Polygonatum Kingianum Research Articles

A novel pathogenic Colletotrichum species for rhizome rot disease of Polygonatum kingianum

Rhizome rot disease is one of the main disease of planted Polygonatum kingianum. In this study, six strains of pathogenic fungus was isolated from P. kingianum samples with rhizome rot disease collected from six counties in Yunnan province. Its pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation to healthy P. kingianum rhizome according to Koch's postulates. The colonies of the isolated fungi on potato dextrose agar(PDA) were orange with abundant crescentic conidia which were eseptate with a mean size of 19. 3-24. 9 μm×5. 2-5. 9 μm and a L/W ratio of 3. 4-4. 5. There was an oil ball in the center of the conidium. It's easy to see setae on PDA colony.The phylogenetic tree based on ITS, GAPDH, CHS-1, HIS3, ACT, and TUB2 sequences by maximum likelihood(ML) method indicated that the pathogenic fungus for P. kingianum rhizome rot disease was clustered into the clade of Colletotrichum spaethianum species complex, and was close to C. spaethianum. However, there were some differences in morphological and genetic characteristics between the pathogenic fungus and C. spaethianum. Therefore, the pathogenic fungus for rhizome rot disease of P. kingianum was identified as a new Colletotrichum species named C. kingianum. The disease spreads primarily due to the plantation of infected seedlings of P. kingianum. It is necessary to choose healthy seedlings and take rigorous disinfection measures for the disease prevention.

Crosstalk Between Polygonatum kingianum, the miRNA, and Gut Microbiota in the Regulation of Lipid Metabolism.

Objectives: Polygonatum kingianum is a medicinal herb used in various traditional Chinese medicine formulations. The polysaccharide fraction of P. kingianum can reduce insulin resistance and restore the gut microbiota in a rat model of aberrant lipid metabolism by down regulating miR-122. The aim of this study was to further elucidate the effect of P. kingianum on lipid metabolism, and the roles of specific miRNAs and the gut microbiota. Key findings: P. kingianum administration significantly altered the abundance of 29 gut microbes and 27 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs). Several aberrantly expressed miRNAs closely related to lipid metabolism were identified, of which some were associated with specific gut microbiota. MiR-484 in particular was identified as the core factor involved in the therapeutic effects of P. kingianum. We hypothesize that the miR-484-Bacteroides/Roseburia axis acts as an important bridge hub that connects the entire miRNA-gut microbiota network. In addition, we observed that Parabacteroides and Bacillus correlated significantly with several miRNAs, including miR-484, miR-122-5p, miR-184 and miR-378b. Summary: P. kingianum alleviates lipid metabolism disorder by targeting the network of key miRNAs and the gut microbiota.

New Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Spirostane Glycosides from Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl

Two new spirostane glycosides, (25 R)-12 β-hydroxyspirost-5-en-3 β-yl O- β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)- β-D-galactopyranoside (1) and (25 S)-spirost-5-en-7-one-3 β-yl O- β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)- β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)- β-D-galactopyranoside (2), and a known spirostane glycoside, funkioside C (3), were isolated from the roots of Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl. (Asparagaceae). Their structures were determined by extensive analysis of mass spectrometry high resolution electron spray ionization mass spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data, as well as by comparison of the spectral data with those reported in the literature. Compound 2 showed inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production in the lipopolysaccharide stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with an IC50 value of 8.78 ± 0.05 µM compared to a value of 7.12 ± 0.08 µM for the positive control compound, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine.

A new synonym of Polygonatum in China, based on morphological and molecular evidence.

PolygonatumkingianumCollett et Hemsl.var.grandifolium D.M. Liu & W.Z. Zeng (1981), which sprouts twice a year, once in spring and once in autumn, differs from Polygonatumkingianum in leaves, bracts, perianth and filaments. Morphological comparison and molecular phylogeny indicate that it is identical to the newly-published Polygonatumhunanense H.H. Liu & B.Z. Wang (2021). Hence, we propose that P.kingianumvar.grandifolium should be recognised as a new synonym of P.hunanense. In addition, phylogenetic analyses confirmed that P.hunanense is sister to Polygonatumsect.Polygonatum, rather than P.kingianum of Polygonatumsect.Verticillata.

Polygokingiasides A and B: Two New Spirostane Glycosides From the Roots of Polygonatum kingianum With Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activity

Two new spirostane glycosides, named polygokingiaside A (1) and polygokingiaside B (2), and 6 known spirostane glycosides, (25 R)-26- O-( β-d-glucopyranosyl)-furost-5-en-3 β,22 α,26-triol 3- O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)- β-d-galactopyranoside (3), (25 S)-26- O-( β-d-glucopyranosyl)-furost-5-en-3 β,22 α,26-triol 3- O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)- β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)- β-d-galactopyranoside (4), (25 R)-26- O-( β-d-glucopyranosyl)-furost-5-en-3 β,22 α,26-triol 3- O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)- β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)- β-d-galactopyranoside (5), (23 S,25 R)-spirostan-5-en-3 β,23-dihydroxy-12-one-3- O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)- β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)- β-d-galactopyranoside (6), (24 S,25 R)-spirostan-5-en-3 β,24-dihydroxy-12-one-3- O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)- β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)- β-d-galactopyranoside (7), and (25 R)-spirostan-5-en-3 β-hydroxy-12-one-3- O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)- β-d-galactopyranoside (8), were isolated from the roots of Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl. (Asparagaceae). Their structures were determined by extensive analysis of high-resolution electron spray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data, as well as by comparison of the spectral data with those reported in the literature. Anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 1-8 was evaluated by their inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. At a concentration of 20 µM, compounds 1-8 exhibited a modest inhibitory effect on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW246.7 cells with inhibitory values ranging from 9.5 ± 0.8% to 33.8 ± 2.1%.

Identification and evaluation of Polygonatum kingianum with different growth ages based on data fusion strategy

Polysaccharide, the main component of Polygonatum kingianum, has been proven to have many pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant, anti-aging and anti-bacteria. The accumulation of polysaccharides was greatly influenced by the growth age of P. kingianum. Therefore, a fast and low-cost chemometric method is needed to identify the growth age. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy of P. kingianum with four growth ages (80 samples) were collected and analyzed by chemometric methods. The correlation between 13 agronomic traits and polysaccharide accumulation was discussed. A data fusion strategy was used to identify the growth age of P. kingianum by extracting the latent variables (LVs) and principal components (PCs) of the spectra. The results founded that the polysaccharide content showed a negative correlation the fibrous root number, leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter and fresh weight on the ground part. The ATR-FTIR and UV-Vis spectra in P. kingianum with different growth ages were similar. The regions of 1750–1500 cm−1, 1000–750 cm−1 and 200–250 nm, 330–360 nm are important variables for discriminating four growth ages of P. kingianum. The classification effect of data fusion models was better than that of single spectra models with 100% accuracy as well as perfect sensitivity and specificity. Hierarchical cluster analysis shown that the samples were divided into two categories: one 5-year-old and the other 2, 3 and 4-year-old. In summary, the polysaccharide content in 4-year-old P. kingianum by seed reproduction was the highest. Data fusion of ATR-FTIR and UV-Vis spectra combined with PLS-DA models could be used to accurately distinguish P. kingianum in different growth ages, which was valuable for the identification and evaluation of other medicinal and edible homologous plants. Meanwhile, it also provides a theoretical basis for the harvesting age and cultivation conditions of P. kingianum.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS FROM POLYGONATUM KINGIANUM COLL. ET HEMSL. OF VIETNAM

Seven compounds, including two homoisoflavanones 3-(2ʹ-hydroxy-4ʹ-methoxy-benzyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-8-methyl-chroman-4-one (1), disporopsin (2) along with 2-O-methyl-α-D-fructofuranose (3), (E,E)-9-oxooctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid (4), 1-palmitoylglycerol (5), 5α,8α-ergosterol peroxide (6), daucosterol (7) were isolated from the rhizomes of Polygonatum kingianum of Vietnam. Their structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectra and by comparison with the reported spectral data. Compounds 3, 4 and 6 are first reported from the genus Polygonatum. Compound 1 and 5 are reported for the first time from Polygonatum kingianum.

Structural characterization, hypoglycemic effects and antidiabetic mechanism of a novel polysaccharides from Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl

The rhizome of Polygonatum kingianum has been used as a traditional medicine in China. In this study, a novel polysaccharides (PKPs-1) was isolated from P. kingianum and characterized by its molecular weight, primary structure. The hypoglycemic activity of PKPs-1was investigated by in vitro assay with the HepG2 cell line and in vivo test using STZ-induced diabetic mice. Results showed that the average molecular weight of PKPs-1 was 14.05 kDa and is composed mainly of glucose and mannose. Methylation analysis indicated that this polysaccharides fraction consisted mainly of β1,2-link glucose. Besides, PKPs-1 exhibited significant anti-hyperglycemic activity on STZ-induced mice, improved insulin tolerance, and affected the metabolism of serum lipids. Results of real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) showed that PKPs-1 significantly increased the expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT), indicating that PKPs-1 regulates glucose metabolism by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This study provides new insights for investigating the hypoglycemic effects of PKPs-1 and suggests that PKPs-1 could be a promising functional food or medicine for treating T2DM.

Complete genome sequence of a novel potyvirus isolated from Polygonatum kingianum.

The complete genome sequence of a putative novel potyvirus, tentatively named "Polygonatum kingianum virus 1" (PKgV1), infecting Polygonatum kingianum in China was determined (GenBank accession no. MK427056). PKgV1 has a genome organization that is typical of potyviruses, with a single large open reading frame (nt 123-9236) that encodes a 3037-aa polyprotein that is predicted to be cleaved into 10 mature proteins by virus-encoded proteases. Nine cleavage sites and several conserved motifs were identified in PKgV1 by comparative sequence analysis. Pairwise comparisons revealed that the PKgV1 polyprotein shares 52.0-56.2% nucleotide and 49.2-52.8% amino acid sequence identity with members of the genus Potyvirus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PKgV1 clustered with members of the genus Potyvirus and that it is closely related to but distinct from lettuce mosaic virus (LMV, accession no. KJ161186). These results suggest that Polygonatum kingianum virus 1 (PKgV1) is a new member of the genus Potyvirus of the family Potyviridae.

Characterizing rhizome bud dormancy in Polygonatum kingianum: Development of novel chill models and determination of dormancy release mechanisms by weighted correlation network analysis.

This study was conducted to explore specific chill models and the mechanisms underlying rhizome bud dormancy break in Polygonatum kingianum. Rhizome buds were subjected to various chilling temperatures for different duration and then transferred to warm conditions for germination and subsequent evaluation of their response to temperature and chilling requirements. A CUkingianum model was constructed to describe the contribution of low temperature to the chill unit, and it was suggested that 2.97°C was the optimum temperature and that 11.54°C was the upper limit for bud release. The CASkingianum model showed the relationship between chilling accumulation and sprouting percentage; therefore, rhizome bud development could be predicted through the model. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) of transcriptomic data of endo-, eco- and nondormant rhizome buds generated 33 gene modules, 6 of which were significantly related to bud sprouting percentage. In addition, 7 significantly matched transcription factors (TFs) were identified from the promoters of 17 "real" hub genes, and DAG2 was the best matched TF that bound to AAAG element to regulate gene expression. The current study is valuable for developing a highly efficient strategy for seedling cultivation and provides strong candidates for key genes related to rhizome bud dormancy in P. kingianum.

New Value-Added Sugar and Brown Sugar Products from Sugarcane: A Commercial Approach

The conventional sugar market is relatively homogeneous, consisting of edible products such as refined white sugar and brown sugar. A high level of health consciousness has been developed in recent years among human beings for sugar intake. Therefore, Sugarcane Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (YSRI), China, has started initiative to develop sucrose co-crystallization technology as a means to derive functional and healthier value-added sugar and brown sugar products with various edible, tastier, and medicinal plant homologs. In the process of sucrose co-crystallization, bioactive components of edible and medicinal plant homologs were mixed and copolymerized with sucrose and brown sugar to form a stable and co-crystallization edible product. Co-crystallized products had high dispersion and uniformity and may be improved in crystal shape, fluidity, moisture absorption, and stability of the altered sugar compounds. Co-crystallized white sugar value-added products were developed with Phyllanthus emblica, Polygonatum kingianum, Dendrobium nobile, Pueraria montana, Lepidium meyenii, and Panax notoginseng and brown sugar value-added products derived from Crataegus pinnatifida, Citrus × limon, seed of Vitis vinifera, Zingiber officinale, Wolfiporia cocos, Hippophae rhamnoides, and Angelica sinensis. These sugar value-added products were rich in plant-derived bioactive constituents with potential health benefits and have a great potential for commercialization of the consumer market all over the world.

Polysaccharides from Polygonatum kingianum improve glucose and lipid metabolism in rats fed a high fat diet

ObjectivePolygonatum kingianum is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly used to treat diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Polysaccharides from Polygonatum kingianum could regulate glucose and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD) rats. MethodsThe gel permeation chromatography (GPC), liquid chromatography (HPLC) and chemical analysis were used to determine the molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, protein, polysaccharide and uronic acid content of the polysaccharide from Polygonatum kingianum, respectively. Total (PS) and high molecular weight (PSF) polysaccharides (> 100 KDa) were isolated and treated HFD rats for a 14-week period. TC, TG contents in blood samples were measured every two weeks, and HDL-C, LDL-C was measured at 12 and 14 weeks evaluating of blood lipids regulation activity of polysaccharide. The stool samples were used for 16S rDNA V4 highly variable region measurement method to regulate the role of polysaccharide in the intestinal microflora. The content of short chain fatty acid (SCFAs) in faeces was determined by gas chromatography (GC) to investigate the effect of polysaccharides on the content of SCFAs in the intestinal tract of rats. The expression of tight junction protein ZO-1 and occludin of intestinal tissue, and detection of the key protein expression in the LPS-TLR4/NFκB signaling pathway were detected by Western blot technique. ResultsWe found that PS and PSF improved both diabetic symptoms and lipid metabolism. PS and PSF also modulated the gut microbiota composition, abundance and diversity of HFD rats, increased the relative abundance of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) producing bacteria and increased SCFA production, reduced intestinal permeability, relieved gastrointestinal inflammation, and improved lipid metabolism. ConclusionPolygonatum kingianum polysaccharides regulated the abundance and diversity of the intestinal microbial community through increasing the relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria. This promotes recovery of the intestinal permeability barrier, inhibits LPS entry into the circulation, alleviates inflammation, and prevents glucose and lipid metabolic disorders.

Complete chloroplast genome of a medicinal species Polygonatum kingianum in China (Asparagaceae, Asparagales)

Polygonatum kingianum is a medicinal and food plant distributed in most of countries throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Here we report on the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of P. kingianum. The cp genome is 155,399 bp in size and includes two inverted repeat regions of 52,7411 bp, which is separated by a large single-copy region of 84,234 bp and a small single copy region of 18,424 bp. A total of 130 genes were predicted, including 38 tRNA, 8 rRNA, and 84 protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis placed P. kingianum under the subfamily Nolinoideae of the family Asparagaceae.

Polygonatum kingianum rhizome extract alleviates collagen antibody-induced arthritis by modulating proinflammatory cytokine production in mice

Objective: To evaluate the anti-arthritic effects of Polygonatum kingianum rhizome extract using both in vitro and in vivo models. Methods: Lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with an ethanol extract of Polygonatum kingianum rhizomes at different concentrations to determine nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. For in vivo study, Polygonatum kingianum ethanol extract was further investigated for its antiinflammatory effect in a mouse model with collagen antibody-induced arthritis. Phytochemical study of Polygonatum kingianum ethanol extract was also performed. Results: Saponins (142 mg/g total yield) was the main component in the Polygonatum kingianum ethanol extract. 5α,8α-ergosterol peroxide, (E,E)-9-oxooctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid and 3-(2’-hydroxy-4’-methoxy-benzyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-8-methyl-chroman-4-one were isolated from the extract. Polygonatum kingianum ethanol extract exhibited potential anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting nitric oxide and PGE2 production in RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The level of arthritis in mice with collagen antibody-induced arthritis was significantly reduced (P Conclusions: Polygonatum kingianum ethanol extract has beneficial effects on inflammatory cytokine regulation and PGE2 inhibition in an experimental mouse model with collagen antibody-induced arthritis. The phytochemical screening reveals that the saponin, as the main component, and sterols (daucosterol and 5α,8α-ergosterol peroxide) from Polygonatum kingianum ethanol extract may contribute to its promising in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities.

Mitochondrial metabolomic profiling for elucidating the alleviating potential of Polygonatum kingianum against high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUNDDeveloping mitochondrial regulators/nutrients from natural products to remedy mitochondrial dysfunction represent attractive strategies for therapy of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Polygonatum kingianum (PK) has been traditionally used in China as a medicinal and nutritional ingredient for centuries and can alleviate high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD by promoting mitochondrial functions. To date, the underlying molecular mechanism of PK for treating mitochondrial dysfunctions and thus alleviating NAFLD remains unclear.AIMTo identify the molecular mechanism behind the mitochondrial regulatory action of PK against HFD-induced NAFLD in rats.METHODSNAFLD model was induced in rats with HFD. The rats were intragastrically administered PK (4 g/kg per day) for 14 wk. Metabolites in hepatic mitochondrial samples were profiled through ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry followed by multivariate statistical analysis to find the potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways.RESULTSPK significantly restored the metabolites’ levels in the mitochondrial samples. Ten potential biomarkers were identified in the analyzed samples. These biomarkers are involved in riboflavin metabolism.CONCLUSIONPK can alleviate HFD-induced NAFLD by regulating the riboflavin metabolism and further improving the mitochondrial functions. Thus, PK is a promising mitochondrial regulator/nutrient for alleviating NAFLD-associated diseases.

Mitochondrial dysfunction in high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The alleviating effect and its mechanism of Polygonatum kingianum

BackgroundMitochondrial dysfunction is an important mechanism of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Developing mitochondrial regulators/nutrients from natural products to remedy mitochondrial dysfunction represent attractive strategies for NAFLD therapy. In China, Polygonatum kingianum (PK) has been used as a herb and food nutrient for centuries. So far, studies in which the effects of PK on NAFLD are evaluated are lacking. Our study aims at identifying the effects and mechanism of action of PK on NAFLD based on mitochondrial regulation. MethodsA NAFLD rat model was induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and rats were intragastrically given PK (1, 2 and 4 g/kg) for 14 weeks. Changes in body weight, food intake, histological parameters, organ indexes, biochemical parameters and mitochondrial indicators involved in oxidative stress, energy metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and apoptosis were investigated. ResultsPK significantly inhibited the HFD-induced increase of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, total cholesterol (TC), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum, and TC and triglyceride in the liver. In addition, PK reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol and liver enlargement without affecting food intake. PK also remarkably inhibited the HFD-induced increase of malondialdehyde and the reduction of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, ATP synthase, and complex I and II, in mitochondria. Moreover, mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 and uncoupling protein-2 was significantly up-regulated and down-regulated after PK treatment, respectively. Finally, PK notably inhibited the HFD-induced increase of caspase 9, caspase 3 and Bax expression in hepatocytes, and the decrease of expression of Bcl-2 in hepatocytes and cytchrome c in mitochondria. ConclusionPK alleviated HFD-induced NAFLD by promoting mitochondrial functions. Thus, PK may be useful mitochondrial regulators/nutrients to remedy mitochondrial dysfunction and alleviate NAFLD.

First Report of Apple Stem Grooving Virus in Yunnan Huang Jing (Polygonatum kingianum) in China

First Report of Apple Stem Grooving Virus in Yunnan Huang Jing (<i>Polygonatum kingianum</i>) in China

Transcriptome analyses of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis, Ypsilandra thibetica, and Polygonatum kingianum characterize their steroidal saponin biosynthesis pathway

Steroidal saponins, one of the most diverse groups of plant-derived natural products, elicit biological and pharmacological activities; however, the genes involved in their biosynthesis and the corresponding biosynthetic pathway in monocotyledon plants remain unclear. This study aimed to identify genes involved in the biosynthesis of steroidal saponins by performing a comparative analysis among transcriptomes of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis (PPC), Ypsilandra thibetica (YT), and Polygonatum kingianum (PK). De novo transcriptome assemblies generated 57,537, 140,420, and 151,773 unigenes from PPC, YT, and PK, respectively, of which 56.54, 47.81, and 44.30% were successfully annotated, respectively. Among the transcriptomes for PPC, YT, and PK, we identified 194, 169, and 131; 17, 14, and 26; and, 80, 122, and 113 unigenes corresponding to terpenoid backbone biosynthesis; sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis; and, steroid biosynthesis pathways, respectively. These genes are putatively involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol that is the primary precursor of steroidal saponins. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that lanosterol synthase may be exclusive to dicotyledon plant species, and the cytochrome P450 unigenes were closely related to clusters CYP90B1 and CYP734A1, which are UDP-glycosyltransferases unigenes homologous with the UGT73 family. Thus, unigenes of β-glucosidase may be candidate genes for catalysis of later period modifications of the steroidal saponin skeleton. Our data provide evidence to support the hypothesis that monocotyledons biosynthesize steroidal saponins from cholesterol via the cycloartenol pathway.

Isolation and Identification of Fusarium solani from Polygonatum kingianum

Isolation and Identification of Fusarium solani from Polygonatum kingianum

The regulatory mechanism of chilling-induced dormancy transition from endo-dormancy to non-dormancy in Polygonatum kingianum Coll.et Hemsl rhizome bud.

We identified three dormant stages of Polygonatum kingianum and changes that occurred during dormancy transition in the following aspects including cell wall and hormones, as well as interaction among them. Polygonatum kingianum Coll.et Hemsl (P. kingianum) is an important traditional Chinese medicine, but the mechanism of its rhizome bud dormancy has not yet been studied systematically. In this study, three dormancy phases were induced under controlled conditions, and changes occurring during the transition were examined, focusing on phytohormones and the cell wall. As revealed by HPLC-MS (High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analysis, the endo- to non-dormancy transition was association with a reduced abscisic acid (ABA)/gibberellin (GA3) ratio, a decreased level of auxin (IAA) and an increased level of trans-zeatin (tZR). Transmission electron microscopy showed that plasmodesmata (PDs) and the cell wall of the bud underwent significant changes between endo- and eco-dormancy. A total of 95,462 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified based on transcriptomics, and clustering and principal component analysis confirmed the different physiological statuses of the three types of bud samples. Changes in the abundance of transcripts associated with IAA, cytokinins (CTKs), GA, ABA, brassinolide (BR), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene, salicylic acid (SA), PDs and cell wall-loosening factors were analysed during the bud dormancy transition in P. kingianum. Furthermore, nitrilase 4 (NIT4) and tryptophan synthase alpha chain (TSA1), which are related to IAA synthesis, were identified as hub genes of the co-expression network, and strong interactions between hormones and cell wall-related factors were observed. This research will provide a good model for chilling-treated rhizome bud dormancy in P. kingianum and cultivation of this plant.