Polyethnic Community Research Articles

Предварительные итоги исследования памятников сяньбийского времени в Казахском Алтае

This article is devoted to the preliminary results of the study of the materials obtained during the excavations on the territory of the Kazakh Altai archaeological complex of the Xianbei period at the Berel burial ground. Aft er the fall of the Hunnic Empire, the nomadic association of Xianbei, known from Chinese written sources, had a huge infl uence on the appearance of the archaeological cultures of Altai. For the fi rst time in Altai, archaeological material concerning this polyethnic community was obtained in the last quarter of the last century. However, for a long time, archaeologists could not identify the Xianbei site from other numerous excavated archaeological sites. For the purpose of detailed cultural and chronological identifi cation, Chinese materials were used, which made it possible to bring the problem of identifying Xianbei sites to a qualitatively new level. On the territory of the Kazakh Altai, the period of intensive study of the Xianbei circle of sites began in 2015, when a series of new funeral and memorial structures was opened. These studies allowed not only expanding the boundaries of this community and, but also putting forward the thesis about the large-scale penetration of the Xianbei in the 3rd–4th centuries AD into the territory under consideration.

Cultural bases of the national system of education: modern tendencies and factors of development

The article analyzes the culturological features of the national education system. Particular attention is paid to defining the importance of environmental education. The paper also describes the influence of the education system on the formation of multicultural, national-patriotic, environmental competencies. The study is formed on the basis of the use of both general theoretical methods and the use of special pedagogical methods: observation, specification, modeling. Using the historical method of research, the article traces the peculiarities of the interpretation of culture from the XIX century. to the present. Some attention in the work is focused on empirical methods of collecting and interpreting information. The results emphasize that the culturological foundations of the national education system need further study. This is due to modern paradigms of development of world cultural science, new digital technologies, the peculiarities of the functioning of modern polyethnic communities. In addition, the national system of education in the cultural spirit influences the formation of environmental competencies by educating a tolerant and democratic attitude to the world. Awareness and intolerance of society to non-environmental behavior affect the transformation of the environmental situation in general. Children who have received a thorough environmental education begin to actively promote the ecological way of life in adult life. In addition, children, in contrast to adults, have a greater increase in intolerance to environmental crimes.

Intercultural City in the Context of a Polyethnic Community Governing

A distinctive feature of modern civilization is the cultural heterogeneity of societies. Industrial mode of production processes, wars and conquests, various forms of migration, democratization processes, and trends of openness served as the basis for the formation of modern multiethnic and multicultural nations. In the context of the processes of modernization of modern society, the deep transformation of culture and complex intercultural relations, the problem of mutual understanding and interaction between representatives of different cultures has acquired great significance. In today's world, the population of many states and cities is becoming multicultural. One of them is the Ukrainian multicultural city Melitopol. The article analyzes the principles of interculturalism as a modern approach to the policy of managing the cultural diversity of Melitopol, developed by the Council of Europe in the program “Intercultural Cities”. The main idea of the program is the understanding of the concept of diversity benefits, based on the perception of migrants, refugees, representatives of different cultures, their languages and beliefs as a development resource, and not just as a vulnerable group only requiring the state support. The program aims to develop a local intercultural policy by attracting representatives of ethnic groups step by step to an active public life and community governance. Interculturalism emphasizes the need to ensure the survival and prosperity of each culture and seeks to enhance intercultural interaction as a means of building trust and society strengthening. The program aims to combine the efforts of politicians, government officials, business representatives, various qualified specialists, citizens, and even the media to create a city that is proud of its diversity and strengthens it in every aspect. The article presents the following steps to develop an intercultural strategy for the multi-ethnic Melitopol: public opinion monitoring, content analysis of local media publications, methods of positive segmentation, focus group research in the World cafe format, and design thinking. The research justifies why it is important to use sociological support while forming an intercultural competence, defining it as a means of identifying the relevance of global public self-government principles to the democratic development of modern Ukrainian urban communities.

ETHNOCULTURAL FEATURES OF THE MONTH OF RAMADAN REPRESENTED BY SUNNI MUSLIMS IN KYIV: INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE UNDER CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

The aim of the research is to discover the characteristic features of the celebration of the month of Ramadan by the Sunni Muslims in the city of Kyiv. In this connection, theoretical problems of ethno-religious and ideological nature, as well as domestic ethno-cultural features of this holiday celebration by the polyethnic community of Sunni Muslims in Kyiv have been investigated. The research methodology is based on the theoretical generalization of the empirical material collected by the authors. It also includes the principles of historicism, system-formation, scientific character, verification and the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and specially-historical (historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-systemic, etc.) methods. The scientific novelty of the article consists in the fact, that for the first time in the Ukrainian historiography the influence of globalization and international migration on the formation of local features of the Ramadan month by Sunni Muslims in Kyiv has been analyzed. It was made on the basis of collected empirical materials and available literature . The authors emphasize on the intercultural interaction of representatives of various ethnonational communities within Sunni Islam. The Conclusions . The analysis of this problem suggests that the celebration of the month of Ramadan by the Sunni Muslims of Kyiv has its culturally specific aspects. This is due to a number of factors that influence it, namely: a cultural diversity of ethnic communities, whose representatives celebrate Muslim holidays; the predominance of Christian denominations in Ukrainian lands, in particular, Orthodoxy, which is viewed by many as an integral part of the Ukrainian nation; as well as the constant change of the ethno-cultural palette of Muslim communities in Ukraine as a result of globalization and international migration. The study of the Muslim community in Kyiv can shed light on the problem of spreading of Islam in Ukraine. The future research should also include the problem of coexistence of Ukrainian Muslims with representatives of other religious denominations at the level of cultural interactions

О ВОСПИТАТЕЛЬНЫХ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЯХ МОЛОДЕЖНЫХ ПОЛИЭТНИЧЕСКИХ СООБЩЕСТВ

The article analyzes the educational opportunities of interethnic communication in youth polyethnic communities in the Far Eastern region of Russia. The author provides data from sociological surveys that reflect the attitudes of Far Eastern youth to issues of national self-identification, inter-ethnic relations, national self-expression, etc. Specific measures are proposed aimed at fostering a culture of inter-ethnic interaction and overcoming existing negative trends.

Практики интеграции в управлении миграционными процессами: опыт некоторых стран Европейского союза

The paper considers institutional mechanisms and substantive approaches to managing the processes of migrant integration into the host community. The analysis is carried out in the framework of studying practical models for regulating the transformation of polyethnic communities and uses data from several countries in the European Union. It is shown that the models of practical regulation of integration processes are based on the understanding of integration as a two-way process and are primarily expressed in changes in social institutions and relations between them. Thus, at the supranational level a combination of directive and recommendatory forms of influence on integration policies is significant, at the national level – the principles of individual and inclusive approaches within the framework of the introduction of a set of regulatory policies of the “mainstream”, at the local level – integration initiatives of the municipal level and interaction with the non-governmental sector. Of special note is the significant role of monitoring integration processes and integration policies. It has been noted that integration practices in Russia are based on understanding integration as a one-sided process and contribute to the realization of its cultural function, while in the EU countries – to its structural and social functions. The paper offers the conclusion about the possibility of applying some of the considered mechanisms and approaches in strategies for managing and regulating migration processes in the Russian Federation.

Practices of Interethnic Interaction and Formation of the National and Civic Identity in the South of Russia

The article deals with institutional formal and informal practices of interethnic cooperation and their influence on developing the national and civic identity in polyethnic communities in the South of Russia. The doctrinal documents and statutory regulations that govern the formal practices of interethnic cooperation contemplate involving civil society institutions in implementing the state national policy of the Russian Federation within the framework of the public-private partnership, thus creating institutional conditions for developing the national and civic identity. Informal practices of interethnic cooperation that have formed in local communities as a result of the dialogue between government officials, nongovernmental organizations, and ethnic groups allow developing common goals and public values, which are the basis of developing the national and civic identity and strengthening the civil unity.

INTER-ETHNIC TENSION AND ETHNIC CONFLICT: CONTENT, FORMING FACTORS, TYPOLOGY

In modern Russian society, there take place the processes of cardinal transformation of socio-economic, political, spiritual and other spheres of its functioning. This fact conditions an urgent need to study risks and threats to preservation of social stability, sustainable development, strengthening of ties and relations in the Russian society. This aspect is especially important in multinational subjects of Russia, which differ in national heterogeneity of the population, degree of socio-economic development of the territories, variability of ethno-cultural norms and value patterns of social life. The article deals with vital and complex issues related to the phenomenon of “interethnic tension” and ethnic conflicts existing in modern national and foreign science, theoretical and methodological approaches to their study, classification criteria, various concepts of the causes and typologies of these phenomena. The author of the article presents classification of interethnic conflicts according to their stages or forms, to the nature of conflicting parties, which makes it possible to single out conflicts of “psychological stereotypes”, “ideological doctrines”, “political institutions”. In the study of the phenomenon of “interethnic tension”, it is important to establish risks and reasons for deterioration of interethnic relations in multinational administrative entities, the role of the factor of ethnic heterogeneity in the emergence of ethnic conflicts in modern Russian society. National diversity is fraught with various negative consequences, risk of interethnic confrontation and ethnic conflicts as polyethnic communities are more at risk of their appearance than mono-national ones.

ЯЗЫКОВАЯ СИТУАЦИЯ В РОССИЙСКОМ МУСУЛЬМАНСКОМ СООБЩЕСТВЕ

The article deals with the problem of linguistic situation in RF Islamic community. The object of the research is Islamic discourse as a type of religious discourse, characterized by diglossia, that is understood as simultaneous use of two languages in different functional areas. In islamic polyethnic community in Russia it is possible to tell about polyglossia, since RF Moslems of different nationalities use not only sacral Arabic and their national languages but also Russian, that has a status of official language used by members of Islamic community. Using of a particular language depends on the type of communication in the religious discourse. Communication with God through namaz and reading sacred texts is possible only in Arabic. Personal and group communication is usually carried out in national language, including Russian. Mass communication on the institutional level is carried out in Russian through media. Russian language used by Spiritual Directorates of the Muslims helps to unite RF polyethnic Islamic community that tends to be tolerant and dovish.

СООБЩЕСТВА В КАФЕ КАК СРЕДА ИНТЕГРАЦИИ ИНОЭТНИЧНЫХ МИГРАНТОВ В МОСКВЕ

The article presents the results of a research project aimed to explore migrant communities in Moscow. The research was focused on communities found in ethnic cafes and involved 140 hours of observation in about 80 cafes and more than 200 interviews with owners, employees and clients. Four types of communities that recur from café to café were detected; they are as follows: Muslim poly-ethnic communities in cafes next to mosques and «Azeri business» communities. The article describes how these communities become a place of integration for Moscow migrants through different social mechanisms. A considerable part of the article is dedicated to the research design and methodology.

‘Broome culture’ and its historical links to the Japanese in the pearling industry

The Broome Shire Council's decision in 2009 to suspend the sister-town relationship because of controversy over Taiji's practice of culling dolphins galvanized Broome's Asian and Asian-Aboriginal community (hereafter referred to as poly-ethnic community) to oppose this move. This, and other examples explored in this paper, attests to the strong connection between these two groups that has shaped a distinctive ‘Broome culture’. This paper explores ways in which Japanese working in the pearling industry contributed to the emergence of a Broome culture through their historic ties with Aborigines. Some of these ties are through family lineage; others are through vast interlocking familial and friendship networks in Broome's Asian-Aboriginal community. Recent interviews attest to the enduring nature of these networks.

The Bioarchaeology of Identity in Spanish Colonial Florida: Social and Evolutionary Transformation before, during, and after Demographic Collapse

In this article, I consider the effects of Spanish missionization on indigenous identity and biological interaction patterns. Odontometric data were recorded for 26 skeletal samples dating to three time periods: precontact (C.E. 1200–1400), early mission (C.E. 1600–1650), and late mission (C.E. 1650–1700). Population genetic analyses generated estimates of regional genetic variation (FST) and intersample genetic distances. Genetic variation during the precontact period was limited despite documented linguistic and cultural variation. Variation increased during the early mission period, indicating a decline in between‐group interaction despite inclusion within a single colonial sociopolitical framework. During the late mission period, variation declined significantly, indicating a dramatic reduction in between‐group variability consistent with genetic drift and gene flow between communities. I discuss these results in terms of archaeological and historical models of postcolonial transformation and suggest an emerging polyethnic community was resident in La Florida preceding the subsequent diaspora caused by burgeoning European military conflict in eastern North America.

The Polyethnic State: National Minorities in Interbellum Poland

Interbellum Poland remains an important example of a polyethnic state and society in European history. Its short existence between the wars does not diminish the importance of its many peculiar aspects, nor does the fact that it can be defined as an unsuccessful example in organizing, institutionally and socially, a polyethnic community. The theoretical definition of the Polish experience has puzzled historians in the past. Polish historiography substantially ignored or steadfastly marginalized the nationalities in the Second Republic and in earlier historical times, an attitude echoed by Marxist historians in post-bellum Poland. Now, indirectly, the topic is attracting attention again as a consequence of the new problematic caused by current European historical events both in the East and West.

Resistance Coalitions in Laos

IT IS PERHAPS not surprising that attempts by various resistance groups in Laos to forge a coalition against the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR) and Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) forces in that country have gone largely unheralded. Unlike the People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK), the LPDR derives international legitimacy not only from the socialist bloc, including China, and the nonaligned nations but also from the ASEAN states and the Western powers. There is no contestation over the seating of the LPDR in the U.N. General Assembly. But like Kampuchea, significant sections of the polyethnic communities of Laos have withheld their endorsement of the pro-Hanoi, pro-Soviet LPDR regime while several have entered into resistance alliances with external sponsors. The activities of the resistance in Laos, however, have tended to be overshadowed by developments in Kampuchea, namely, the attempts by the ASEAN states and China to weld together a coalition of anti-Vietnamese coalition forces. The actual formation of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (hereafter DK) by communist and non-communist factions on July 9, 1982, is not only of consequence for the survival of the resistance movement in Kampuchea but can only give further impetus to its analogue in Laos. Indeed, the degree to which the component factions of the anti-LPDR resistance cohere into a united is largely contingent upon the operational success of the National Army of DK within a broader China-sponsored, Indochina-wide resistance front. At the political level, it will be argued, this front represents a counterpoint to Hanoi's own avowed version of the acceptable relationship of the three Indochi-

Kinship and Marriage in a Polyethnic Community

IntroductionAlthough Redfield's (1947) folk–urban continuum has been subjected to valid theoretical critiques (Miner 1952 and Mintz 1953) the tempting simplistic dichotomy this construct implies is still basic to our view of the social universe. Apparently anthropologists, like many of the groups they study, often prefer to conceptualize in dyadic terms. Thus, in an almost complete disregard for historical processes this proclivity has manifested itself in African studies by a contrast between a static ‘tribal’ hinterland opposed to a more dynamic urban domain. More recently as a mediating agent the tribal notion wound its way into African cities via a theoretical migration and re-emerged somewhat inelegantly as ‘supertribalism’ (Rouch 1956: 60), ‘urban tribalism’ (Gluckman 1960: 55) and ‘retribalization’ (Cohen 1969: 1–6). As a consequence the ‘tribe’ remains a basic conceptual category assumed applicable to both urban and rural Africa.

Ethnicity and the Social Scientist: Phonemes and Distinctive Features

In recent years, anthropologists and sociologists have been concerned with the problem of the definition of ethnic groups within various societies. This paperl suggests that the purpose of the researcher's definition largely determines the composition of the group and that research on ethnicity may be seen as analogous, in that respect, to approaches to research on language. For some types of research, it is sufficient to equate ethnic identity with tribal affiliation. This is true in areas of the world where it makes sense to record answers from informants to the question “What is your tribe?”. However, it is necessary in such areas for the researcher to ask the question directly, rather than ask one person to label another. In a recent article, A.N. Tucker (1973) discusses this same problem with regard to placenames. He cites, for Africa, cases where it was discovered that the official name of a particular place was not the place's name at all but had been supplied to researchers (linguists, anthropologists, geographers, or whatever) by a guide from another culture or linguistic group. Tucker (1973: 163) states that: Occasionally lack of liaison with even the guide would result in, for instance, a mountain being solemnly entered as ‘Jebel Sakit’—which in Arabic means ‘Just a mountain’! As research in social anthropology has turned from studying tribal units in more or less isolated areas toward urban-centered research, it has become apparent that one feature of urban social organization seems to be emergent ethnic or tribal groupings (Arens, 1973: 441). The criteria underlying such groupings, as opposed to those underlying traditional tribal affiliation, are often of a complex nature. Where, in rural areas, it has been possible to ask informants “What is your tribe?” and receive an unambiguous answer (usually related to parentage and/or land inheritance), in urban poly-ethnic communities today as well as in rural yet urban-linked areas, criteria for determining ethnicity are changing. In fact, as Arens has pointed out, in today's Africa common tribal identity in the sense of ethnic consciousness seems to be of particular importance in the cities, where ethnicity—in the absence of kinship—underlies social organization. The common assumption that rural areas are static and urban areas dynamic is being challenged.

Urban Dynamics in Black Africa: An Interdisciplinary Approach.

Urban Dynamics in Black Africa presents a succession of worlds where we can study the development and the crystallization of major social change. The authors trace the development of former villages, towns, and colonial outposts into major cities within the international community. Open-air markets continue their trading beside modern department stores as individual Africans create contemporary lives from old and new. William J. and Judith L. Hanna, in this unique work, introduce new data and the methods of dependency theory, class and gender analysis; they offer connections between Africa's internal dynamics, its legacy of imperialism, and the international political and economic arena. At the same time, the book provides a model for studying the evolution of political institutions. Urban Dynamics in Black Africa illustrates how social classes modify and are modified by existing cultural forms. The book examines Africa in its independence by contrasting development and dependency, role adaptability and conflict, in a powerful conceptual matrix. Detailing the urban conditions that exist throughout Africa as well as their costs and benefits, this work shows how contemporary political conflict in urban Africa is based upon both ethnic and non-ethnic ties; and how these ethnic and non-ethnic ties serve as the bases of a system of political integration unique to poly-ethnic communities. As a synthesis of the relevant available knowledge on African towns and town-dwellers, this book is concerned primarily with the effects of external intervention and socioeconomic modernization upon the birth and development of Africa's new towns and the rapid expansion of its old ones. It considers the impact of migration and town life upon Africans.

Ethnic Discrimination and the Marketplace: A Study of Landlords' Preferences in a Polyethnic Community

This study of relationship between private rental housing market and tenantethnicity preferences of landlords in Honolulu in 1952 views latter as products of interplay between cultural and social structure. The cultural structure is presented in terms of two conflicting ideologies: assimilationism and separatism. The most relevant aspect of social structure is rental housing market with respect to tenant and landlord ethnicities. Seven hypotheses are developed; each is tested against data collected from landlords and tenants of a sample of rental housing. Landlord preferences fluctuate as action implications of each ideology are facilitated or inhibited by conditions of supply and demand. In spite of frequent discrimination by individual landlords, however, the market, as a system, tends toward non-discrimination.