Polyethylene Catheter Research Articles

Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump for Patients with Cardiac Conditions: An Update on Available Techniques and Clinical Applications

In this paper, we present a review of the intra-aortic balloon pump, as well as the usage of it in the medical field today. An intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) is a biomedical device that can assist the heart during unstable angina or after a heart attack. This pump is typically used in patients who suffer from ischemia of the heart tissue, due to an unbalanced level of myocardial oxygen supply or demand. Through counterpulsation, which is a technique to synchronize the external pumping of blood with the heart’s cycle, the device can balance the supply and demand of blood that is necessary for the heart to pump properly. The IABP is comprised of the following four components: a polyurethane balloon, a polyethylene or fiber-optic catheter, a transducer, and the intra-aortic balloon pump console. In the past, researchers have used other materials that have low biocompatibility and can cause complications within the body. This analysis will explain the complications and state changes that occurred due to them. Limitations of past designs and advantages of current designs will be acknowledged, for they can be used by researchers to enhance designs for the future. Consequently, the analysis of this device may lead to improved designs and treatment in the future for patients with cardiac conditions.

Resveratrol downregulates TNF-α-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in primary rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells by P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling.

Background: To evaluate the effects of resveratrol to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in this process in vitro.Materials and methods: Animal acute pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) model: rat model was established by infusion of an autologous blood clot into the pulmonary artery through a polyethylene catheter. One hundred and thirty-two rats were randomly and equally divided into ten groups: rats-control (untreated), rats-1% DMSO, rats-TNF-α, rats-TNF-α + resveratrol, rats-TNF-α +C1142, rats-TNF-α+SB203580, rats-TNF-α+resveratrol + SB203580, rats-resveratrol only, rats-C1142 only, and rats-SB203580 only. Rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells (RPAs) tests: RPAs were isolated from above animal and designated as: RPAs-control, RPAs-1% DMSO control, RPAs-TNF-α, RPAs-TNF-α + resveratrol, RPAs-TNF-α + C1142, RPAs-TNF-α + SB203580, RPAs-TNF-α + resveratrol + SB203580, RPAs-resveratrol only, RPAs-C1142 only, and RPAs-SB203580 only. Each group was further divided into 1, 4, and 8 hrs time point for evaluation (n=6 rats per time point) except RPAs-TNF-α + SB203580, RPAs-TNF-α + resveratrol + SB203580, RPAs-C1142 and RPAs-SB203580 only, which were evaluated at 8 hrs time point. At each time point, mRNA and protein expressions of RPAs of MCP-1 were measured. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (p-pMAPK) of RPAs was also detected.Results: We found that the RPAs-TNF-α elicited significant increases in MCP-1 expression and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38 MAPK). Furthermore, the MCP-1 expressions of RPAs-Resveratrol, RPAs-C1142, and RPAs-SB203580 were significantly down-regulated, which was associated with robustly suppressed TNF-α-induced p-p38MAPK expression.Conclusion: Our findings suggested that MCP-1 was involved in the formation of TNF-α-induced inflammatory response, and resveratrol could down-regulate the expression of MCP-1 via TNF-α- inhibition, which might contribute to the decline of acute PTE-induced PH in vivo.

Endo-bronchial application of glue in the management of hemoptysis

BackgroundHemoptysis from varied etiologies, often fails to respond to conservative therapy. The conventional managements of such a situation are Bronchial Artery Embolization (BAE) or thoracic surgery which is often not possible. Endoscopic application of glue may stand as a method of therapy in these circumstances. Methods202 patients of hemoptysis were treated by video-bronchoscopy assisted endobronchial application of glue (n-butyl cyanoacrylate) with the help of polyethylene catheter being placed through the working channel. The details of the procedure and their 6 month follow up are presented. ResultsImmediate control of hemoptysis was achieved in 183 i.e. 90.59% of patients. 19 patients had a partial response, i.e., hemoptysis stopped and then recurred, endobronchial application of glue was repeated in them out of which 14 (6.9%) responded to the second procedure whereas 5 (2.47%) failed to show any response in spite of the repeated procedure. The complication rate was 0.49% in the form of glue migrating into the trachea. There was no mortality. ConclusionEndobronchial application of glue for hemoptysis can be an effective, economic and alternative therapy for mild to moderate hemoptysis.

2108. Perfluorocarbon Omniphobic Treatment Prevents Bacterial Colonization of Urinary Catheter in a Rat Model

BackgroundThe bacterial colonization of urinary catheters is a major source of hospital acquired urinary tract infections (HAUTI). Bacteria repellent coatings could lower HAUTI prevalence and minimize antimicrobial usage. We report a model of spontaneous bacterial colonization of an intravesical catheter in a spinalized rat model, and the first in vivo proof of the efficacy of lubricant-infused catheters (LICs) in preventing bacterial colonization.MethodsLICs preparation: Oxygen plasma treated polyethylene catheters were immediately placed in a vacuum desiccator and 200 µL of trichloro (1 hour,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl) silane) was placed beside the catheter segments. The vacuum pump connected to the desiccator was turned on with the exit valve closed once a pressure of −0.08 MPa was achieved. The chemical vapour deposition process was initiated for 4 hours. Catheters were removed from the desiccator and placed in an oven at 60oC for a minimum of 12 hours in order to complete the modification process. Catheters were saturated with a biocompatible fluorocarbon-based lubricant (perfluorodecalin) prior to implantation.Thirty centimeters long native catheters and LICs were surgically implanted in the bladder of rats spinalized 19 days prior and programmed to undergo cystometry experiments 48 hours later. Each rat was maintained individually in a cage with food and water ad libitum until bladder functional evaluation, and benefitted from a of trimethoprim sulfadoxine and fluoroquinolone prophylaxis. At the end of the cystometry experiments, the animals were euthanized and the bladder catheter was removed. A 1 cm section from the intravesical end of the catheter was cut and placed in 1 mL of Amies medium (eSawb, Copan), vortexed and sonicated. Ten microliters of the suspension were plated on URIselect4 medium (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Ca) for bacterial enumeration.ResultsA significant reduction in bacterial colonization with Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococci was observed in the LICs group (N = 6, below 100 CFU threshold) compared with the native catheter group (N = 5, average 8200 CFU) (P < 0.02).ConclusionLubricant-infused catheters effectively prevent bacterial colonization in vivo and provide an attractive and nonselective option for HAUTI prevention. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Hypotensive, vasorelaxant and antihypertensive activities of the hexane extract of Anacardium occidentale Linn

Anacardium occidentale is widely used in folk medicine in Brazil, India, and Africa to treat inflammation, diabetes and hypertension. The aim of the study was to assess the hypotensive, vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effects produced by the hexane extract from the leaves of A. occidentale (HEAO) in rats. The animals were anesthetized, and polyethylene catheters were embedded into the lower abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava for blood pressure measurements and drug administration. The HEAO was injected and the mean arterial pressure and heart rate were measured. The effects of the HEAO on isolated rat mesenteric rings with and without endothelium were investigated. HEAO induced hypotension and bradycardia in normotensive rats. After pretreatment with L-NAME, indomethacin, atropine or hexamethonium, these effects were attenuated. In mesenteric rings, HEAO antagonized the contractile effects induced by phenylephrine or KCl. This effect was inhibited after removal of the vascular endothelium. Oral administration of the HEAO decreased significant mean arterial pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Mass spectrometric analysis of HEAO identified malic acid and quercetin. Our findings demonstrate that HEAO produces hypotension probably due to a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance, mediated by the endothelium, in part, by a decrease in cardiac output. Bradycardia appears to be due to the indirect activation of cardiac muscarinic receptors via activation of the vagus nerve. The HEAO also induces an antihypertensive effect.

Evaluation of the epidemiology of pneumothorax in Bhuj district: a population based survey

Background: Pneumothorax is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space that causes an uncoupling of the lung from the chest wall. It may be spontaneous or traumatic. The spontaneous pneumothorax is usually the result of rupture of superficial emphysematous bullae and may occur in apparently healthy persons or in association with chronic pulmonary disease. It is usually unilateral but may be bilateral. If air reaches the mediastinum and rupture into both the pleural cavity.Methods: 25 consecutive cases of pneumothorax admitted at the Gujarat Adani institute of medical science Bhuj from December 2011 to April 2012 were studied. Each patient was interrogated and examined in detail according to the attached proforma, with a view to identify the nature of pneumothorax.Results: The incidence of pneumothorax was maximum in the 4th decade of life. The youngest one was a boy ages 14 year, while the oldest case was 75 years. 36 cases were under the age of 50 years, while only 2 cases were more than 70 years of age.Conclusions: The prevalence of pneumothorax was greater in male as compared to female. Most of the cases treated with needle aspiration of air and the intercostal drainage through indwelling polyethylene catheter developed surgical emphysema on the affected side which disappeared within 2-3 days after aspiration if air with needle or after removal of polyethylene tube from intercostal space.

Subpial Adeno-associated Virus 9 (AAV9) Vector Delivery in Adult Mice.

The successful development of a subpial adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) vector delivery technique in adult rats and pigs has been reported on previously. Using subpially-placed polyethylene catheters (PE-10 or PE-5) for AAV9 delivery, potent transgene expression through the spinal parenchyma (white and gray matter) in subpially-injected spinal segments has been demonstrated. Because of the wide range of transgenic mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases, there is a strong desire for the development of a potent central nervous system (CNS)-targeted vector delivery technique in adult mice. Accordingly, the present study describes the development of a spinal subpial vector delivery device and technique to permit safe and effective spinal AAV9 delivery in adult C57BL/6J mice. In spinally immobilized and anesthetized mice, the pia mater (cervical 1 and lumbar 1-2 spinal segmental level) was incised with a sharp 34 G needle using an XYZ manipulator. A second XYZ manipulator was then used to advance a blunt 36G needle into the lumbar and/or cervical subpial space. The AAV9 vector (3-5 µL; 1.2 x 1013 genome copies (gc)) encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) was then injected subpially. After injections, neurological function (motor and sensory) was assessed periodically, and animals were perfusion-fixed 14 days after AAV9 delivery with 4% paraformaldehyde. Analysis of horizontal or transverse spinal cord sections showed transgene expression throughout the entire spinal cord, in both gray and white matter. In addition, intense retrogradely-mediated GFP expression was seen in the descending motor axons and neurons in the motor cortex, nucleus ruber, and formatio reticularis. No neurological dysfunction was noted in any animals. These data show that the subpial vector delivery technique can successfully be used in adult mice, without causing procedure-related spinal cord injury, and is associated with highly potent transgene expression throughout the spinal neuraxis.

AT1 and AT2 Receptors in the Prelimbic Cortex Modulate the Cardiovascular Response Evoked by Acute Exposure to Restraint Stress in Rats.

The prelimbic cortex (PL) is an important structure in the neural pathway integrating stress responses. Brain angiotensin is involved in cardiovascular control and modulation of stress responses. Blockade of angiotensin receptors has been reported to reduce stress responses. Acute restraint stress (ARS) is a stress model, which evokes sustained blood pressure increase, tachycardia, and reduction in tail temperature. We therefore hypothesized that PL locally generated angiotensin and angiotensin receptors modulate stress autonomic responses. To test this hypothesis, we microinjected an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin antagonists into the PL, prior to ARS. Male Wistar rats were used; guide cannulas were bilaterally implanted in the PL for microinjection of vehicle or drugs. A polyethylene catheter was introduced into the femoral artery to record cardiovascular parameters. Tail temperature was measured using a thermal camera. ARS was started 10min after PL treatment with drugs. Pretreatment with ACE inhibitor lisinopril (0.5nmol/100nL) reduced the pressor response, but did not affect ARS-evoked tachycardia. At a dose of 1nmol/100nL, it reduced both ARS pressor and tachycardic responses. Pretreatment with candesartan, AT1 receptor antagonist reduced ARS-evoked pressor response, but not tachycardia. Pretreatment with PD123177, AT2 receptor antagonist, reduced tachycardia, but did not affect ARS pressor response. No treatment affected ARS fall in tail temperature. Results suggest involvement of PL angiotensin in the mediation of ARS cardiovascular responses, with participation of both AT1 and AT2 receptors. In conclusion, results indicate that PL AT1-receptors modulate the ARS-evoked pressor response, while AT2-receptors modulate the tachycardic component of the autonomic response.

Cardiovascular effects of nitrergic system of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in anesthetized rats.

Objective(s):Nitric oxide (NO) is an important neurotransmitter in central nervous system involved in central cardiovascular regulation. The presence of NO in the pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nucleus has been shown, but its cardiovascular effect has not been determined. In the present study, the cardiovascular effect of NO in the PPT nucleus was evaluated.Materials and Methods:After induction of anesthesia, a polyethylene catheter (PE-50) filled with heparinized saline inserted into the femoral artery, and the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were continuously recorded. Animals were then placed in a stereotaxic apparatus and maximum changes of mean arterial pressure (∆MAP) and heart rate (∆HR) after microinjection of two doses of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 30 and 90 nmol), L-arginine (L-Arg 10 and 50 nmol) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 9 and 27 nmol) into the PPT were provided and compared with control group (One-way ANOVA).Results:Both doses of L-NAME significantly increased ∆MAP compared to control (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). ∆HR only in higher dose (90 nmol) significantly increased compared to control (P<0.05). Two doses of L-Arg (10 and 50 nmol/150 nl) had no significant effect on ∆MAP or ∆HR. Higher dose of SNP (27 nmol) significantly decreased ∆MAP (P<0.05) and its both doses significantly decreased ∆HR compared to control (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively). Effect of higher dose on ∆HR was significantly higher than the lower dose (P<0.05).Conclusion:Our results show an inhibitory effect of the nitrergic system of the PPT on central cardiovascular system.

Right atrial mural thrombi: An autopsy study of an under-diagnosed complication at an unusual site.

Background:Right atrial mural thrombi (RAMT) are often seen in association with cardiac diseases or foreign bodies. Unusual locations at the flutter isthmus and the atrial appendage prompted us to evaluate our 2-year autopsy data on such thrombi.Materials and Methods:In the 2-year retrospective autopsy, the clinical and autopsy records of patients with RAMT were reviewed, with particular reference to the presence of central venous catheter (CVC), its site of insertion, its type, material and size, its duration of placement, and the drugs infused through the catheter.Results:Of the 940 autopsies performed in 2 years, RAMT was seen in 24 hearts and was related to an insertion of a CVC in 23 patients (95.8%). The risk and/or associated factors for this complication were tunneled and polyethylene catheters, Intensive Care Unit admission, infused drugs, underlying cardiac diseases, and pregnancy. A noteworthy feature was the location of the thrombi in the flutter isthmus in 16 hearts (66.7%) and atrial appendage in another six hearts. Localized endocarditis/myocarditis and pulmonary thromboembolism were observed in six and four patients, respectively.Conclusions:This autopsy study, which has a high incidence of catheter-related RAMT, does not reflect the true incidence but reiterates the importance of guided insertion of central venous and prompt recognition of thrombus formation.

Glue in Hemoptysis.

Glue in Hemoptysis.

Abstract PR321

Background & Objectives: The spinal adrenergic transmission has been recognized to be important in the process of pain modulation. Several experimental studies have demonstrated the antinociceptive efficacy of spinal administration of the alpha 2 adrenergic receptor agonists. The contribution of spinal alpha 2 adrenergic receptor subtypes in modulating the trigeminal neuropathic pain remained unknown. Chronic constriction injury to the infraorbital nerve (ION-CCI) has proven a useful model for trigeminal neuropathic pain. The present study evaluated the possible role of spinal alpha 2A and alpha 2C adrenergic receptors in ION-CCI rat model. Materials & Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats underwent unilateral CCI to the right ION. Two nylon (5-0) ligatures were tied around the ION. Series of von Frey filaments were used to determine pain hypersensitivity to mechanical stimulation on day 14 after surgery. A polyethylene (PE-10) catheter was implanted for upper cervical spinal injection of drugs. The rats were allowed to recover for 7 days. The time course of the antiallodynic effects and the dose-response effects of intrathecally administered an alpha 2A adrenergic receptor agonist guanfacine, an alpha 2A adrenergic receptor antagonist BRL 44408, an alpha 2C adrenergic receptor agonist nitrobiphenyline, and an alpha 2C adrenergic receptor antagonist JP 1302 were examined. The time course data for the dose-response effects were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer multiple-comparison test. Results: Intrathecal administration of guanfacine and nitrobiphenyline increased mechanical thresholds in a dose dependent manner (P <0.05). Intrathecal administration of BRL 44408 and JP 1302 did not alter mechanical thresholds. Conclusion: The results indicated that spinal alpha 2A and alpha 2C adrenergic receptors may play an important role in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain.

Intermittent urethral catheterisation: the reality of the lubricants and catheters in the clinical practice of a Brazilian service.

To identify how catheters and lubricants have been used among patients using intermittent urinary catheterisation in rehabilitation. The clean intermittent urinary catheterisation technique is an invasive procedure can cause discomfort, pain and urethral traumas. The use of lubricants and lubricated urinary catheters reduces the friction between the catheter and the urethral mucosa, minimising the risks. A descriptive exploratory design was used. Quantitative and descriptive study developed at a rehabilitation centre of a University Hospital in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, at the Intermittent Urinary Catheterisation Outpatient Clinic, between June 2012-December 2014. After ethical approval, the data were collected through an interview with the support of a semistructured questionnaire, held during the nursing consultation. Among the users, patients using intermittent urinary catheterisation were interviewed, over 18years of age and minors younger than eight years accompanied. Descriptive statistical analysis was applied. Most of 214 (100·0%) patients were interviewed were male, single, young adults and with a primary medical diagnosis of bone marrow injury and myelomeningocele. Most patients perform the urinary catheterisation between four and six times per day. For the procedure, the majority uses polyethylene (polyvinyl chloride) catheter and, as a lubricant, 2·0% lidocaine hydrochloride on the catheter itself. Many mention lack of sensitivity when passing the catheter. In the study sample, a risk of urethral traumas was evidenced, related to the inappropriate use of catheters and lubricants. For the patients' safety, the professionals need to acknowledge the importance of the appropriate use of lubricants and lubricated catheters to implement evidence-based practices that mobilise public policies. The use of evidences demonstrates that the appropriate use of lubricants for intermittent urinary catheterisation is fundamental for patient safety and the performance of the best practices.

Intrathecal Catheterization and Drug Delivery in Guinea Pigs: A Small-animal Model for Morphine-evoked Granuloma Formation.

Intrathecal infusion of opioids in dogs, sheep, and humans produces local space-occupying masses. To develop a small-animal model, the authors examined effects of intrathecal catheterization and morphine infusion in guinea pigs. Under isoflurane, polyethylene or polyurethane catheters were advanced from the cisterna magna to the lumbar enlargement. Drugs were delivered as a bolus through the externalized catheter or continuously by subcutaneous minipumps. Hind paw withdrawal to a thermal stimulus was assessed. Spinal histopathology was systematically assessed in a blinded fashion. To assist in determining catheter placement, ex vivo images were obtained using magnetic resonance imaging in several animals. Canine spinal tissue from previous intrathecal morphine studies was analyzed in parallel. (1) Polyethylene (n = 30) and polyurethane (n = 25) catheters were implanted in the lumbar intrathecal space. (2) Bolus intrathecal morphine produced a dose-dependent (20 to 40 μg/10 μl) increase in thermal escape latencies. (3) Absent infusion, a catheter-associated distortion of the spinal cord and a fibrotic investment were noted along the catheter tract (polyethylene > polyurethane). (4) Intrathecal morphine infusion (25 mg/ml/0.5 μl/h for 14 days) resulted in intrathecal masses (fibroblasts, interspersed collagen, lymphocytes, and macrophages) arising from meninges proximal to the catheter tip in both polyethylene- and polyurethane-catheterized animals. This closely resembles mass histopathology from intrathecal morphine canine studies. Continuous intrathecal infusion of morphine leads to pericatheter masses that morphologically resemble those observed in dogs and humans. This small-animal model may be useful for studying spinal drug toxicology in general and the biology of intrathecal granuloma formation in particular.

Effect of nasal high-flow oxygen therapy on the swallowing reflex: an in vivo volunteer study.

The advantages of nasal high-flow oxygen therapy (NHF) include not only allowing talking, but also eating and drinking, during the therapy. However, the effect of NHF on the swallowing reflex remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to assess the effects of NHF on the swallowing reflex. Nine healthy adult Japanese male volunteers with no history of dysphagia or diseases that may cause dysphagia, such as stroke or Parkinson's disease, were evaluated. Participants received one of four levels of NHF intervention (0 (control), 15, 30 and 45L/min of oxygen) with the NHF system through the nasal cannula. Swallowing was induced by the administration of a bolus injection of 5mL of distilled water over 3s through a polyethylene catheter at each level of oxygen flow. The primary end-point was the latency period of the swallowing reflex after bolus injection, which was defined as the time from the start of the bolus injection to the onset of the electromyogram (EMG) burst of the first swallow. Mean latency times of the swallowing reflex with 15 (9.8±2.9s), 30 (9.0±2.7s) and 45 (8.5±3.0s)L/min of NHF were significantly shorter than those under control conditions (11.9±3.7s; P<0.05). Our study demonstrates that NHF may enhance swallowing function with increasing levels of NHF by reducing the latency of the reflex. NHF may allow continuation of oral intake without aspiration during oxygen therapy.

MP60-05 5-HT IN THE RAT PREFRONTAL CORTEX CONTROLS THE MICTURITION REFLEX VIA 5-HT2A AND 5-HT7.

You have accessJournal of UrologyUrodynamics/Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction/Female Pelvic Medicine: Basic Research & Pathophysiology I1 Apr 2016MP60-05 5-HT IN THE RAT PREFRONTAL CORTEX CONTROLS THE MICTURITION REFLEX VIA 5-HT2A AND 5-HT7. Hiroki Chiba, Takahiko Mitsui, Takeya Kitta, Yu Ohmura, Kimihiko Moriya, Yukiko Kanno, Mitsuhiro Yoshioka, and Nobuo Shinohara Hiroki ChibaHiroki Chiba More articles by this author , Takahiko MitsuiTakahiko Mitsui More articles by this author , Takeya KittaTakeya Kitta More articles by this author , Yu OhmuraYu Ohmura More articles by this author , Kimihiko MoriyaKimihiko Moriya More articles by this author , Yukiko KannoYukiko Kanno More articles by this author , Mitsuhiro YoshiokaMitsuhiro Yoshioka More articles by this author , and Nobuo ShinoharaNobuo Shinohara More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.02.858AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the critical region for neural control of the micturition reflex. Many functional imaging studies, such as f-MRI, have been reported in human. We reported the role of serotonergic mechanism in the rat PFC for controlling the micturition reflex with using an in vivo microdialysis study. To evaluate more function of 5-HT in the control of the micturition reflex, we used the microinjection method. METHODS Adult female SD rats were used. Following anesthesia with urethane, guide cannulas and a polyethylene catheter were implanted into the PFC and the bladder, respectively. All experiments were conducted 7 days after the surgery under consciousness and free movement. Infusing the saline into the bladder for 60 minutes, several micturition reflexes were observed. After that, 5-HT antagonists (5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3, 5-HT4, 5-HT7) were injected into the bilateral PFC, and infused the saline into the bladder for 60 min. Intercontraction interval (ICI) and maximum voiding pressure (MVP) were measured before and after the injection. PFC was divided into the two regions, prelimbic region (PL) and infralimbic region (IL) (Fig.1). RESULTS ICI was significantly increased after the injection of 5-HT2A antagonist (MDL11939, 300ng/side) into the PL region (n=6, p<0.05). In contrast, ICI was significantly decreased after injection of 5-HT7 antagonist (SB266970, 1µg/side) into the PL (n=9, p<0.05) (Fig.2). No change was found in the IL region. MVP was not changed after injection of all 5-HT antagonists. CONCLUSIONS In the rat PFC, especially PL region, 5-HT accelerates the micturition reflex via 5-HT2A, and suppresses it via 5-HT7 (Fig.3). © 2016FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 195Issue 4SApril 2016Page: e794-e795 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2016MetricsAuthor Information Hiroki Chiba More articles by this author Takahiko Mitsui More articles by this author Takeya Kitta More articles by this author Yu Ohmura More articles by this author Kimihiko Moriya More articles by this author Yukiko Kanno More articles by this author Mitsuhiro Yoshioka More articles by this author Nobuo Shinohara More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Inovative Surgical Treatment for Intratubal Administration of Methotrexate

In patients where conservative medical treatment with methotrexate failed, surgical intervention was necessary. The personal surgical method was performed on a number of 9 patients; the surgical intervention was a conservative method – salpingorraphy. In order to prevent persistent gestational throphoblastic disease and tubal clogging, a polyethylene catheter is introduced in the oviduct until it reaches the ostium of the Fallopian tube, without exceeding it. In order to ensure a rigorous haemostasis, the Fallopian tube and the polyethylene catheter are sutured together. The level of HCG is measured in the fourth and seventh day postoperative: if the levels of HCG are higher than 1000 mUI/ml, if they plateau or if they have increased, methotrexate is administered intraluminally through the polyethylene tube, according to the following scheme: 50 mg of methotrexate are dissolved in 10 ml of physiological saline solution and injected through the polyethylene catheter, for 5 days. 10 mg per day in 2 doses (5 mg in the morning and 5 mg in the evening).If the values of HCG decrease to an adequate level and there is no risk of persistent throphoblastic disease, the polyethylene catheter is kept for 8-12 days, afterwards it is extracted by traction. If the values do not decrease accordingly, the intraluminal administration of methotrexate is resumed after a 3-day break. This method was used on a number of 9 patients; 4 of them had been treated with methotrexate before the surgical intervention and pertain to the study, and 5 of them had been operated on for complications of ectopic pregnancy and were suitable for this kind of surgical intervention. No postoperative complications or deaths were recorded.

Inovative Surgical Treatment for Intratubal Administration of Methotrexate

In patients where conservative medical treatment with methotrexate failed, surgical intervention was necessary. The personal surgical method was performed on a number of 9 patients; the surgical intervention was a conservative method – salpingorraphy. In order to prevent persistent gestational throphoblastic disease and tubal clogging, a polyethylene catheter is introduced in the oviduct until it reaches the ostium of the Fallopian tube, without exceeding it. In order to ensure a rigorous haemostasis, the Fallopian tube and the polyethylene catheter are sutured together. The level of HCG is measured in the fourth and seventh day postoperative: if the levels of HCG are higher than 1000 mUI/ml, if they plateau or if they have increased, methotrexate is administered intraluminally through the polyethylene tube, according to the following scheme: 50 mg of methotrexate are dissolved in 10 ml of physiological saline solution and injected through the polyethylene catheter, for 5 days. 10 mg per day in 2 doses (5 mg in the morning and 5 mg in the evening).If the values of HCG decrease to an adequate level and there is no risk of persistent throphoblastic disease, the polyethylene catheter is kept for 8-12 days, afterwards it is extracted by traction. If the values do not decrease accordingly, the intraluminal administration of methotrexate is resumed after a 3-day break. This method was used on a number of 9 patients; 4 of them had been treated with methotrexate before the surgical intervention and pertain to the study, and 5 of them had been operated on for complications of ectopic pregnancy and were suitable for this kind of surgical intervention. No postoperative complications or deaths were recorded.

Dorsolateral periaqueductal gray matter CB1 and TRPV1 receptors exert opposite modulation on expression of contextual fear conditioning

Cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) and Transient Potential Vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptors in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dlPAG) matter are involved in the modulation of conditioned response. Both CB1 and TRPV1 receptors are related to glutamate release and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. It was previously demonstrated that both NMDA glutamate receptors and NO are involved in the conditioned emotional response. Therefore, one aim of this work was to verify whether dlPAG CB1 and TRPV1 receptors modulate the expression of contextual conditioned emotional response. Moreover, we also investigated the involvement of NMDA receptors and the NO pathway in this response. Male Wistar rats with local dlPAG guide cannula were submitted to contextual fear conditioning. Following 24 h, a polyethylene catheter was implanted in the femoral artery for cardiovascular recordings. After an additional 24 h, drugs were administered in the dlPAG and freezing behavior and autonomic responses were recorded during chamber re-exposure. Both a CB1 antagonist (AM251) and a TRPV1 agonist (Capsaicin; CPS) increased the expression of a conditioned emotional response. This response was prevented by an NMDA antagonist, a preferential neuronal NO synthase inhibitor, an NO scavenger and a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (sGC). Furthermore, pretreatment with a TRPV1 antagonist also prevented the increased conditioned emotional response induced by AM251. Considering that GABA can counterbalance glutamate effects, we also investigated whether GABAA receptors were involved in the effect of a higher dose of AM251. Pretreatment with a GABAA receptor antagonist caused an increased conditioned emotional response by AM251. Our results support the possibility that dlPAG CB1 and TRPV1 receptors are involved in the expression of conditioned emotional response through the NMDA/NO/sGC pathway. Moreover, the opposite effects exerted by GABA and glutamate could produce different outcomes of drugs modulating eCBs.

Abstract P184: Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Hemodynamics and Inflammation in a Rheumatoid Arthritis Model in Rats

The electrical stimulation of neural pathways has been considered a reliable alternative for treating some pathophysiological conditions, for instance, rheumatoid arthritis. Recently, the concept of electroceuticals has emerged and suggests that proper anatomic mapping associated with identification of electrical stimulation patterns for each neural pathway would tailor this tool. The effects of electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve (VNS) on hemodynamics and inflammatory responses were assessed in a rheumatoid arthritis experimental model. Male Wistar rats (280 g body mass) were anesthetized (ketamine: 57 mg/kg; xylazine: 10 mg/kg) and instrumented with a polyethylene catheter into the femoral artery combined with a stainless steel bipolar electrode around the left vagus nerve. Animals were kept anesthetized and had the pulsatile arterial pressure recorded at baseline during 10 minutes, followed by a single session (2-minutes long) of VNS under three different conditions: A) 5 Hz, 0.1 ms, 1 V; B) 10 Hz, 0.1 ms, 1 V; and, C) 20 Hz; 0.1 ms; 3 V. Immediately after VNS ceased, rats were injected with zymosan (100 μg/50 μL) into the femorotibial joint to elicit rheumatoid arthritis. Rats were allowed to rest over the next six hours and afterwards were killed and had the synovial fluid collected for neutrophil count. Control rats were subjected to similar procedures but without VNS. The VNS condition A and B elicited a transitory bradycardia (A: 23±3, B: 23±2 Δbpm; as compared to baseline). No changes in blood pressure were seen following VNS at conditions A and B. VNS under C condition elicited pronounced transient bradycardia (101±13 Δbpm; as compared to baseline) and produced a transient hypotensive response (26±6 ΔmmHg, as compared to baseline). VNS at conditions A and B had anti-inflammatory effect showed by neutrophil count (A: -44±8, B: -38±7; percentage change as compared to control rats). However, VNS at C condition had no anti-inflammatory effect. Therefore, VNS was an effective anti-inflammatory tool that did not elicit remarkable hemodynamic alterations.