Polyethylene Polyamine Research Articles

RESEARCH OF CONSERVATİON LİQUİDS MADE ON THE BASİS OF RESİDUAL FATTY ACİDS, NOTRO COMPOUNDS AND ADDİTİVES BASED ON DERİVATİVES OF NATURAL PETROLEUM ACİDS

Within this research project, we have analyzed petroleum acids as a basis of corrosion inhibitors. We conducted several laboratory experiments to define the best conditions to get maximum efficiency. First, we take combinations of fatty acids and polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) in a range of different molar ratios under different circumstances. We applied specific thermo humidity chamber, sea water and sulfuric acid solutions to create conditions which enhance corrosion rate. Then we went further to get higher efficiency, we added nitro compounds with different molar ratios. After presence of nitro-components, final experiment results were obtained. After completions of several experiments, we get best possible results when we applied reaction between imidazoline and residual fatty acids with nitro compound in a 1:2 mole ratio. It becomes clear that we need to keep specific molar ratio to enhance corrosion protection period. Keywords: conservation liquids, corrosion, inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, imidazoline, fatty acids.

Interfacial Polymerization on Polyethersulfone Ultrafiltration Membrane to Prepare Nanofiltration Layers for Dye Separation.

Nanofiltration membranes are of great significance to the treatment of dye wastewater. Interfacial polymerization is a widely used method to fabricate nanofiltration membranes. In this study, the interaction of tannic acid-assisted polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) with terephthalaldehyde (TPAL) was performed on PES ultrafiltration membranes using novel nitrogen-rich amine monomers and relatively less reactive aldehyde-based monomers. A new nanofiltration membrane ((T-P-T)/PES) was prepared by interfacial polymerization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the elemental composition, bonding state, and surface morphology of the membrane surface. The effects of the PEPA deposition time, TPAL concentration, interfacial reaction time, and curing time on the nanofiltration layer were investigated. The modified membrane, prepared under optimal conditions, showed strong dye separation ability. The permeation of the modified membrane could reach 68.68 L·m-2·h-1·bar-1, and the rejection of various dyes was above 99%. In addition, the (T-P-T)/PES membrane showed good stability during long-term dye separation.

Study of changes in the mechanical and acoustic properties of epoxy resins under long-time polymerization

Changes in the mechanical stress-strain curves and sound velocity of longitudinal waves for epoxy resin ED-20 with different content of polyethylene polyamine (PPA) hardener and diethylene glycol (DEG) plasticizer were studied for cure time from one to 30 days. The obtained dependences of the applied force on the absolute value of stretching for samples with different PPA content and different curing time make it possible to divide the sample state into three types: highly elastic; not fully cured; vitreous fully cured. The parameters characterizing each state are determined. The polymerization process continues with a curing time of 24 – 720 h for all samples. Acoustic measurements were carried out by the pulse method using an automated measuring system. The dependences of the longitudinal sound velocity on the curing time for samples with different contents of PPA and DEG plasticizer are presented. The sound velocity changed much less than the static Young’s modulus within the considered interval of the curing time. The presence of a «kink» in the interval from about 20 to 180 h is a feature of the dependences of the sound velocity on the curing time. The data obtained revealed that the section of rapid growth of the sound velocity corresponds to the transition from the highly elastic state to the glassy solid one. Experimental study of the physical properties of compositions based on ED20 resin with a concentration of the curing agent less than standard provides the possibility of detailed study of the dynamics of polymerization process after the transition from the gel state to the solid state at a long curing time. It is shown that the curing process continues for a rather long time in the solid state. The observed features on the dependences of the sound velocity on the curing time are attributed to the formation of the 3D structure during the transition from the highly elastic state to the solid glassy state. In this case, the value of the longitudinal sound velocity can be an indicator of the degree of completion of the polymerization process of finished products from composite materials based on epoxy resin, for which it may be difficult to measure the mechanical properties.

Corridor-type partition faucet with transverse porous partitions

The basics of the processes of mixing coagulants with water are given. Disadvantages of the partition mixer of the corridor type are shown. Ways to increase and regulate the intensity and time of mixing reagents with source water in the transverse porous partitions themselves are outlined. It is shown that it is possible to improve the flow distribution in the live section of the mixer corridors due to the use of porous polymer concrete in the manufacture of transverse partitions, and also that the phase of per kinetic coagulation coincides with the period of "rapid" mixing of the coagulant with water, which significantly affects the effectiveness of the coagulation water purification.
 The first stage of research was carried out on a model of such a mixer on a scale of 1:4 with the aim of determining the local resistance of the porous partition. The porous partition is made of gravel with a size of 10...15 mm (average diameter 12.5 mm) and ED-20 brand epoxy resin with polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) hardener, approved by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine in domestic and drinking water supply systems.
 Experimental studies have shown that the local resistance of the porous partition is quite large, therefore it is proposed to perform a part of the corridor-type partition mixer in pressure mode, that is, to perform such a mixer in pressure mode or partially in pressure mode, depending on the location of the porous partition.

Preparation of MOF-Based Core-Shell Gel Particles with Catalytic Activity and Their Plugging Performance.

Drilling fluid systems for deep and ultra-deep wells are hampered by both high-temperature downhole environments and lengthy cycle periods. Suppose that the gel particle-plugging agent, the primary treatment agent in the system, fails to offer durable and stable plugging performance. In such a scenario, the borehole wall is susceptible to instability and landslide after prolonged immersion, leading to downhole accidents. In this study, novel core-shell gel particles (modified ZIF) with ZIF particles employed as the core material and organosilicon-modified polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) as the polymer shell were fabricated using PEPA, in-house synthesized (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTS), and the ZIF-8 metal-organic framework (MOF) as the raw materials to enhance the long-term plugging performance of gel plugging agents. The modified ZIF particles are nanoscale polygonal crystals and differ from conventional core-shell gel particles in that they feature high molecular sieve catalytic activity due to the presence of numerous interior micropores and mesopores. As a result, modified ZIF exhibits the performance characteristics of both rigid and flexible plugging agents and has an excellent catalytic cross-linking effect on the sulfonated phenolic resin (SMP-3) and sulfonated lignite resin (SPNH) in drilling fluids. Consequently, a cross-linking reaction occurs when SMP-3 and SPNH flow through the spacings in the plugging layer formed by the modified ZIF particles. This increases the viscosity of the liquid phase and simultaneously generates an insoluble gel, forming a particle-gel composite plugging structure with the modified ZIF and significantly enhancing the long-term plugging performance of the drilling fluid.

Anti-corrosion polymer coatings for vehicles protection

Epoxy diane oligomer ED-20, polyethylene polyamine PEPA hardener, powdered synthesized iron/titanium carbide mixture with dispersion of 10...12 μm, and the filler of plant origin with dispersion of 0.4...0.6 μm were used to form anticorrosive coatings. The investigation of the change in the value of resistivity and specific capacity in the diesel fuel environment was carried out, taking into account the rational ratio of differently dispersed fillers in the epoxy binder. The decrease in the resistivity of protective coatings by 1.5...1.6 times relative to the epoxy matrix was achieved. At the same time, the correlation with the value of the capacitance, which decreases by 1.8...2.0 times, respectively was established. Additionally, visual analysis of the surface of the developed coatings was carried out. They were kept for 6552 h in the river water at variable temperatures - T = 263...293 ± 2 K. For coatings containing the rational combination of two fillers, no defects in the form of cracks, peeling, and swelling were observed.

Analysis of oils taken from wells No. 2153 and 2364 of Neft Daslari OGED with an agent containing aromatic solvents and modifying additives

The article discusses the reasons for the occurrence of asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits in production tubings and pipelines, the ways to eliminate the issues, and a novel reagent based on the aromatic solvents and modifiers (copolymer of polyethylene polyamine, ethylene oxide and propylene oxide based on glycerin) developed to solve the issue. The efficacy of the newly developed XL-6 reagent against asphaltene-resin-asphaltene deposits was determined, and the effect on non-Newtonian oil rheology was investigated. The efficiency of the developed new XL-6 reagent against asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits was studied in a comparative manner with the СНПХ-2005 reagent in the consumption interval of 50–450 g/t on the oils taken from the wells No. 2153 and 2364 of Neft Dashlari OGED (Oil-Gas Extraction Department). It has been established that XL-6 reagent at consumption of 300–350 g/t shows high efficiency against ARPD. The effectiveness of XL-6 reagent on the rheology of the studied oil at a flow rate of 300 g/t was studied. The studies were also carried out in comparison with the СНПХ -2005 reagent and crude oil.

Preparation and Characterization of Cadmium(II)-Ion-Imprinted Composites Based on Epoxy Resin

In recent years, ion-imprinting technology has been frequently employed to selectively eliminate heavy metals from aqueous solutions. In this study, an environment-friendly porous cadmium-ion-imprinted composite (Cd(II)-IIP) based on epoxy resin was prepared using Cd(II) ion as a template, polyethylene glycol as a porogen, epoxy resin as the carrier, and polyethylene polyamine as complexation agent and curing agent via surface imprinting technique and stepwise polymerization process. Cd(II)-IIP was further characterized using SEM-EDS, FT-IR, TGA, and XPS, the systematic adsorption investigation of Cd(II)-IIP for the Cd(II) ions was explored. The research found that the adsorption capacity of Cd(II) got to the maximum value (qm = 64.74 mg/g) at pH = 4.0 and T = 318 K and the Cd(II)-IIP had high selectivity for Cd(II) in the presence of polymetallic ions and still has good recoverability after five cycles. The results showed that the adsorption process was closer to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the isothermal curves of the experimental data were more consistent with the Langmuir adsorption model, which indicated that the whole process of adsorption was mainly monolayer chemisorption and spontaneous endothermic. In addition, the XPS and FT-IR results indicate that the interaction between Cd(II) and functional groups is related to O or N atoms on Cd(II)-IIP. In summary, Cd(II)-IIP has certain advantages and considerable development prospects for the treatment of wastewater containing Cd(II).

KINETICS OF HARDENING OF EPOXY-AMINE SYSTEMS DOPED WITH LiClO4

Kinetic methods for analyzing the curing process of thermosetting polymer systems are an important area for controlling the formation conditions for viscosity, which depends on the temperature and chemical composition of the composite. The curing reactions determine the morphology and structure of the system, affecting the properties of the final material. This work analyzes the curing process of po­lymer composites based on epoxy oligomer - polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (DEG), polyethylene polyamine hardener (PEPA) and lithium perchlorate salt LiClO4. The initial components, the mixture of DEG/PEPA composition and the DEG/PEPA/LiClO4 system supplemented with salt were investigated. Using the methods of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and rheological analysis in dynamic mode the curing conditions of the systems were established. It was shown that the nature of the distribution of vibration bands in the IR spectra of the DEG/PEPA and DEG/PEPA/LiClO4 systems is a superposition of the IR spectra of the initial components. Lithium perchlorate in the salt-doped initial system is in an undissociated state and dissociates in the polymer matrix over time during the curing of the system. In particular, the time dependences of the concentration of epoxide groups in the DEG/PEPA system calculated using the integral intensity ratios were analyzed by IR spectroscopy data. To study the curing process with increased segmental mobility of the reacting macromolecules, rheokinetic measurements were performed at 50°C. Analysis of the nature of changes in the elastic and viscosity moduli over time allowed us to estimate the gel time of the initial and doped systems. Differences in the IR spectra for both systems before the formation of the three-dimensional structure and at the gel point, as well as the IR spectra of these systems after the curing reaction, were analyzed. Attention was also paid to the nature of the influence of dopant on the curing process and its state in the mixture/composite of DEG/PEPA/LiClO4 composition. Lithium perchlorate LiClO4 is an effective catalyst for the aminolysis of the oxirane ring, which explains the acceleration of the curing reaction of the system in the presence of salt.

Interaction researchepoxy binder with basalt by the X method

Basalt, known for its unique properties, is used for the production of yarns, fabrics, nets, and heat-insulating wool. Currently, a research is promoted on applicability of basalt as a dispersed filler for thermo- and rectoplastic materials without processing it into fibers. Therefore, investigation into interaction of epoxy binder with the crushed basalt is promising, which determines the aim of the given study. The objects of the research are the epoxy resin ED-20, polyethylene polyamine PEPA, and dispersed basalt filler. Spectrophotometer "Specord" with the IR-spectrum covering the area of 400 ÷ 4000 cm-1 was used to study the interaction of basalt filler with the epoxy oligomer and hardener. To take the photos of IR spectra of powders, the latter are pressed together with an excess of potassium bromide into tablets several millimeters thick. Special vacuum molds and pressure of several tons per 1 cm2 are used to produce the tablets. The ICS data confirm the interaction of ED-20 not only with PEPA, but also with the dispersed basalt. Amino groups, epoxy rings, CH groups of epoxy and aromatic rings of the binder and hardener undergo a reaction. As the content of the basalt filler in the epoxy increases, the same absorption maxima and bands are observed as in the IR spectra of the composite material with a low content of dispersed basalt. The difference is that the higher the basalt content in the epoxy matrix, the higher the relative intensity of such maxima, which indicates a stronger interaction of the components.

Relationship between the molecular structure of different dithiocarbamates and their oil removal performance.

Six kinds of dithiocarbamates (DTCs) were synthesized from three linear amines with different amino numbers, two polyether amines with different molecular weights, and one branched amine with benzene rings, respectively. The conditions affecting oil removal rate and floc rising time of DTC were studied using simulated oily wastewater. Furthermore, the effects of the molecular structure of DTC on oil removal efficiency, floc morphology, floc rising time, and floc adhesion were investigated. When the conditions were optimal, the oil removal efficiency of DTC synthesized from polyethylene polyamine was 95.14%, which was higher than other DTCs. Meanwhile, the ferrous ion was the most suitable chelating metal ion for DTC than other transition metal ions. The increase of amino groups in the initiators improves the oil removal efficiency of DTC, while the linear structural DTC exhibits a low oil removal efficiency due to a lack of network structural flocs. The introduction of polyether structure helps reduce the volume of the flocs and make them compact, but it also increases the adhesion of the floc on the metal surface. The introduction of bisphenol A phenol amino resin structure induces the generation of the flocs in oil wastewater and improves the oil removal efficiency.

Enzymatic Preparation of l-Malate in a Reaction System with Product Separation and Enzyme Recycling

Reaction coupling separation systems using calcium fumarate as a substrate can break the reaction equilibrium and promote the production of l-malate. However, the low reusability and stability of fumarase limit its further application. In this study, partially purified fumarase of Thermus thermophilus (87.0 U mg−1) was immobilized within konjac-κ-carrageenan beads. An amalgamation of konjac and carrageenan gum (2%) was used to form the beads, and polyethylene polyamine (0.2%) and glutaraldehyde (0.1%) were used as the cross-linking agents. The pH and temperature profiles of free and immobilized fumarases were remarkably similar. The diffusion limit of immobilized fumarase caused a decline in the maximal velocity (Vmax), whereas the kinetic constant (Km) value increased. Optimization of the parameters for biotransformation by immobilized fumarase showed that 88.3% conversion of 200 mM calcium fumarate could be achieved at 55 °C within 8 h. The beads were stored for 30 days at 4 °C with minimal loss in activity and were reusable for up to 20 cycles with 78.1% relative activity. By recycling the reaction supernatant, a total amount of 3.98 M calcium fumarate was obtained with a conversion of 99.5%, which is the highest value ever reported.

The role of intermediate structures in the combustion of high-energy condensed systems

During the combustion of high-energy condensed systems, the formation of an intermediate structure - a skeleton layer, is possible, which has a significant effect on the combustion process. An experimental study was carried out to determine the nature of the effect of the curing of the binder on forming this structure. The article shows the specific role of the used hardener, polyethylene polyamine, presents the solutions for simulating the phenomena in the surface layer in the presence and absence of a skeleton layer, as well as shows the possibility of predicting the characteristics of the combustion process.

Epoxy Compositions Modified with Ammonium Polyphosphate and Boric Acid

In this work, we investigated polymer compositions based on epoxy resin cured with polyethylene polyamine and containing ammonium polyphosphate and boric acid as a blowing agent and carbonization stimulator. The UL 94 method was used to determine the ability of a material to burn or extinguish after flame treatment. We determined the ability of the material to burn or extinguish when exposed to a gas burner. Weight loss at characteristic temperatures was determined using a Perkin Elmer STA8000 synchronous DTA / TGA analyzer. The dependence of heat capacity on temperature was determined (calorimeter ITS-400). It has been shown that in modified compositions containing ammonium polyphosphate and boric acid, the heat capacity changes without significant jumps, which is due to a quieter flow of gas formation. The structure of intumescent coatings was studied using atomic force microscopy. The study was carried out on a P4-Solver device NT-MTD. Tests of the samples have shown that the addition of boric acid makes it possible to obtain a more ordered structure of the coke foam, an increase in the heat capacity of intumescent coatings.

INCREASE IN THE EFFICIENCY OF WATER SHUT-OFF WITH THE APPLICATION OF POLYETYLENPOLYAMINE ADDED CEMENT

As a result of intrastratal and interlayer flows of produced water of varying intensity, 25% of oil and gas wells are water-encroached in the world. Due to behind casing flow during the operation of oil and gas wells generally reduces the field's development efficiency. In the study, 1-6% (weight) polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) was added to the water in which the cement mixture will be prepared. The temperature dependence of the beginning and the end of the setting time of the obtained cement mortar was determined. Also, the adhesion properties of the cement mortar, the dependence of the strength to bending and compression on the dose of polymer were examined. It found that cement stone made of mixing cement with an aqueous solution containing 1-4% PEPA had high elastic properties. In addition, the presence of 2±1.5% PEPA in the specified amount of tampon solution increases the strength and to depressions of cement stone, improves adhesion properties.

Model of the cavitation wear resistance of metal powder filled epoxy composites

A powder-filled epoxy compound was tested for cavitation wear in the form of bronze particles BraZHNMc9-4-4-1. The particles were obtained by sawing a bronze bar. The composition of the compound was as follows: 100 parts of resin K-153 and 12 parts of hardener (polyethylene polyamine). The specimens were shaped as cylinders, 15.5 and 15 mm in diameter and height, respectively. The tests were carried out with an ultrasonic magnetostrictive vibrator in fresh water at water temperature 20 ± 3 ° C. The frequency and amplitude of oscillations of the vibrator hub end were approximately 22 kHz and 28 μm, respectively. The distance between the end of the concentrator and the end of the specimen wear was set to 0.5 mm. A second-order model describing the cavitation wear as a function of the bronze particle size, its content in the composite and the specific surface area of the particles was constructed by the least-squares method. The cavitation wear of the composite increases with increasing values of these parameters. The greatest influence on composite cavitation wear has the total surface area of bronze microparticles in volume unit.

Carbalkoxilation of polyethylene polyamines with dialkyl carbonates

Carbalkoxilation of polyethylene polyamines with dialkyl carbonates

Technologies for the Production of Machine-Building Composite Polymer Materials and Coatings Working in Contact With Raw Cotton

Based on numerous analyses of the research results, a technology was developed for obtaining the developed composite thermosetting polymer coatings based on thermosetting polymers-epoxy oligomers ED-20, FAED-20 and FEIS-30 plasticizer, dibutyl phthalate, polyethylene polyamine hardener and industrial waste and organomineral ingredients, as well as a technology for applying antifriction-strength composite polymer coatings for machine-building purposes on metal surfaces of products of various machines and mechanisms.

Adsorption of cadmium ions from simulated battery wastewater by polyethylene polyamine-modified activated carbon.

The objective of this work was to study the treatment of wastewater containing cadmium ions (Cd2+). Activated carbon (AC) was modified with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and polyethylene polyamine (PEPA). The structure and morphology of the modified AC was characterized. The effect of pH on adsorption was investigated, and the binary competitive adsorption and the reusability of the modified AC were studied. Subsequently the modified AC was used as an adsorbent for the removal of Cd2+ from wastewater. The adsorption capacity of optimized modified AC was 9.7 times that of unmodified AC. Kinetic adsorption curves were in accordance with pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the isothermal curves were in accordance with the Langmuir equation. The results indicate that the AC has potential in the treatment of the wastewater containing Cd2+ discharged from chemical plants during battery manufacturing.

Optimization of titanium dioxide wetting in alkyd paint and varnish materials in the presence of surfactants

This paper reports the results of studying the influence of surfactants (SAS) on the wetting of titanium dioxide in alkyd paint and varnish materials (PVM), based on pentaphthalic (PPh) and alkyd-urethane (AU) film-forming substances. Edge wetting angle (θ°) and adhesion work (Wa) were used as the criteria for assessing the wettability of titanium dioxide. Three additives were used as SAS: the original product AS-1, obtained from waste of oil refining (with low cost), and industrial additives: "Telaz" and polyethylene polyamine (PEPA). All the studied additives in PPh and AU PVM improve the wetting of titanium dioxide. At the 30 % content of AS film-forming substance in the composition, the maximum decrease in θ° for AS-1 is 4.5°, for PEPA and Telaz it is 4°. For pentaphthalic composition under similar conditions, a decrease in edge wetting angle for AS-1 is 10 °, for Telaz 8.6°, and for PEPA 5.9°. According to the relative change in edge wetting angle for both systems, the maximum decrease in θ° is about 10 %. The introduction of SAS into the composition of AU ambiguously affects the adhesion work, for PPh, the introduction of SAS causes a decrease in adhesion work (Wa). AS-1 is the SAS that minimally reduces adhesion work. The compositions of the PVM by the method of probabilistic-deterministic planning, which ensures maximum wetting of titanium dioxide with film-forming solutions, were analyzed. The equations for calculating the edge angle of wetting of titanium dioxide depending on the content of solvent and the SAS in the PVM were derived. The effectiveness of the AS-1 product as a wetting additive for alkyd paints and varnishes was proven. The wetting ability of the original SAS – AS-1 is close to industrial additives PEPA and Telaz.