin irritation or sensitivity signs and has no acute toxicity reaction.
 Conclusions: Our study revealed that BL could enhance cutaneous burn wound healing effectively. It also showed strong anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity in rats.

Clinical study on treatment of carotid atherosclerosis with extraction of Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix and Crataegi Fructus：a randomized controlled trial

To observe the effect of detoxifying and blood circulation activating Chinese herb extraction of polygonum cuspidatum and hawthorn on carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), plaque integral and plaque stability related serum indexes of patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Sixty and four cases of carotid artery atherosclerosis patients were assigned randomly to 2 groups: detoxifying and blood circulation activating treatment group (treatment group, 32 cases) and control group (32 cases). Patients in treatment group were treated with capsules of extraction of polygonum cuspidatum and hawthorn, 1 pill po, bid (dosage of administration: polygonum cuspidatum extraction 5.33 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), hawthorn extraction 5.0 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)); patients in control group were treated with lovastatin 20 mg po, qd (dosage of administration: 0.33 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)). The course of treatment was six months. To observe changes of IMT, plaque integral, and detect the level of plaque stability related serum indexes such as Hs-CRP, MMP-1 and TIMP-1. After 6 months of treatment, in control group one patient quit the clinical trial because of liver dysfunction and one patient was rejected because of having not followed the therapeutic regimen. 32 cases in treatment group and 30 cases in control group were analyzed. The results showed that IMT and plaque integral of treatment group decreased significantly after the treatment (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and there was no significant difference compared with control grope. Serum Hs-CRP, MMP-1 and MMP-1/TIMP-1 decreased after the treatment (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and the treatment group was superior to control group in decreasing serum Hs-CRP (P < 0.05). Detoxifying and blood circulation activating Chinese herb extraction of polygonum cuspidatum and hawthorn has good effect of anti-atherosclerosis and promoting plaque stability. Its mechanism might be related with anti-inflammation and inhibiting degradation of extracellular matrix, and deserves further studies.

Screening of bioactive compounds in Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati with hepatocyte membranes by HPLC and LC-MS

A new method employing HPLC, LC-MS, and hepatocyte membranes for the screening of bioactive compounds in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) has been proposed. We hypothesized that exposure of the TCM extracts to hepatocyte membranes should decrease the concentration of membrane-permeable compounds in the solution. Using this approach, the permeability of the compounds in Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati was investigated. By comparing chromatograms of samples prepared both before and after interaction with hepatocyte membranes, seven permeable compounds of Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati were identified. Additionally, it was found that piceid, resveratrol, emodin-8-β-d-glucoside, physcion-8-β-d-glucoside, aloe-emodin, emodin, and physcion combined specifically with hepatocyte membranes, which might indicate a useful approach for revealing the antiatherosclerotic effects of Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati. Therefore, the proposed method could be a good approach to predict the potential bioactivities of multiple compounds in TCMs simultaneously. Based on the significance of these results, this method could be a novel approach for identifying potentially bioactive components in other TCMs.

In Vitro and in Vivo Studies of the Inhibitory Effects of Emodin Isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum on Coxsakievirus B4

The lack of effective therapeutics for Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) infection underscores the importance of finding novel antiviral compounds. Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone) is one of the natural anthraquinone derivatives obtained from the root and rhizome of Polygonum cuspidatum. In the present study, the possibility of using emodin as a potential antiviral to treat CVB4 infection was explored in vitro and in mice. Emodin reduced CVB4 entry and replication on Hep-2 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 12.06 μM and selectivity index (SI) of 5.08, respectively. The inhibitory effect of emodin for CVB4 entry and replication was further confirmed by a quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) assay. The results further showed that the mice orally treated with different dosages of emodin displayed a dose dependent increase of survival rate, body weight and prolonged mean time of death (MTD), accompanied by significantly decreased myocardial virus titers and pathologic scores/lesions. Moreover, emodin could inhibit CVB4-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicated that emodin could be used as potential antiviral in the post-exposure prophylaxis for CVB4 infection.

Pharmacological of Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma

Through searching some domestic or abroad literatures of rhizoma polygoni cuspidati in recent years, the paper summarized its pharmacological effects, including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cardiovascular system protection, liver protection, anti tumor, improving immunity pharmacology and so on. These studies indicated Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma was a kind of drugs with exploiting and using value. [Key words]

Emodin prevents hypoxic-ischemic neuronal injury: Involvement of the activin A pathway.

Emodin, an extract of dried rhizomes and the root of the Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, can protect neurons from hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. This study aimed to verify the underlying mechanism. After PC12 cells had differentiated into neuron-like cells under the induction of mouse nerve growth factor, cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and treated with emodin. Results showed that the viability of neuron-like cells cultured under an ischemia-hypoxia environment decreased, while the expression of activin A and caspase-3 in cells increased. Emodin raised the survival rate of oxygen-glucose deprived neuron-like cells, increased activin A expression, and decreased caspase-3 expression. Experimental findings indicate that emodin can inhibit neuronal apoptosis and alleviate the injury of nerve cells after oxygen-glucose deprivation through the activin A pathway.

Polyflavanostilbene A, a New Flavanol-Fused Stilbene Glycoside from Polygonum cuspidatum

Polyflavanostilbene A, a new flavanol-fused stilbene glycoside, was isolated from the rhizome of Polygonum cuspidatum. Its unusual structure, including its absolute stereochemistry, was determined by UV, IR, HRESIMS, and 1D and 2D NMR data and by the comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Polyflavanostilbene A has an unprecedented rearranged flavanol skeleton fused to stilbene via a hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furan moiety. Polyflavanostilbene A showed strong inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase with an IC(50) value of 17.7 μM.

The progress of the research on cardio-vascular effects and acting mechanism of polydatin

Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, a Chinese herbal drug, has actions of dispelling dampness, alleviating jaundice, clearing heat, subsiding toxin, activating blood, and removing stasis. Polydatin (PD), one of its chief active ingredients, has been proved by modern pharmacological studies to possess extensive cardiovascular pharmacological activity, showing marked effects on protecting cardio-myocyte, dilating blood vessel, antagonizing platelet aggregation, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. The progress of the research on cardiovascular pharmacological actions and the acting mechanism of PD was reviewed in this paper.

Polydatin alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats by inhibiting the expression of TNF-α and SREBP-1c

The pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease remains incompletely elucidated, and available treatments are not entirely satisfactory. Polydatin, a stilbenoid compound derived from the rhizome of Polygonum cuspidatum, has been recognised to possess hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether polydatin has a protective effect against hepatic steatosis induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, including normal control, HFD model and polydatin-treated groups with polydatin levels of 30 and 90 mg/kg. Following the experimental period, plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and hepatic lipid concentrations were determined. To identify a possible mechanism, we examined the changes in liver tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), lipid peroxidation levels and sterol-regulatory element binding protein (SREBP-1c) mRNA and its target genes. Both 30 and 90 mg/kg polydatin treatment alleviated hepatic steatosis and reduced plasma and liver TG, TC and free fatty acid (FFA) concentration significantly in HFD rats. In addition, TNF-α, and malondialdehyde and 4-hexanonenal levels were markedly suppressed by polydatin in the liver of HFD-fed rats. Polydatin also decreased the gene expression of SREBP-1c and its target genes involved in lipogenesis, including fatty acid synthase (FAS) and stearoly-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) in HFD-fed rats. These results suggest that the protective effects of polydatin against HFD-induced hepatic steatosis may be partly associated with reduced liver TNF-α expression, lipid peroxidation level and SREBP-1c-mediated lipogenesis.

Simultaneous determination of contents of five major bioactive components contained in Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix by microwave extraction-ultra performance liquid chromatography

To establish a microwave extraction and UPLC method for simultaneous determination of polydatin, resveratrol, anthraglycoside B, emodin and physicion contained in Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix, in order to provide scientific basis for improving quality standards of Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix. The test solutions were prepared in a MDS-8 closed microwave system at 160 degrees C with methanol as the solvent. The UPLC analysis was performed in a Waters Acquity UPLC system. A BEH C18 column (2. 1 mm x 100 mm, 1.7 microm) was adopted for gradient elution with acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase. The temperature of column was 30 degrees C, and the detection wavelength was 226 nm. The five active components can be completely extracted in 10 minutes and separated completely in 12 minutes according to UPLC analysis, with a good linearity (r > or = 0. 999 6) within the linear ranges. The average recovery rate was 97.00%-103.7% with RSD < or = 2. 2%. Despite a large difference in content among tested components from Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix, the total content of the five major constituents was relatiely stable (3.683 3%-7.1031%). The microwave extraction-ultra performance liquid chromatography method in simultaneous determination for contents of five major bioactive components contained in polygoni cuspidati rhizoma et radix is so rapid and highly reproducible that it can be used for quality control and assessment of Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix.