Polyester Threads Research Articles

Predicting Sewing Thread Consumption for Chainstitch Using Regression Model

Prediction of sewing thread consumption required to sew a garment is important as it enables a reliable estimation of the garment cost and requirement of sewing thread. The sewing thread consumption for made-up end products is of equal interest to the sewing thread producer as to the garment maker. Referring to literature works, the most important factors that affect the sewing thread consumption are sewing thread type, stitch density, fabric thickness, number of fabric plies and fabric composition. Also, the researchers have provided models for predicting sewing thread consumption using specific set of parameters i.e., a given set of stitch densities, thickness of fabrics, for cotton threads or polyester threads or polyester cotton core spun threads separately. This study focuses on developing a single model which can predict the sewing thread consumption for cotton and polyester-cotton core spun threads for sewing medium weight cotton fabrics using stitch density, fabric assembly thickness and breaking elongation of sewing threads. Regression models were developed first for cotton and polyester cotton core spun threads separately, and then a combined model for cotton and polyester-cotton core spun thread was developed. The single model developed had a R2 of 0.956, which is quite equivalent to those of individual models for cotton and polyester cotton core spun threads.

Predicting sewing thread consumption for lockstitch using regression model

Purpose This paper aims to develop a single regression model (instead of developing models separately for each thread type) to predict the sewing thread consumption for cotton and polyester staple spun threads. Design/methodology/approach A single regression model is developed for predicting sewing thread consumption for cotton and polyester threads. The polyester sewing threads have lower sewing thread consumption as compared to cotton threads because of their higher elongation behaviour. The model differentiates between the cotton and polyester sewing threads using their elongation values at peak levels of tensions experienced by the sewing threads during stitch tightening. By comparing the estimated thread consumption values with actual values, the effectiveness of model is evaluated with root mean square error and coefficient of determination (R2). Findings During the sewing process, by understanding the behaviour of different types of sewing threads, it is possible to develop a single regression model for all types of threads. Practical implications The sewing thread consumption can be easily calculated for cotton and polyester sewing threads using a single regression equation using the sewing assembly thickness, stitch density and elongation of thread at peak tension. The garment manufacturers need not depend on different charts for sewing thread consumption for stock management. Originality/value The sewing thread consumption is different for different types of threads, and garment manufacturers have to depend on different charts given by sewing thread manufacturers or use different equations for each type of threads. Using this single regression equation, sewing thread consumption for cotton and polyester sewing thread can be estimated accurately.

Extraction and Analysis of Disperse Dyes from Colored Polyester Single Fibers Using Liquid Chromatography/Linear Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Nine disperse dyes extracted from colored polyester threads and single fibers of manufactory-supplied textiles by using centrifugal filtration were analyzed using liquid chromatography/linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC/LIT-MS(n)). Based on diode array detector data, dimethylformamide (DMF) was found to be a more effective extraction solvent than acetonitrile/water (4:3, v/v) or methanol/water (1:1, v/v) mixtures. The precursor, [M+H](+) ions, were detected for the dyes extracted using DMF. The MS(2) and MS(3) spectra also matched those of the standard disperse dyes. Without relying on comparison clothes, disperse dyes extracted from the single fibers (5 mm in length) were successfully identified by LC/LIT-MS(n) and the custom-built database.

Copper accumulation by stickleback nests containing spiggin.

The three-spined stickleback is a ubiquitous fish of marine, brackish and freshwater ecosystems across the Northern hemisphere that presents intermediate sensitivity to copper. Male sticklebacks display a range of elaborate reproductive behaviours that include nest construction. To build the nests, each male binds nesting material together using an endogenous glycoprotein nesting glue, known as 'spiggin'. Spiggin is a cysteine-rich protein and, therefore, potentially binds heavy metals present in the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of stickleback nests to accumulate copper from environmental sources. Newly built nests, constructed by male fish from polyester threads in laboratory aquaria, were immersed in copper solutions ranging in concentration from 21.1-626.6μg Cu L(-1). Bundles of polyester threads from aquaria without male fish were also immersed in the same copper solutions. After immersion, nests presented higher amounts of copper than the thread bundles, indicating a higher capacity of nests to bind this metal. A significant, positive correlation between the concentration of copper in the exposure solution and in the exposed nests was identified, but there was no such relationship for thread bundles. Since both spiggin synthesis and male courtship behaviour are under the control of circulating androgens, we predicted that males with high courtship scores would produce and secrete high levels of the spiggin protein. In the present study, nests built by high courtship score males accumulated more copper than those built by low courtship score males. Considering the potential of spiggin to bind metals, the positive relationship between fish courtship and spiggin secretion seems to explain the higher amount of copper on the nests from the fish showing high behaviour scores. Further work is now needed to determine the consequences of the copper binding potential of spiggin in stickleback nests for the health and survival of developing embryos.

Modification of Polyethyleneterephthalate with 1,1,5-Trihydroperfluoropentanol-1

The surface of polyester threads was modified with 1,1,5-trihydroperfluoropentanol-1. It was shown that addition of the modifier helped to increase the crystallite size and decrease thread surface defects, which was responsible for the higher strength properties of the produced materials.

Silver nanowire coated threads for electrically conductive textiles

Nylon, polyester, and cotton threads are coated with networks of silver nanowires to render them electrically conductive.

The Structure Characteristics and Air Permeability of PA and PES Plain and Plated Knits Influenced of Antimicrobial Treatment Conditions

Textile materials are usually exposed to thermal, physical and mechanical effects during treatment processes. These influence the changes of material dimensions. Designing knitted products it is important to predict direction and rate of dimensions change, because this can affect physical properties such as air permeability of knits. The objective of this research was to investigate the influence of antimicrobial treatment conditions on the structure characteristics, thickness and air permeability of plain and plaited knits. The investigations were carried out with two groups of plain and plated single jersey knits. The face yarns of these groups were cotton, bamboo viscose yarn and polyester (Dacron®) thread. 10 tex × 2 textured polyamide (PA) and 20 tex textured polyester (PES) threads were used as the base threads in plated knits. Knitted samples were treated with antimicrobial material Isys AG and organic-inorganic binder Isys MTX (CHT, Germany). It was established that blank and antimicrobial treated knits changed structure parameters, thickness and air permeability. The changes of structure parameters, thickness and air permeability were more associated with conditions of treatment (temperature, treatment in solution, mechanical action) rather than with antimicrobial and sol-gel substances used in treatment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.20.3.3196

Reply to the Letter to the Editor: Advantages of Arthroscopic Transosseous Suture Repair of the Rotator Cuff without the Use of Anchors

To the editor, We appreciate the valuable comments of Bicanic and colleagues, which describe previously reported transosseous suture methods, limitations, costs, possible pullout of the sutures, and complexities of the suturing in the procedure we reported. The hybrid technique of anchor and transosseous sutures reported by Cicak et al. [2], and the transosseous suture technique using a hollow needle reported by Matis et al. [5], differ from our technique. We make a long straight bone tunnel from the lower margin of the greater tuberosity to the footprint. With our procedure, large tears where the stump of the torn rotator cuff does not emerge across the top of the humeral head under traction can be repaired by expanding decortication of the footprint to the inner side. However, there is a high retear rate. The extra cost of prolonged operation time is generally attributable to personnel expenses. Our technique requires two surgeons, one anesthesiologist, and three nurses. In our hospital, doctors and nurses are paid ¥ 12,500/hour and ¥ 3200/hour, respectively. Therefore, the total personnel costs are ¥ 47,100/hour (¥ 12,500 × 3 + ¥ 3200 × 3). The anchor method uses an average of 2.3 anchors [3]. These cost ¥34,300 each in Japan. The total cost of the anchors is ¥ 78,890 (¥ 34,300 × 2.3 anchors). The polyester threads used in our procedure cost ¥840. Therefore, the anchors cost ¥ 78,050 more (¥ 78,890 − ¥ 840) than the polyester threads. This is equivalent to personnel expenses for 99 minutes (¥ 78,050 ÷ ¥ 47,100 × 60). The anchor method is cheaper only if the procedure is 99 minutes shorter than our approach. The overall average operating time for our procedure is approximately 105 minutes in 384 cases [4]. In order for a procedure using anchors to be less expensive, it would have to be 99 minutes shorter than that, or about 6 minutes in length (105 minutes – 99 minutes = 6 minutes), which seems quite unrealistic. In our procedure, knot tying is performed at the lower margin of the greater tuberosity where the bone cortex is solid. Additionally, the knots are not sliding, but static. Therefore, no rupture of sutures due to friction in the bone tunnel occurred in our cases. Breakage of (or pullout from) the bone tunnel occurred only in one osteoporotic patient (0.3%). In comparison, the frequency of anchor pullout is reportedly 2.4% [1]. Our procedure is more suitable for osteoporotic patients. Although suture management looks complicated in our figures, the knot tying required in this procedure is easier than tying sliding knots. For any operation, some experience is required to master the technique. It is generally understood that physicians should experience at least 30 cases in order to reach a plateau in the learning curve for this procedure. Our procedure is by no means more difficult than the anchor method, and can be performed by any surgeon who is skilled in arthroscopic technique. The K-wires, which are inserted targeting the medial edge of the footprint from the inferior margin of the greater tuberosity, appear on the skin behind the AC joint. We do not aim for a specific part of the skin. Although the K-wires penetrate the acromion on the way, this does not seem to cause any problems.

Retraction Note: Electrophoresis separation and electrochemical detection on a novel thread-based microfluidic device

This article describes a thread-based microfluidic system for rapid and low-cost electrophoresis separation and electrochemical (EC) detection of ion samples. Instead of using liquid channel for sample separation, thin polyester threads of various diameters are used as the routes for separating the samples with electrophoresis. Hot-pressed PMMA chip with protruding sleeper structures are adopted to set up the polyester threads and for electrochemical detecting the ion samples on the thread. Plasma treatment greatly improves the wetability of thin threads and surface quality of the threads. The measured electrical currents on plasma-treated threads are ten times greater than the threads without treatment. Results indicate that nice redox signals can be obtained by measuring ferric cyanide salt on the polyester thread. The estimated detection limit for EC sensing of potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6) is around 6.25 μM using the developed thread-based microfluidic device. Mixed-ion samples (Cl−, Br−, and I−) and bio-sample are successfully separated and detected using the developed thread-based microfluidic device.

Electrophoresis separation and electrochemical detection on a novel thread-based microfluidic device

This paper describes a thread-based microfluidic system for rapid and low-cost electrophoresis separation and electrochemical (EC) detection of ion samples. Instead of using liquid channel for sample separation, thin polyester threads of various diameters are used as the routes for separating the samples with electrophoresis. Hot-pressed PMMA chip with protruding sleeper structures are adopted to set up the polyester threads and for electrochemical detection of the ion samples on the thread. Plasma treatment greatly improves the wetability of thin threads and surface quality of the threads. The measured electrical currents on plasma treated threads are 10 times greater than the threads without treatment. Results indicate that nice redox signals can be obtained by measuring ferric cyanide salt on the polyester thread. The estimated detection limit for EC sensing of potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6) is around 6.25 μM using the developed thread-based microfluidic device. Mixed ion samples (Cl−, Br− and I−) and bio-sample are successfully separated and detected using the developed thread-based microfluidic device.

Modification of polyester threads to reduce flammability

New fire-protective soaking compositions for polyester threads were developed. The properties of modified threads were investigated. The soaking conditions and formulations of the fire-protective soaking compositions were studied.

Determination of CTEs of cured epoxy and polyester (PET) stitching threads

Coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) of constituents in fiber-reinforced composites are among the key thermal parameters that need to be defined for material selection, modeling and structural design. This article presents an experimental approach for determining the CTEs of two constituents in a non-crimp fabrics (NCFs) reinforced composite system by means of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), mechanical tests at various temperatures and the principle of composite micromechanics. The constituents include the matrix (a cured epoxy resin) and the polyester (PET) stitching threads that are used to assemble multi-layered reinforcements comprising NCFs. CTEs of the cured epoxy resin were measured by both DMA and thermal mechanical analysis, and CTEs of PET threads were successfully estimated from those of the epoxy resin and a PET/epoxy composite in both transverse and longitudinal directions by means of composite micromechanics. DMA was found, in this study, to be an effective technique that can be used to determine the CTEs of polymers and polymer threads in a wide range of temperatures on the basis of proper calibration.

EFFECT OF THREAD STRUCTURE ON TENSION PEAKS DURING LOCK STITCH SEWING

Abstract A dynamic sewing tension study was carried out with a tension probe on sewing threads with different structures, physical and tensile characteristics in a single needle lock stitch sewing machine. The needle thread recorded four major tension peaks corresponding to events occurring during sewing; bobbin thread withdrawal, stitch tightening, needle piercing the fabric and tightening of the needle thread around the shuttle, among which stitch tightening caused the maximum tension for all threads. Polyester filament and spun polyester threads exhibited the highest and lowest tightening tension, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that pre-tension and elastic modulus show positive influences while tex, bending, rigidity and compressibility of threads show negative effects on tension peaks during tightening and needle piercing. Sewing speed shows a positive impact only on the tension peak due to needle piercing. Pre-tension showed a prominent influence on tension peaks on all threads while the number of fabric layers failed to show any effect.

A comparative study between two different suture materials in oral implantology

The prospective study compares, in split-mouth design, the use of two different suture materials, silk vs. Teflon-coated, multi-filament braided polyester threads suture. Ten edentulous or partially edentulous patients were surgically treated for implant installation. Each side was sutured with either, randomly selected one or the other suture material. Seven days postsurgically, the sutures were removed and three knots per patient and side were collected for microbiological testing. Additionally, a piece of each suture thread was analysed before clinical use to test its susceptibility for bacterial adherence. To evaluate the patient's subjective opinion, a questionnaire based on Visual Analogue Scale had to be filled out by all included patients 1 week after the intervention. The results showed a more pronounced plaque accumulation for silk sutures but there was not a statistical difference. The intraoperative handling of the silk sutures was less comfortable and the patient comfort was worse than Teflon-coated polyester suture. The bacterial adherence on Teflon-coated polyester suture was slightly inferior than silk suture although it did not show the expected differences.

Trends in the Development of the Polyethylene Terephthalate Market Worldwide and in Russia

In this review, features of the polyester (PETP) market are studied, the structure of PETP consumption worldwide is given, and the distribution of food-packaging PETP and polymer fibre production between the main regions of the world is reported. The preferential development of polyester bottle production in countries of Europe and North America is substantiated, and also the leading place taken by Asia in the production of polyester fibres and threads. A list is given of the main companies and the capacities of existing units producing polyester fibres and threads and food packaging in the United States, Europe, and Asia. The prospects for the development of the recycled PETP market are analysed, and the expediency of expanding its production is shown. The main areas of application are given. Features of the market for PETP and PETP-based products in countries of the CIS and in Russia are investigated. The geography of Russian imports and exports of PETP is given, and also a list of newly commissioned enterprises.

Effect of Workwear Fabric Characteristics on the Changes in Tensile Properties of Sewing Threads after Sewing

During sewing at high speed, the needle thread is subjected to repeated tensile stresses, heat, bending, pressure, torsion and wearing. These stresses act on the thread repeatedly and the thread passes 50–80 times through the fabric, the needle eye and the bobbin case mechanism, before getting incorporated into the seam. As a result both the sewing thread and the yarns in the fabric get abraded/ severed during the seaming process. A number of researchers observed that there could be 30% to 40% strength loss in the cotton needle thread after sewing. The extent of damage becomes more critical if the fabric being used is of a dense, thick and heavy construction. A number of studies have been carried out on thread strength loss after sewing, but the impact of fabric characteristics on thread strength loss is still unexplored. In this paper, the effect of weight and fabric composition of workwear fabrics, on the changes in the tenacity, breaking elongation and initial modulus of the needle thread has been studied. The tenacity and breaking elongation loss increase with increase in fabric weight for staple threads and remain unchanged for core spun threads. The loss in initial modulus increases for polyester threads as fabric weight increases, and decreases for cotton thread. When sewn on polyester-cotton fabric of same weight, the cotton thread shows decrease in tenacity and breaking elongation loss, whereas loss in initial modulus increases. The polyester core spun threads show exactly opposite change, i.e. tenacity and elongation loss increase and loss in initial modulus decreases when sewn on polyester-cotton fabric.

Effect of Process and Machine Parameters on Changes in Tensile Properties of Threads during High-speed Industrial Sewing

The dynamic, thermal, bending and abrasive loading of thread during sewing process has a negative influence on the properties of sewing threads. In this study, the individual and interactive effect of the number of fabric layers, stitch density and needle size on the loss in tenacity, breaking elongation and initial modulus of four types of thread has been studied using Box-Behnken design. Response surface regression equations of loss in tensile properties on the above parameters were developed. The predicted equations agreed well with the experimental data. Contrary to the general expectation, the loss in tenacity and breaking elongation was found to decrease initially or remain unchanged as the number of fabric layers increased. Initial modulus loss decreased with the increase in number of fabric layers for all threads. Except for cotton thread, stitch density did not show any significant influence on tenacity and breaking elongation loss. As the needle size increased, the loss in tenacity and breaking elongation increased for all polyester threads, whereas these properties remained unchanged for cotton thread. Analysis of variance was carried out to find out the contribution of parameters in loss in tensile properties. The number of fabric layers was found to have the highest contribution on tenacity and breaking elongation loss of cotton threads, whereas needle size contributed substantially to the loss in these properties of polyester threads.

Effect of high‐speed sewing on the tensile properties of sewing threads at different stages of sewing

PurposeIn this paper, the contribution of dynamic loading, needle and fabric, and the bobbin thread interaction on the changes in the tensile properties of the needle thread are to be investigated.Design/methodology/approachTensile properties of the needle thread have been studied at four sewing stages, namely before being subjected to any loading, after dynamic loading, before bobbin thread interaction and after sewing.FindingsIt is observed that bobbin thread interaction plays a dominant role in the reduction of tensile properties except breaking elongation in cotton threads. Dynamic loading is mainly responsible for reduction in the breaking elongation of cotton threads. During sewing, there is an increase in initial modulus due to the dynamic loading, which is more in the case of cotton threads than polyester threads. However, the impact of dynamic loading on tenacity, breaking elongation and breaking energy is greater for coarser cotton thread. The contribution of bobbin thread interaction is more for fine threads as compared to coarse threads.Practical implicationsSince seam strength is dependent on the thread strength, a reduction in thread strength during sewing will lead to lower seam strength than expected. Therefore, in order to minimize the thread strength reduction, it is important to understand the contribution of different machine elements or processes during sewing. During high‐speed sewing, the dynamic and thermal loading are found to be the major causes of strength reduction of needle thread, which can go up to 30‐40 per cent. However, the extent of strength loss at different sewing stages is unknown.Originality/valueThe study will help in engineering sewing threads, designing of sewing machines and selection of process parameters for controlling loss of useful properties of sewing threads.

Damage development in a noncrimp‐glass fabric reinforced epoxy composite material

AbstractThe relationship between textile architecture and the damage sequence under tensile loading has been investigated experimentally for a composite material reinforced with a noncrimp glass‐fiber textile of configuration [0°, +45°, 90°, −45°] stacking sequence based on epoxy resin matrix cured with high‐temperature hardener. The system chosen for this work consists of a bifunctional epoxy, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, cured with a tetrafunctional amine, diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS). This system ensures to obtain a rigid material with excellent mechanical properties in order to observe, analyze, and identify the process and progress of the generated damage and the failure mechanism which leads to the materials fracture. The properties have been studied for each ply direction at 0°, +45°, 90°, and −45° in order to make a comparative assessment of the influence of the polyester (PES) yarns in zig‐zag and unidirectional geometry, that hold together the four plies in the textile, in the composite damage generation. The laminates were uniaxially tensile loaded until final fracture occurred. It was found that PES threads have an effect on cracking progression depending on the textile orientation. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER SUTURE MATERIAL

There were explored physical characteristic six polyester surgical threads. Surgical ligature of the metric size 3 (number 2/0) were used. Sutures tested included Ethibond (Ethicon, Great Britain), PremiCron (B.Braun, Germany), Cardioerg (Ergon sutramed, Italy), Ti-Cron (Tyco, USA), Polyester (Volot, Russia), Polyester which poly-p-xylylene (PPX) coating. The results are indicative of significant qualitative superiority of the polyester threads with covering. PPX covering allows qualitative and inexpensively to improve polyester suture material.