Polygonatum Odoratum Research Articles

Health Promotion Potential of Vegetables Cultivated in Northern Thailand: A Preliminary Screening of Tannin and Flavonoid Contents, 5α-Reductase Inhibition, Astringent Activity, and Antioxidant Activities.

Many of scientific evidences suggest that regular consumption of fruits and vegetables can prevent chronic diseases. In Northern Thailand, there are many vegetables that are usually consumed by local people. In this study, 17 local vegetables were selected and extracted with 95% ethanol. The extracts were screened for 5α-reductase inhibitory activity, total tannin and flavonoid contents, astringent and antioxidant activities. The results showed that Spondias pinnata and Ocimum americanum had the highest tannin and flavonoid content, respectively. Neptunia oleracea was the most potent 5α-reductase inhibitor. For antioxidant activities, S pinnata was the most potent ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radical scavenger and the most potent ferric reducer. Polygonatum odoratum was the most potent hydrogen peroxide scavenger and Leucaena leucocephala was the most potent DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenger among the tested samples. This suggests that local vegetables in Northern Thailand have a health promotion potential, which can be further developed as nutritional supplements, preventive medicines, and topical products for cosmetic purposes.

泰山玉竹多糖对小鼠糖尿病的治疗作用及细胞免疫机制研究

目的：研究泰山玉竹提取物玉竹多糖(EA-PAOA)对I型糖尿病小鼠的降血糖作用及可能的细胞免疫学机制。方法：采用常规的链脲佐菌素(STZ)多次注射诱导法制备I型糖尿病小鼠模型，试验组分低、中、高三个剂量灌胃等体积的EA-PAOA，对照组灌胃等体积的生理盐水。于用药后1~4周每周检测各组小鼠血糖和胰岛素水平；通过流式细胞仪检测外周血CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞比例，采用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测血清Th1型细胞因子γ干扰素(IFN-γ)和Th2型细胞因子白细胞介素4 (IL-4)浓度。最后进行数据的统计学分析。结果：与模型组相比，实验组空腹血糖水平显著降低(P < 0.05~0.01)；胰岛素水平则显著升高(P < 0.01)；外周血CD4+T细胞比例显著降低而CD8+T细胞比例显著降低(P < 0.01)，CD4+/CD8+比例显著降低(P < 0.01)。血清中Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ显著降低(P < 0.05~0.01)，而Th2型细胞因子IL-4显著升高(P < 0.05~0.01)。结论：泰山玉竹多糖治疗能明显降低1型糖尿病小鼠血糖，其降糖作用可能通过调节糖尿病小鼠T细胞亚群及Th1型和Th2型细胞因子水平而发挥的。 Objective: To study the therapeutic effects of extraction from Polygonatum odoratum (EA-PAOA) from Taishan on type 1 diabetes and the possible immunological mechanism. Methods: Diabetic mouse models were established by repeated injection of small dosage of STZ. Mice were divided into 3 different groups according to different concentrations of EA-PAOA which were administrated by intragastric. The control group was administrated the same volume saline by intragastric. Changes of blood glucose, insulin were monitored from 1 to 4 weeks after administration. Changes of levels of serum interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4(IL-4) in diabetic mouse were tested with enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after administration. Finally, data were analyzed by statistic method. Results: Levels of blood glucose were significantly lower after administration in all extrac-tion groups than that in the model group (P < 0.05 - 0.01). Levels of insulin were significantly higher after administration in all extraction groups than that in the model group (P < 0.01). In the periph-eral blood, CD4+ T cells were significantly decreased, whereas CD8+ T cells were significantly in-creased (P < 0.01), and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ was significantly decreased (P < 0.05 - 0.01). Levels of type 1 cytokine IFN-γ were lower in each extraction groups than that in the model group, whereas levels of type 2 cytokine IL-4 were significantly higher in each extraction groups than that in the model group (P < 0.05 - 0.01). Conclusion: EA-PAOA can markedly decrease the blood glucose of the in mice with diabetes. The mechanisms were probably related to regulating of T cell subsets.

Identification and Characterization of two new Fungal Pathogens of Polygonatum odoratum (Angular Solomon's seal) in Italy

AbstractPolygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce (Angular Solomon's seal) is a well‐known ornamental plant and herbal drug, which is used in traditional medicine. Severe leaf spots were observed in wild Angular Solomon's seal plants in a public park in Trento, Italy. A combination of morphological and molecular characteristics, including sequence data of ITS‐rDNA, large subunit (LSU), beta tubulin (TUB) and glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) led to identification of two species, namely Phoma odoratissimi and Colletotrichum dematium s. str., isolated from these leaf spots. Pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed on wounded leaves of Po. odoratum; indeed, both species induced leaf spot symptoms on inoculated leaves within 10 days of inoculation. This is the first report of leaf spot disease caused by Ph. odoratissimi and C. dematium s. str. on Po. odoratum, which can be considered a new host for both the species examined in this study. In addition, isolation of Ph. odoratissimi represents a new record for the mycobiota of Italy.

Effect of Polygonatum odoratum extract on human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation and apoptosis.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is important in the provision of anti-tumor drugs. Recently, studies have shown that certain types of TCM agents are able to control the growth of tumors, enhance the body's immune function and enhance the therapeutic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs. In women, breast carcinoma is the most common tumor type and the second most common cause of death from cancer. Polygonatum odoratum (P. odoratum) is commonly used in TCM. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of P. odoratum extract on the proliferation and apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Cell proliferation was assessed using MTT and colony formation assays. In addition, propidium iodide (PI)/Annexin V-FITC staining was used to investigate the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells following treatment with P. odoratum extract. The protein expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) were also detected using western blot analysis, while a JC-1 staining assay was used to assess the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). The results of the MTT assay showed that the proliferation and colony formation of MDA-MB-231 cells were inhibited following treatment with the extract. Furthermore, the PI/Annexin-V staining showed that the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells was enhanced by the extract, in a concentration-dependent manner. The extract also lowered the ΔΨm of MDA-MB-231 cells, upregulated the expression of Bax and inhibited the expression of Bcl-2. In conclusion, these results showed that the P. odoratum extract inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells.

Oligopeptides in plant medicines cited in Chinese Pharmacopoeia

In total, 23 plant plant medicined containing oligopeptides were cited in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (1 part) of 2015 version including Rubia cordifolia, Linum usitatissimum, Aster tataricus, Psammosilene tunicoides, Pseudostellaria heterophylla, Stellaria dichotoma, Vaccaria segetalis, Dianthus superbus, Celosia argentea, Lycii Cortex, Citrus medica, C. aurantium, Panax ginseng, Parmx notoginseng, Schisandra chinensis, Sparganium stoloniferum, Euryale ferox, Ophiopogon japonicas, Pinellia ternate, Achyranthes bidentata, Physalis alkekengi, Polygonatum odoratum, and Leonuri Fructus. There were 187 oligopeptides in plant medicines above as reported. Oligopeptides consisted mainly of linear peptides and cyclic peptides. The linear peptides included dipeptides, tripeptides and pentapeptides, and cyclic peptides included cyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic peptides. The number of residues of single cyclic peptides ranged from two to twelve. Bicyclic peptides were isolated mainly from R. cordifolia and C. argentea. Modern pharmacological study showed that oligopeptides had many pharmacological effects, including antitumor, anticoagulant, antibacterial, immune suppression and so on.

저관리 경량형 옥상녹화의 식재 유형별 여름철 표면온도 비교

Significant efforts are being devoted in mitigating the urban heat island effect, and extensive green roofs are an option for mitigation. The purpose of this study was to compare the surface temperature, vegetation types, and plant species on an extensive green roof. Test beds were created in May 2015, and the surface temperature was monitored from June to August. The test beds comprised polyculture and monoculture. Polyculture was divided into three types, and monoculture comprised eight plant species. An extensive green roof is effective in reducing temperature by forming a shade and preventing sunlight from falling on the surface of buildings, which mitigates the urban heat island effect. Consequently, the surface temperature of the green roof and that of concrete during summer reduced from <TEX>$17.8^{\circ}C$</TEX> to <TEX>$7.3^{\circ}C$</TEX>. The temperature reduction was greater on using polyculture than on using monoculture, but monocultures of Sedum takesimense, Hemerocallis dumortieri, Allium senescens, Aster yomena, Belamcanda chinensis, and Aster koraiensis also produced good results. The temperature reduction effects of Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum f. variegatum, Phlox subulata, and Thymus quinquecostatus var. japonica were excellent compared with those of concrete but were less than those of other plant species. Careful attention is needed for the management of extensive green roofs. Studies on the plant species and types of extensive green roof should continue to mitigate the urban heat island effect.

Evaluation of allelopathic activity of 178 Caucasian plant species

&lt;p&gt;Seeking for new plant species as the main resources of bioactive chemicals is one of the fundamental steps in biological production science. The main objective of this paper was to screen for the allelopathic activity of Caucasian plant species in order to select the strongest allelopathic species for future studies. Dried leaves of 178 plant species collected from the Teberda State Reserve in the Caucasus region were assayed by the Sandwich method for allelopathic activity, using &lt;em&gt;Lactuca sativa&lt;/em&gt; (lettuce) as the test plant. To evaluate allelopathic activity, standard deviation (SD) and SD of variance (SDV) of radicle growth inhibition were calculated. The highest (100%) inhibition was observed for &lt;em&gt;Artemisia austriaca&lt;/em&gt; Jacquin, followed by &lt;em&gt;Oxalis acetosella&lt;/em&gt; L., &lt;em&gt;Convallaria majalis&lt;/em&gt; L. and &lt;em&gt;Polygonatum odoratum&lt;/em&gt; (Miller). Among plant families, members of the Fabaceae caused greatest inhibition of radicle growth. Plants classified as “poisonous” had the highest allelopathic activities, followed closely by those designated “medicinal”. Results of this study will guide the identification of novel phytotoxic chemicals useful in medicinal and/or industrial applications.&lt;/p&gt;

Streptomyces polygonati sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from a root of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-G9T, was isolated from the root of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) collected from Harbin, Heilongjiang province, north China, and was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Key morphological and chemotaxonomic properties confirmed the affiliation of strain NEAU-G9T to the genus Streptomyces. Strain NEAU-G9T contained ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H8), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H4). The phospholipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0.16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies showed that strain NEAU-G9T belongs to the genus Streptomyces and exhibits the highest sequence similarity to Streptomyces yanglinensis JCM 13275T (97.75 %). However, phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain NEAU-G9T is most closely related to Streptomyces misakiensis JCM 4062T (97.12 % sequence similarity). A combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic characteristics indicated that strain NEAU-G9T can be clearly distinguished from S. yanglinensis JCM 13275T and S. misakiensis JCM 4062T. Consequently, strain NEAU-G9T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces polygonati sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-G9T ( = CGMCC 4.7237T = DSM 100521T).

Optimization of Polysaccharide Extraction from Polygonatum odoratum by Response Surface Methodology and Evaluation of its Antitumor Activity

This work established a microwave-assisted procedure for polysaccharide extraction from Polygonatum odoratum. Response surface methodology was used to optimize microwave-assisted extraction parameters (extraction temperature, water-to-raw material ratio, microwave power, and extraction time) by implementing a three-level, fourvariable Box–Behnken experimental design in a single-factor investigation. Three-dimensional response surfaces were plotted by Design-Expert, and result indicated the absence of interaction effects of extraction temperature and microwave power. A polysaccharide yield of approximately 17.49% was obtained under the following optimized conditions: temperature of 57°C, microwave power of 300 W, extraction time of 10 min, and water-to-raw material ratio of 23:1. The results of preliminary in vitro antitumor activity tests showed that polysaccharides derived from P. odoratum could inhibit growth of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, 4-400 μg/mL of these polysaccharides exerted no significant cytotoxicity to Panc-1 cells.

Polygonatum odoratum lectin induces apoptosis and autophagy by regulation of microRNA-1290 and microRNA-15a-3p in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells

Polygonatum odoratum lectin (POL), a mannose-binding specific Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA)-related lectin has been reported with remarkable anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects against several tumor cells. Our previous research revealed that POL can induce apoptosis and autophagy in A549 cells. However, whether microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in POL-induced apoptosis and autophagy in A549 cells has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether miRNAs were involved in POL-induced apoptosis and autophagy in A549 cells. In the present study, we performed microarray analysis on A549 cells to identify altered miRNAs after POL treatment. We found that miR-1290 was down-regulated after POL treatment and down-regulated miR-1290 amplifies POL-induced apoptosis in A549 cells. Moreover, we revealed that glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) was a direct target of miR-1290 and POL treatment could result in Wnt pathway down regulation. We also found that miR-15a-3p was up-regulated after POL treatment and over-expression of miR-15a-3p resulted in A549 cells apoptosis and autophagy. In addition, we confirmed that a miR-15a-3p mediated ROS-p53 pathway was involved in POL-induced apoptosis and autophagy in A549 cells. Taken together, these data provide evidence that POL induces A549 cells apoptosis and autophagy by regulation of miR-1290 and miR-15a-3p.

뽕나무 유전자원의 항산화능 비교

Much attention has been focused on the activity of the natural antioxidants present in fruits and vegetables, because potentially these components may reduce the level of oxidative stress. Especially, mulberry leaves containing many natural components are considerable resource for natural antioxidants. The antioxidant capacity of mulberry leaves was investigated with minilum L-100 device and ARAW-KIT (anti-radical ability of water-soluble substance), in comparison to the ascorbic acid. The antioxidant capacity of 16 varieties was 3303.4 nmol at opening stage of five leaves in spring. The highest stage of antioxidant capacity (3708.0 nmol) and yield rate was just before the coloration stage with anthocyanin in fruits, whereas the lowest stage was middle of June (2231.6 nmol) and about two months growing stage after summer pruning (2064.6 nmol). But after summer pruning, the antioxidant capacity of mulberry leaves increased gradually until just before fallen leaves stage. Even if samples were same variety, antioxidant effect of those showed different results according to collected regions. Also, antioxidant effect of mulberry leaves were higher than that of branches. The antioxidant capacity of yield-type mulberry leaves and fruits (Morus alba L., M. bombycis Koidz, and M. Lhou (Ser.) Koidz) collected from In-je, Won-ju and Yang-yang regions, Kang-won province, Korea, was investigated. The results indicated that total antioxidant capacity of yield-type mulberry leaves was 2711.2 nmol. In the antioxidant capacity analysis of Jeollabuk-Do genetic resources, autumn's mulberry leaves showed higher antioxidant capacity than that of spring's it. To investigate the effect of tea on antioxidative capacity, five kinds of tea(coffee mix, green tea added brown rice, mulberry leaf tea, Polygonatum odoratum tea and black tea added lemon) were selected and analyzed. Their's anti-oxidative capacity were 2,531.01 nmol, 1,867.42 nmol, 1,053.72 nmol, 292.71 nmol and 188.91 nmol, respectively. The antioxidative capacity of drinking water soaked with mulberry leaf showed 891.96 nmol.

Flavonoid Glycosides from the Aerial Parts of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce Growing in Mongolia

We describe the isolation, identification, and structural elucidation of natural products from the Mongolian me- dicinal plant Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce. Six flavonoid glycosides, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (narcissoside, narcissin) (1), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (nicotiflorin) (2), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) (3), apigenin-6-C-� -D- glucoside (isovitexin) (4), apigenin-6-C-(2�� -O-� -D-xylopyranosyl-� -D-glucopyranoside) (desmodin) (5), and isovitexin-7- O-� -D-glucoside (saponarin) (6), were isolated from the aerial parts of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce. The struc- tures of 1-6 have been confirmed by UV, IR, MS, and NMR ( 1 H, 13 C, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY, and ROESY) data. Graphical Abstract:

CONCERNING THE «BUZULUKSKY BOR» NATIONAL PARK FOREST COMMUNITIES MEDICINAL PLANTS

The are 266 medicinal vascular plants from 181 genera, 64 families, 5 phylum (Lycopodiophyta, Equisetophyta, Pteridophyta, Pinophyta, Magnoliophyta) in the Buzuluksky Bor national park. 67 species of medicinal vascular plants from 59 genera, 27 families and 4 phylum grows in forest communities, which are the most widespread such plants as Chelidonium majus L., Convallaria majalis L., Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Lve, Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, Taraxacum officinalis L. and Pinus sylvestris L. Increasing number of medicinal plants has a considerable projective covering in oak forests. 30 species of medicinal plants, most of all their share in the maple forests are specific to a certain type of forest communities. The greatest similarities of specific structure of medicinal plants are oak and birch communities. The number of medicinal plants in forest communities decreases among: oak forests (35 species) birch forests (33 species) pine forests (30 species) maple forests (29 species). With increase in a gigrotope and reduction of a trofotope in community of the national park Buzuluksky Bor located in a forest-steppe zone a variety of medicinal plants increases, however the heliotope has no significant impact on number of medicinal plants. In the territory of national park Buzuluksky Bor it is recommended to collect herbs only in a recreational zone and a zone of informative tourism, and in oak and birch forests. Convallaria majalis, Pteridium aquilinum, Aegopodium podagraria, Polygonatum odoratum are less vulnerable when collecting medicinal raw materials.

Sensitive characterization of polyphenolic antioxidants in Polygonatum odoratum by selective solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector–quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry

The complexity of natural products always leads to the co-elution of interfering compounds with bioactive compounds, which then has a detrimental effect on structural elucidation. Here, a new method, based on selective solid phase extraction combined with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) spiking and high performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector–quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–DAD–QTOF-MS/MS), is described for sensitive screening, selective extraction and identification of polyphenolic antioxidants in Polygonatum odoratum. First, 25 polyphenolic antioxidants (1–25) were screened by DPPH spiking with HPLC. Second, polydopamine coated Fe3O4 microspheres (Fe3O4@PDA) were prepared to selectively extract target antioxidants with extraction efficiency from 55% to 100% when the amount of Fe3O4@PDA, extraction time, desorption solvent and time were 10mg, 20min, acetonitrile, and 5min. Third, 25 antioxidants (10 cinnamides and 15 homoisoflavanones) were identified by HPLC–DAD–QTOF-MS/MS. Furthermore, the DPPH scavenging activities of purified compounds (IC50, 1.6–32.8μg/mL) validated the method. Among the identified antioxidants, four of them (12, 13, 18 and 19) were new compounds, four of them (2, 4, 8 and 14) were first obtained from family Liliaceae, five of them (1, 3, 5, 7 and 9) were first reported in genus Polygonatum, while one compound (24) was first identified in this species. The results indicated that the proposed method was an efficient and sensitive approach to explore polyphenolic antioxidants from complex natural products.

Two homoisoflavonoids act as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists

Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine exerting multi-biological functions like removing dryness, promoting secretion of fluid, and quenching thirst, but its molecular mechanism is not fully understood. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ is a member of nuclear receptor superfamily, and its agonists are prescribed as anti-hyperglycemic drugs. In this study, homoisoflavonoids isolated from P. odoratum were evaluated for their activity against PPARγ by the fluorescence polarization competitive binding assay and transient transfection reporter assays. Primarily, the fluorescence polarization competitive binding assay results showed that 5,7-dihydroxy-6, 8-dimethyl-3-(4′-hydroxybenzyl)chroman-4-one (IC50 = 7 μM) and 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-8-methoxy-3-(4′-hydroxybenzyl)chroman-4-one (IC50 = 12 μM) bound to PPARγ ligand-binding domain with fair binding affinity. Moreover, both homoisoflavonoids transactivated PPARγ-dependent promoters including PPRE (PPARγ response element), SHP, and ABCA1 gene promoters in dose-dependent manner. Further molecular modeling studies demonstrated that they interacted with PPARγ ligand-binding pocket in a similar manner as indeglitazar, a novel PPARγ agonist. All these results highly indicated that 5,7-dihydroxy-6, 8-dimethyl-3-(4′-hydroxybenzyl)chroman-4-one and 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-8-methoxy-3-(4′-hydroxybenzyl)chroman-4-one are the active constituents of P. odoratum and act as PPARγ agonists.

Lectins with potential for anti-cancer therapy.

This article reviews lectins of animal and plant origin that induce apoptosis and autophagy of cancer cells and hence possess the potential of being developed into anticancer drugs. Apoptosis-inducing lectins encompass galectins, C-type lectins, annexins, Haliotis discus discus lectin, Polygonatum odoratum lectin, mistletoe lectin, and concanavalin A, fucose-binding Dicentrarchus labrax lectin, and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus lectin, Polygonatum odoratum lectin, and mistletoe lectin, Polygonatum odoratum lectin, autophagy inducing lectins include annexins and Polygonatum odoratum lectin.

Antioxidant homoisoflavonoids from Polygonatum odoratum

Polygonatum odoratum is widely used as a traditional food supplement and herbal medicine with strong antioxidant activity. However, systematic investigation of its antioxidants was limited. Ethanol extract of P. odoratum was fractioned on macroporous absorptive resin (D101) column. A bioassay-guided purification of flavonoid-rich fraction (IC50 value at 74.1±11.9μg/mL for DPPH scavenging) was realised via high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) using petroleum ether–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (2:3:3:2, v/v/v/v) as the solvent system combination with Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography (CC) eluting with MeCN–MeOH (1:1, v/v). Three novel homoisoflavonoids (1–3), along with eight homoisoflavonoids (4–11), were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by interpretating various spectroscopic data. All the isolated homoisoflavonoids showed potent antioxidant activities, while compounds 1, 4, and 6 with dihydroxylated B-rings exhibited stronger antioxidant activities (IC50 values at 3.8±0.5, 4.9±0.3 and 3.9±0.4μg/mL) than ascorbic acid (IC50 value at 5.3±0.6μg/mL).

Separation and purification of α-glucosidase inhibitors from Polygonatum odoratum by stepwise high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with Sephadex LH-20 chromatography target-guided by ultrafiltration–HPLC screening

Although Polygonatum odoratum has been widely used as medicinal plant and food supplement for treating diabetes, little is known regarding its bioactive components. In this study, ultrafiltration-HPLC based ligand screening was developed to screen α-glucosidase inhibitors from P. odoratum for the first time. Then bioactive components were target-guided separated by combining stepwise high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) using petroleum ether-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:4:0.8:4.2, v/v/v/v), (1:4:1.8:3.2, v/v/v/v) and (1:4:2.3:2.7, v/v/v/v) as solvent systems with Sephadex LH-20 chromatography eluted by MeCN-MeOH (1:1, v/v). Five phenethyl cinnamides, N-cis-feruloyloctopamine (1); N-trans-p-coumaroyloctopamine (2), N-trans-feruloyloctopamine (3), N-trans-p-coumaroyltyramine (4) and N-trans-feruloyltyramine (5), and four homoisoflavanones, (3R)-5,7-dihydroxyl-3-(2',4'-dihydroxylbenzyl)-chroman-4-one (6), (3R)-5,7-dihydroxyl-6-methyl-3-(4'-hydroxylbenzyl)-chroman-4-one (7), (3R)-5,7-dihydroxyl-6-methyl-8-methoxyl-3-(4'-hydroxylbenzyl)-chroman-4-one (8); and (3R)-5,7-dihydroxyl-6,8-dimethyl-3-(4'-hydroxylbenzyl)-chroman-4-one) (9), with purity over 98.5% were purified, and their structures were identified by UV, MS, and (1)H NMR. Notably, compounds 2 and 4 were first reported in genus Polygonatum, while compound 1 was first obtained from family Liliaceae. In addition, α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of compounds 1-9 were evaluated, and compounds 2 and 4 exhibited stronger α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 2.3 and 2.7μM. The results suggested the potential medicinal use of P. odoratum, and the technology could be widely applied for rapid screening and preparative separation of a group of bioactive compounds from complex matrix.

Cellulase-assisted extraction, characterization, and bioactivity of polysaccharides from Polygonatum odoratum

Cellulase-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Polygonatum odoratum (CPP) was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) and the extracted CPP's preliminary chemical characteristics, as well as antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities were also investigated. The optimal extraction parameters comprised an extraction temperature of 58.21°C, an extraction time of 3.18h, pH value of 5.8, and cellulase amount of 6.0%. Under these conditions, the relative yield was 15.76%, higher than the yield achieved with hot water extracted polysaccharide (HPP). Chemical composition analysis demonstrated that CPP and HPP consisted of mannose, glucosamine, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, and arabinose with a molecular ratio of 7.80:1.08:1.63:65.93:3.58:1.00 and 11.22:0.23:0.23:17.59:2.73:9.10, respectively. The molecular weight distribution of CPP was lower and more homogeneous compared with HPP. CPP exhibited stronger antioxidant activities than HPP, including DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. Both CPP and HPP could significantly promote the proliferation and neutral red phagocytosis of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in vitro. These results indicate that the cellulase-assisted extraction method influenced the physicochemical characteristics, and consequently, the functional activities of polysaccharides, suggesting the cellulose-assisted method may be a viable option for extraction polysaccharides from P. odoratum.

Chemical constituents from Polygonatum odoratum

Twenty-two compounds, including five homoisoflavanones (1–3, 7 and 8), three isoflavones (9–11), flavone glycoside (19), one triterpenoid aglycon (5), two steroidal sapogenins (4, 6), five steroidal saponins (12, 13, 20–22), three lignanoids (14, 17 and 18) and two fatty acids (15 and 16) were isolated from the rhizomes of Polygonatum odoratum. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and by comparison of the reported spectral data. Additionally, the relationships between this plant and other species from Liliaceae family have also been discussed on the basis of the given compounds.