Polyethylene Acrylic Acid Research Articles

Amidation of Polyethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer as Pour Point Depressants for Waxy Crude Oils

The present work aims to provide amine-modified polyethylene-acrylic acid (PEAA) copolymers as a pour point depressant (PPD) that will be evaluated for lower pour point of crude oil. For this, PEAA was amidated with butylamine and octadecylamine in the presence of xylene as a solvent at 150 °C for 10 hours to obtain copolymers PEAA/ODA and PEAA/BA. The copolymers were modified by amidation using the carboxyl groups of an ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer as reaction sites in reactions with RNH2. The resulting copoly-mers were purified and analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy. The modified PEAA copolymers were evaluated for their effectiveness as depressants for crude oils by pour point measurements at 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 200 ppm and rheological measurements at 100 ppm. The pour point measurements of the crude oil showed that octadecylamine-modified PEAA copolymer performed better than butylamine-modified and unmodified PEAA copolymer. The effectiveness of the modified copolymers compared to unmodified PEAA can be ex-plained by the polarity of the monoalkylamide groups in the peripheral substituents along the copolymer backbone, which plays a crucial role in preventing the agglomeration of wax crystals in crude oil.

Ab Initio Calculations of Possible γ-Gauche Effects in the 13C-NMR for Methine and Carbonyl Carbons in Precise Polyethylene Acrylic Acid Copolymers

The impacts of local polymer chain conformations on the methine and carbonyl 13C-NMR chemical shifts for polyethylene acrylic acid p(E-AA) copolymers were predicted using ab initio methods. Using small molecular cluster models, the magnitude and sign of the γ-gauche torsional angle effect, along with the impact of local tetrahedral structure distortions near the carbonyl group, on the 13C-NMR chemical shifts were determined. These 13C-NMR chemical shift variations were compared to the experimental trends observed for precise p(E-AA) copolymers as a function acid group spacing and degree of zinc-neutralization in the corresponding p(E-AA) ionomers. These ab initio calculations address the future ability of 13C-NMR chemical shift variations to provide information about the local chain conformations in p(E-AA) copolymer materials.

Melt Rheological Behavior and Thermal Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene/Palm Kernel Shell Composites: Effect of Polyethylene Acrylic Acid

The melt flow behavior and thermal properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/palm kernel shell (PKS) composites were studied. Polyethylene acrylic acid (PEAA) was used as a compatibilizer in the composites. The results showed that the increasing of PKS loading had decreased MFI values of LDPE/PKS composites. The presence of PEAA increased the MFI values of the LDPE/PKS composites. The apparent viscosity of the composites was found to exhibit a linear relationship with the reciprocal of the temperature. Thermal properties showed that higher filler loading tended to reduce the onset temperature as the PKS possessed lower degradation temperature compared to the LDPE. The presence of the PKS in the LDPE polymeric matrix improved the thermal stability of the composites. The addition of PEAA into the composites provided better interfacial bonding between the LDPE matrix and PKS filler, while higher onset temperature and lower total weight loss were observed of LDPE/PKS composites. The activation energy of the LDPE/PKS composites was increased with increasing filler loading. At similar filler loading, the presence of PEAA increased the activation energy of the LDPE/PKS composites.

Heterogeneous Coordination Environments in Lithium-Neutralized Ionomers Identified Using 1H and 7Li MAS NMR

The carboxylic acid proton and the lithium coordination environments for precise and random Li-neutralized polyethylene acrylic acid P(E-AA) ionomers were explored using high speed solid-state 1H and 7Li MAS NMR. While the 7Li NMR revealed only a single Li coordination environment, the chemical shift temperature variation was dependent on the precise or random nature of the P(E-AA) ionomer. The 1H MAS NMR revealed two different carboxylic acid proton environments in these materials. By utilizing 1H-7Li rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) MAS NMR experiments, it was demonstrated that the proton environments correspond to different average 1H-7Li distances, with the majority of the protonated carboxylic acids having a close through space contact with the Li. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the shortest 1H-7Li distance corresponds to un-neutralized carboxylic acids directly involved in the coordination environment of Li clusters. These solid-state NMR results show that heterogeneous structural motifs need to be included when developing descriptions of these ionomer materials.

The impact of zinc neutralization on the structure and dynamics of precise polyethylene acrylic acid ionomers: A solid-state 13C NMR study

Solid-state 13C NMR experiments were performed on a series of linear poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (E-AA) copolymers with the carboxylic acid group spaced precisely or randomly along the polyethylene backbone in order to determine the impact that molar percent acid content and acid group spacing have on the structure and dynamics of these materials. The impact of Zn-neutralization is investigated in precise E-AA ionomers. 13C cross-polarization (CP) NMR experiments with 1H dipolar or 1H spin-lock filters were utilized to identify the amorphous or crystalline components in the materials. Constraints extracted from the filtering experiments were used to fit quantitative NMR data for samples that contained both crystalline and amorphous regions. All random copolymers contained crystalline phases, while only the precise sample with the longest polyethylene run between acid groups (twenty CH2 groups) contained a crystalline component. The crystalline phase in this precise copolymer decreased with increasing zinc content.

Using of Modified Plastic Waste Based on Poly(ethylene‐co‐acrylic acid) Grafts to Solve Transportation Problem of Petroleum Crude Oil

Polyethylene acrylic acid copolymer (PEAA) was modified with different types of alkanols and hydroxybenzoic acids to produce three types of esterified grafts. The molecular structures of the synthesized dispersants were performed using 1H NMR analysis. The molecular weights of the synthesized dispersants were determined by GPC technique. The activity of PEAA derivatives as asphaltene stabilizer in the crude oil was evaluated by means of flocculation measurements. The effect of asphaltenes on the rheological behavior of highly asphaltenic crude oils was studied to evaluate the transportation parameters of crude oils. The rheological properties were measured at different temperature ranges of 5°C to 25°C in presence and absence of PEAA additives. It was observed that the PEAA having side chain lengths below C16 show non‐Newtonian pseudoplastic relationships at temperatures from 25°C to 5°C. While, PEAA additives having side chain lengths equal or above C16 show Newtonian relationship even at low temperature (5°C) for all tested crude oils.

The Effect of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR-50) or Polyethylene Acrylic Acid (PEA) as Compatibilizer on Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA)/Natural Rubber (SMR L) Blends

The effect of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) or polyethylene acrylic acid (PEA) as a compatibilizer on properties of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/natural rubber (SMR L) blends was studied. 5 wt.% of compatibilizer was employed in EVA/SMR L blend and the effect of compatibilizer on tensile properties, thermal properties, swelling resistance, and morphological properties were investigated. Blends were prepared by using a laboratory scale of internal mixer at 120°C with 50 rpm of rotor speed. Tensile properties, thermal properties, thermo-oxidative aging resistance, and oil swell resistance were determined according to related ASTM standards. The compatibility of EVA/SMR L blends with 5 wt.% of compatibilizer addition or without compatibilizing agent was compared. The EVA/SMR L blend with compatibilizer shows substantially improvement in tensile properties compared to the EVA/SMR L blend without compatibilizer. Compatibilization had reduced interfacial tension and domain size of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/natural rubber (SMR L) blends.

Synthesis of a stable, foamable, gold‐containing organic carboxylate polymer

AbstractThe functionalized polyethylene acrylic acid copolymers Primacor 1430 (P1430, containing 9.5% acrylic acid) and Primacor 5980 (P5980, containing 20% acrylic acid) have been used to synthesize gold/polymer dispersions and gold/polymer ionomers, respectively. When [Ph3PAu]+ is bonded directly to the carboxylate, work‐up of the polymer leads to decarboxyation and metallic gold formation. However, ionic bonding of [(Ph3P)2Au]+, and related bis phosphine cations produce workable, foamable polymers. Analysis shows samples from these reactions to contain between 4–15 wt % of Au depending on the type of gold complex used and the reaction conditions. The gold/polymer (ionomer) sample with about 12% Au has been worked to mold sheets of foam. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Ionomer studies of polyethylene–acrylic acid copolymer. I. Fiber preparation and properties

AbstractTwo EAA (Ethylene/acrylic acid) copolymers from Dow Chemical Company have been studied. Primacor resin (5980), having a mol wt of about 30,000 and an acrylic acid content of 19.2%, was converted into 10 and 20 denier per filament fibers to create a high surface area. Cold drawing and use of a fiber lubricant helped prevent sticking and blocking during spinning. The fiber was optimally swollen in a 0.5 N caustic at 55°C to produce an ion exchange fiber. Primacor resin (5980) in pellet form was reacted with alkali and was subsequently hammermilled into an ion exchange porous particulate. Physical and chemical properties, such as thermal properties, swelling, cation exchange activity and selectivity, tensile and elongation properties, among others, were determined on the fiber before and after conversion to specific metal (cationic) forms. The swollen fibers appeared to have more cation binding capacity than hammermilled pellets. The EAA polymers were colored by some metal cations. Some metal cations could be preferentially removed from solutions of mixed cations. Most fibers were weak, even after exchanging with multivalent ions, and did not have a precise melting point. Fiber tension and solution pH during the cationic exchange had an effect on the cation uptake, as well as on the physical properties obtained. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A study of polyethylene acrylic acid copolymers. II. Effect of swelling method and ionomerization tensions on ion absorption of PEAA fibers

Journal of Applied Polymer ScienceVolume 47, Issue 11 p. 2079-2082 NoteFree Access A study of polyethylene acrylic acid copolymers. II. Effect of swelling method and ionomerization tensions on ion absorption of PEAA fibers David M. Hall, David M. Hall Department of Textile Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn University, Alabama 36849Search for more papers by this authorRoy M. Brougton, Roy M. Brougton Department of Textile Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn University, Alabama 36849Search for more papers by this authorRoy C. Wilcox, Roy C. Wilcox Department of Materials Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn University, Alabama 36849Search for more papers by this author David M. Hall, David M. Hall Department of Textile Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn University, Alabama 36849Search for more papers by this authorRoy M. Brougton, Roy M. Brougton Department of Textile Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn University, Alabama 36849Search for more papers by this authorRoy C. Wilcox, Roy C. Wilcox Department of Materials Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn University, Alabama 36849Search for more papers by this author First published: 15 March 1993 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070471118AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume47, Issue1115 March 1993Pages 2079-2082 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Comparative biotolerance of polyacrylamide-agarose gel, silicone rubber and microporous PTFE as soft tissue implants

A comparative study has been carried out on the biotolerance to subcutaneous, intramuscular and intraperitoneal implants of silicone rubber, microporous PTFE and polyacrylamide—agarose gel for 6 wk in the rat. Assessment was quantitative histology for capsule thickness, fibroblast density, mononuclear cell density, multinucleated giant cell density and also collagen packing density. The trial polymers were compared to historical data on healing in dummy procedures and on two hydrophilic graft copolymers of high biotolerance namely polyethylene-acrylic acid and microporous polypropylene-acrylic acid. The rank ordering of the trial polymers for all criteria except collagen packing, was for the least response to be to polyacrylamide-agarose and the most to silicone rubber, with the differences being significant ( p < 0.05) for capsule thickness and mononuclear cell density. Polyacrylamide-agarose was similar in response to the two hydrophilic copolymers; microporous PTFE was slightly more reactive and silicone rubber was significantly more reactive ( p < 0.05).

Strength properties of aluminum filled polyethylene-acrylic acid graft copolymers

Strength properties of aluminum filled polyethylene-acrylic acid graft copolymers