Polyfunctional Additives Research Articles

РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ ВЯЗКОСТИ ТЯЖЕЛОЙ НЕФТИ ПОЛИФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫМИ ДОБАВКАМИ НА ОСНОВЕ ПОВЕРХНОСТНО-АКТИВНЫХ ВЕЩЕСТВ

The aim of the work was to determine the influence of concentration and composition of polyfunctional additives consisting of surfactants and organic solvents (isopropyl alcohol and nephras C2) on the viscosity of high-resin heavy oil of the Ashalchinskoye field, which is a highly viscous colloidal disperse system. Viscosity measurements of the samples were carried out on Physica MCR 101 (Anton Paar) using a plate-to-plate instrument in the range of shear rate variation from 1 to 300 s-1. Dependences of effective viscosity on shear rate for the majority of the investigated systems indicate Newtonian flow behaviour, which is also confirmed by flow curves for all investigated heavy oil samples, i.e. the used additives are effective regulators of viscoelastic properties of the investigated oil. The viscosity of heavy oil decreases with increasing concentration of the studied additives, and the most effective additive (with concentration of 3 wt. %) based on surfactants with amino- and phosphate groups and easy-boiling solvent (de-aromatised catalytic reforming petrol) decreased oil viscosity by almost 47 %. As a result of comparing the effect of the studied polyfunctional additives and industrial additives, which are a mixture of polar and non-polar hydrocarbons, on the viscosity of heavy oil, it was found that, as a rule, their efficiency index is higher, and, consequently, their ability to improve the rheological properties of oil is higher, which indicates the potential possibility of their use to facilitate the transportation and processing of highly viscous oil. This article may be of interest to those studying the rheological properties of highly viscous heavy oil systems.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ДЛИТЕЛЬНОСТИ МЕХАНОХИМИЧЕСКОГО СИНТЕЗА НА СТРУКТУРНО-МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ СИЛИКАТ-КАЛЬЦИЕВОЙ ДИСПЕРСИИ

Mechanochemical synthesis of sucrose-modified calcium hydrosilicates as precursors of calcium silicate dispersions – polyfunctional additives for cement systems was carried out on a fine grinding vibromill VM-20. The influence of duration of mechanochemical synthesis of modified hydrosilicates on the phase composition of calcium silicate dispersions, morpho-structural characteristics of the nanostructured calcium silicate xerogel particles, as well as technological features of the reaction mass of mechanochemical synthesis was studied. It was found that the viscosity of the reaction mass of mechanochemical synthesis changes non-monotonically during synthesis: in the first 2 hours of mechanochemical synthesis, the viscosity decreases; subsequently, the viscosity of the mixture increases slightly; the reaction mass maintains high fluidity throughout the entire synthesis process; the presence of raw mineral materials in the reaction mass continues to be fixed throughout the synthesis (up to 7 hours); recrystallization processes of synthesized weakly crystallized phases are activated after 6 hours of grinding.
 The volume of the synthesized xerogel was estimated from the specific surface area of the calcium silicate dispersion. It was found that the processes of recrystallization of weakly crystallized phases synthesized during mechanochemical synthesis do not affect the volume of xerogel in the composition of calcium silicate dispersion, the specific surface area of the calcium silicate dispersion increases in proportion to the duration of the mechanochemical synthesis of modified calcium hydrosilicates. The duration of mechanochemical synthesis does not affect the morpho-structural characteristics of coagulation xerogel particles.

SYSTEMATIC INFORMATION BASE OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT APPLICATIONS FOR AVIATION PETROL

The additives in petrol was started to use in the first half of the twentieth century. In the late 1970s, a qualitative conceptual change in the development of this area of science and practice took place. Environmental pollution from harmful emissions led to the modification of petrol formulations and structural improvements of engines. The problem of improving the quality of gasoline and fuels for jet engines is usually solved in two ways: by developing high-quality new products and by efficient use of traditional ones.
 The proposed work analyses the scientific literature on energy-efficient additives to aviation gasoline and, on this basis, creates a systematic information base, namely: classification of the range of additives to gasoline (by the following features: chemical, physical and biological stability enhancers; flash point modifiers; combustion modifiers; washing; dopes that promote efficient operation of fuels at low temperatures; friction modifiers; marking agents; anti-corrosion agents; safety enhancers; surface-active property modifiers) and the range of anti-detonation and environmental (anti-emission) additives in aviation petrols.
 The following additives are manufactured and approved for use in Ukraine: poly-functional additives representing a complex mixture of manganese compounds and mixtures of paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons (TU 30218597.001[in Ukrainian] "Poly-functional additives "Eco-Octane". Technical specifications"); iron-containing multifunctional additives "Standard"; there are also known developments of oxygenates based on methanol, ethanol and other alcohols, alcohol processing products, ethers and other oxygen-containing compounds.
 The research is being carried out within the framework of the project "Development of a technology for the production of new environmentally friendly high-octane aviation gasoline from domestic raw materials" at the expense of the state budget in accordance with the Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 12 August 2022 No. 713-r "Pro zatverdzhennia pereliku naukovo-tekhnichnykh (eksperymentalnykh) rozrobok v ramkakh vykonannia derzhavnoho zamovlennia na naivazhlyvishi naukovo-tekhnichni (eksperymentalni) rozrobky ta naukovo-tekhnichnu produktsiiu u 2022 rotsi" [in Ukrainian] (registration number 2020.01/0242).

THE USE OF OIL AND FAT WASTE IN TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The paper shows the possibility of efficiently using oilseed production and processing waste. The methods of chemical transformation of by-products of oil and fat production into technological systems for sustainable development have been developed. They have been used to create surfactants and lubricant systems for hydrocarbon production and wwllorkover of wells; polyfunctional additives used as components of lubricants and cutting fluids to improve their antioxidant, extreme pressure, antiwear, lubricating, and cooling properties of metalworking processes. Technological systems have been developed that, along with increased functional properties, have improved biodegradability and caused minimal environmental harm.

OBTAINING DIESEL FUEL WITH IMPROVED PROPERTIES

It is known that one of the ways to increase the level of operational properties of diesel fuels is the injection of special components – additives – into their composition. Today this way is a quite rational and economically feasible for Ukraine, especially in the absence of high-quality oil raw materials for the production of fuels, which in turn leads to a significant dependence on imports.
 The range of additives used in diesel fuels is very diverse, which makes it difficult to select a balanced package, especially considering their effectiveness and compatibility with each other. This procedure can be a bit simplified by adding poly-functional additives to diesel fuel, the use of which is devoted to a lot of periodical literature.
 Based on the relevance of the direction of scientific research related to improving the properties of diesel fuel, which is produced at the enterprises of the oil refining industry in Ukraine, we proposed to use a substance belonging to the class of aromatic diazocompounds and having polyfunctional properties in the composition of diesel fuels. Thus, this additive was added to a straight-run diesel fraction (240–350 °C) in an amount of up to 1.0%, followed by a study of the properties of the resulting mixture. Studies have shown that the additive significantly improves low-temperature properties (by -10 °C), contributes to an increase in fuel density and viscosity, and additionally gives diesel fuel a stable color (from yellow to orange). Consequently, it can be used in the composition of commercial diesel fuels with improved performance properties.

ПОЛІФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНІ ПРИСАДКИ ДО ПАЛИВНО-МАСТИЛЬНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ

The article considers the possibility of increasing the level of operation properties of fuels and lubricants through the use of multifunctional additives. Taking into account the cost of additives, the conditions of their use and the wide range of properties they provide to fuels and lubricants, this path can be considered the most promising in comparison with the purchase of quality crude oil and total re-equipment of existing production. It is proposed to classify polyfunctional additives for fuels and lubricants according to the properties they exhibit and the degree of these properties. Such classification allows to select of a balanced package of additives for fuels and lubricants, to increase their production (on average, the package of additives is about 10 % wt.) and to reduce the cost of the product. In order to control and optimize the circulation of fuels and lubricants and to prevent their falsification (especially in the production of branded grades of the premium class fuels and lubricants), it is proposed to use colorants, which due to their properties can be considered as multifunctional additives / components. Among all the substances on the basis of which industrial colorants of general purpose are produced now, azodyes are the most promising. This is primarily due to the wide range of properties of these substances: antioxidant, biocidal, detergentdispersant, protective, anti-wear. Based on the analysis of information about the use of colorants in fuels and lubricants, to expand the existing range of such additives is possible through the diazocompounds. These substances have a stable color, which, depending on the structure of the compound, ranges from yellow to purple-red. It is shown in the article, that diue to the properties of the class of azocompounds, some of these substances can be considered as promising multifunctional additives in the production of fuels and lubricants. Keywords: fuels and lubricants, additives, multifunctional properties, classification, colorants, azodyes. Corresponding author O.V. Trotsenko, e-mail: trocenko.alexandr@gmail.com

Effect of MoО2(VI), Zn(II), Cu (II) and Mg(II) complexes with N-methyldecanohydroxamic acid on the thermal oxidation stability of biodiesel

General climate changes and catastrophic environmental pollution cause the steadily increasing interest in the world to bio-based technical oils, including lubricants. In order that they bully comply with current environmental requirements, the additives added to them must not contain environmentally harmful components and provide the maximum thermal oxidation stability of the base oil. A significant disadvantage of zinc dialkyl dithiocarbamates and dialkyl dithiophosphates, which are widely used today as highly efficient polyfunctional additives, is that they contain ecotoxic organosulfur and organophosphorus components. In view of this, complexes of biometals with hydroxamic acids are promising. The paper presents the results of a study of the influence of MoO2L2, ZnL2, CuL2, MgL2 coordination compounds with N-methyldecanohydroxamic acid (HL) and mixtures of MoO2L2 with tert-butylcatechol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (ionol) on the oxidation of distilled sunflower fatty acid methyl esters (one of the variants of biodiesel). Procedures for the synthesis of novel homoleptic Mg(II) and Zn(II) bis-hydroxamate complexes and their spectral characteristics are presented. The antioxidation properties of the complexes contained in the model solutions were determined by the method of oxygen absorption in a hermetically sealed system at 110 C. It has been found that the magnesium complex has no effect on the oxidation of the substrate, and that the copper complex decomposes, under experimental conditions, to metallic copper, which is an oxidation promoter. Zinc and molybdenum complexes exhibit antioxidation properties. It has been shown that ionol is an efficient co-component for MoO2L2, but no synergistic effect was detected. In view of the high tribological characteristics, the MoO2L2 complex is a promising prototype for the development of a polyfunctional eco-friendly additive to commercial biodisel-based lubricating compositions.

CORRECTION OF PROPERTIES OF MODERN DIESEL FUELS USING ADDITIVES

Creation of high quality diesel fuels for internal combustion engines that meet stringent operational and environmental requirements is currently an urgent task. The most rational way to improve the performance characteristics of diesel fuel, its environmental properties, as well as to reduce losses during its storage, is to use polyfunctional additives. Requirements for the structure of polyfunctional additives are formulated. It is shown that their stabilizing and protective effects are the higher, the greater the value of the dipole moment and total electron density on heteroatoms. Amides and esters of higher aliphatic acids, synthesized from renewable diesel raw materials, as well as molecules of azo compounds including aromatic fragments and electron-donating functional groups, are promising multifunctional additives to diesel fuel.

Fine-grained fibre concretes modified by complexed nanoadditives

In this paper, the prospects of using the fullerene-like nanoparticles and the combination of them with the analogous modifiers and different kinds of reinforcing fibres for the modification of the composite cement concrete are set out. The use of the complex modifiers based on the dispersed fibres and fullerene-like nanoparticles is proposed. The results of the volume modification of the fine-grained concretes by the disperse fibres, and special polyfunctional additives of various types are presented. The polypropylene multifilament fibres were used as the dispersed reinforcement, the polyacrylonitrile synthetic fibres and the basalt microfibres modified by astralenes were used alternatively. The condensed silica foam, high active metakaolin and waterproof additive 'Penetron Admix' were tested as additives in these mixes also. According to the results of this experimental work, the optimal complexes, additives and dispersed fibres for the purpose of improving the characteristics of fine-grained fibre-reinforced concretes were selected.

Synthesis of new polyfunctional additives to lubricating oils

Possibility of synthesizing new polyfunctional sulfur-, phosphorus-, and zinc-containing compounds with anti-wear and anti-scuff properties, promising as high-efficiency additives to lubricating oils, was studied.

Polyfunctional effects of [1,3]thiazino[3,2-a]benzoimidazol-4-ones on steel corrosion

[1,3]Thiazino[3,2-a]benzoimidazol-4-ones were found to be effective inhibitors of the acid corrosion of steel 20 in 1 M HCl and 1 M H2SO4(pH 0) and valuable polyfunctional additives that enhance the anticorrosion properties and stimulate the formation of an epoxy powder coating.

Polyfunctional additives to oils, based on sulfonated oligomers

Studies in the field of development of polymeric oligoalkenesulfonate additives derived from sulfonated oligomers and exhibiting multifunctional effect when added to petroleum oils are summarized.

Polyfunctional complex sulfur-containing additives to SKI-3 rubber and vulcanizates thereof

The performance of new polyfunctional additives containing bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) polysulfide and dicyclopentadiene-sulfur copolymer was studied with respect to SKI-3 and vulcanizates thereof. These additives act not only as stabilizers but also as vulcanizing agents improving a number of physicomechanical characteristics of the vulcanizates.

On the Use of Triazines as Inhibitors of Steel Corrosion

The possibility of using some triazines as polyfunctional additives to protective epoxy powder formulations was studied. They can enhance the protective effect in corrosive media and function as curing agents or promoters for epoxy oligomers. The compounds studied were found to effectively inhibit acid corrosion of steel 20.

C 6 α—Olefin Oligomers as Feedstock for Additives and Oils Bitumen

The results of studies of oligomerization of C6 α—olefins in the presence of aluminum chloride and different alkyl-, alkenylaromatic, and carbocyclic compounds are generalized. By altering the conditions of oligomerization and the nature of the C6 α—olefin hydrocarbons, viscosity additives and petroleum oil components, as well as synthetic base oils and feedstock for polyfunctional additives can be manufactured. The oligomerization conditions are a function of the concrete requirements for the quality of the synthesized compounds.

Synthesis and Reactions of Schiff Bases Containing an m-Phenoxyphenyl Group: I. N-Aryl-m-phenoxybenzylideneamines and N-Aryl-N'-(m-phenoxybenzylidene)hydrazines

Condensation of m-phenoxybenzaldehyde with aromatic amines and hydrazines gave the corresponding Schiff bases and m-phenoxybenzaldehyde arylhydrazones. The products are promising as biologically active substances, polyfunctional additives to rubber compounds, and inhibitors of acid corrosion.

Novel approaches to the development of polyfunctional additives for motor oils

Novel approaches to the development of polyfunctional additives for motor oils

Investigation of the molecular characteristics of polyvinyl chloride obtained in presence of polyfunctional additives

The influence on the MMD of polyvinyl chloride of the addition during the course of polymerization of additives of polyfunctional monomers containing allyl groups and an allyl ester of methacrylic acid has been studied. A branchid polymer forms with a wide MMD and also a crosslinked polymer. Addition of triallyl isocyanurate raises the MM of polyvinyl chloride to a greater extent than does a monomer containing two allyl groups.

Rust preventive oil additives based on microbial fats

This article investigates the composition and lubricating properties of microbial fats obtained from microorganisms grown on various hydrocarbon substrates (n-paraffins, alcohols, natural gas, petroleum distillates, etc.). Focuses on the protective functions of the 4 main fractions (unsaponifiables, free fatty acids, glycerides, and phospholipids) which comprise the microbial fat from a yeast grown on purified liquid n-paraffins. Concludes that neutralized microbial fats can be used as preservative additives; that the principal components of the microbial fats have the properties necessary for oil-soluble corrosion inhibitors; that the phospholipids of the microbial fat can fulfill the functions of not only preservative additives, but also highly effective operational/ preservative additives; and that fats of microbial origin can be used in the development of multipurpose polyfunctional additives.

Effects of additives on sludge formation in boiler fuels

The effects of additives on sludge formation in boiler fuels has not been studied adequately, as there are no accelerated quantitative laboratory test methods for investigating the tendency of high-viscosity fuels to form sludge. Here we are reporting on a study of the effects of polyfunctional additives on the formation of sludge in boiler fuels, with the aim of developing an accelerated laboratory method and selecting the best additives.