Polyester Surface Research Articles

Infection resistant polymer brush coating on the surface of biodegradable polyester.

Biomaterials with anti-infective coatings are usually found to suffer from low cyto-compatibility and therefore, development of a stable, effective polymeric anti-bacterial substrate without compromising the biocompatibility is still an unmet challenge. Addressing this, a simple strategy for developing non-leaching antibacterial coating on a biodegradable substrate is reported here. The strategy can be utilized for mitigating serious biomedical implant related complications arising from generation of biocide resistant bacterial strains, losing antibacterial activity over time etc. without significantly compromising the cytocompatibility of the biomaterials. To develop the infection resistant yet cytocompatible biomaterials comprised of tartaric acid based biodegradable aliphatic polyester, we have primarily focussed on attaching anti-infective polymer brushes such as poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), poly (poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (PPEGMA) and poly[(2-methacryloyloxyethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride) (PMETA) on hydroxyl functionalized polyester substrate via surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SIATRP). The brushes were thoroughly characterized for reaction kinetics, grafting yield, surface density, topography and hydrophilicity. Among the various brushes, cationic polymer brush (PMETA) was found to exhibit highest antibacterial activity, with only ~3% and ~4% adherence of E. coli (Escherichia coli) and S. aureus (Staphylococcus aureus), respectively. In order to show its widespread use and also to vary initiator density, polylactic acid (PLA) was blended with this tartaric acid based aliphatic polyester and a 3D (three-dimensional) scaffold was fabricated by 3D printing using the blend. Finally, PMETA brush was grown onto the scaffold surface for various time periods and the evaluation of antibacterial activity (using gram positive and gram-negative bacteria) and cytocompatibility (using mammalian osteoblast cells) were carried out on the brush modified scaffold. A balance between antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility was found at optimum brush length achieved after 18h of SIATRP suggesting that this composition offers a stable, non-leaching, anti-infective, but cytocompatible coating on biodegradable polymeric implant surface for addressing several biomaterials associated infections.

Fabrication of ZnO Nanoparticle-Decorated Nanofiber Mat with High Uniformity Protected by Constructing Tri-Layer Structure.

We demonstrate a sequential electrospinning process involving the adsorption of ZnO nanoparticles on the surface of bio-based polyester, which is a terpolyester of a renewable isosorbide (ISB) monomer, ethylene glycol, 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol, and terephthalic acid, the-so-called PEICT, to fabricate stable ZnO nanoparticles/PEICT nanofiber composite system protected with other two PEICT nanofiber mats. We found that post-electrospinning treatment with a particular solvent was effective to remove a residual solvent molecule in the PEICT nanofibers, which induced significant aggregation of the nanoparticles, leading to non-uniform distribution of the particles on the surface. Sequential electrospinning of the PEICT solution to sandwich ZnO nanoparticle-decorated PEICT nanofiber mat enabled to attain protected the inorganic/organic hybrid nanofiber mat, improving the long-term stability, and the reproducibility of the inorganic particles decorated nanofiber fabrication.

Supercritical carbon dioxide application using hydantoin acrylamide for biocidal functionalization of polyester

Biocidal functionalization in polyester fibers is a really tough challenge because of the lack of tethering groups. This study indicated supercritical carbon dioxide application using N-halamine would be an alternative solution for obtaining antibacterial function on the polyester surface. Firstly, N-(2-methyl-1-(4-methyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4 yl)propan-2 yl)acrylamide was synthesized and applied to the polyester in supercritical carbon dioxide medium, at 120 °C, 30 MPa for different processing times. The addition of N-halamine on the surface significantly brought antibacterial activity against E. coli. The chlorine loadings showed that 6 -h exposure time was critical to obtain sufficient antibacterial activity. This treatment caused a reasonable and tolerable loss in color and mechanical properties. But, the durability to abrasion, stability, and rechargeability of oxidative chlorine, and the durability of N-halamine on the surface were remarkably good. Conclusively, it can be available to work on polyester surfaces with resource-efficient and eco-friendly supercritical carbon dioxide technique for getting more functionalization and modification.

Highly effective surface modification using plasma technologies toward green coloration of polyester fabrics.

This study is anchored on the use of an eco-friendly effective plasma technique and cationization treatment to improve the hydrophobic nature of polyester (PET) fabric by incorporating hydrophilic functional groups onto the PET surface. The PET surface was initially treated with three different plasma gases prior to cationization treatment with quaternary ammonium salt (Quat 188). Madder roots were used, to produce natural dyes for the green coloration of PET fabrics in both dyeing and printing processes. The color strength (K/S) was measured to study the influence of both plasma gases and the cationization treatment on the coloration of PET fabric. Exposure to nitrogen plasma gases prior to the cationization treatment showed promising results for efficient PET coloration, resulting in the selection of nitrogen as a working gas at a flow rate of 3l/min. The results also demonstrated that by combining the nitrogen plasma technique and cationization treatment, PET fabric with a highly effective surface was obtained, resulting in improved coloration, wettability, tensile strength, and roughness properties.

Physical and Chemical Methods for Increasing the Hydrophilicity of the Surface of Aliphatic Polyesters for Tissue-Engineered Constructs

Physical and Chemical Methods for Increasing the Hydrophilicity of the Surface of Aliphatic Polyesters for Tissue-Engineered Constructs

Impact of a parallel magnetic field on radiation dose beneath thin copper and aluminum foils

Purpose: The RF coils for magnetic resonance image guided radiotherapy (MRIgRT) may be constructed using thin and/or low-density conductors, along with thinner enclosure materials. This work measures the surface dose increases for lightweight conductors and enclosure materials in a magnetic field parallel to a 6 MV photon beam. Methods: Aluminum and copper foils (9–127 μm thick), as well as samples of polyimide (17 μm) and polyester (127 μm) films are positioned atop a polystyrene phantom. A parallel plate ion chamber embedded into the top of the phantom measures the surface dose in 6 MV photon beam. Measurements (% of dose at the depth of maximum dose) are performed with and without a parallel magnetic field (0.22T at magnet center). Results: In the presence of a magnetic field, the unobstructed surface dose is higher (31.9%Dmax versus 22.2%Dmax). The surface dose is found to increase linearly with thickness for thin (<25 μm) copper (0.339%Dmaxμm−1) and aluminum (0.116%Dmaxμm−1) foils. In the presence of a magnetic field the slope is lower (copper: 0.16%Dmaxμm−1, aluminum: 0.06%Dmaxμm−1). The effect of in-beam foils is reduced due to partial shielding of the surface from contaminant electrons. Copper causes a surface dose increase ≈3 times higher than aluminum of the same thickness, consistent with their relative electron density. Polyester film (127μm) increases the surface dose (to 35% Dmax with field) about as much as a gown (36% Dmax with field), while the increase with polyimide film (17μm) is less than 1% above the open field dose. Conclusions: Thin copper and aluminum conductors increase surface dose by an amount comparable to a hospital gown. Similarly, enclosure materials made of thin polyester or polyimide film increase surface dose by only a few %Dmax in excess of an unobstructed beam. Based on measurements in this study, in-beam, surface RF coils are feasible for MRIgRT systems.

Antimicrobial Activity and Prevention of Bacterial Biofilm Formation of Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle-Containing Polyester Surfaces at Various Concentrations for Use.

Food contact surfaces are primary sources of bacterial contamination in food industry processes. With the objective of preventing bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on surfaces, this study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of silver (Ag-NPs) and zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs) nanoparticle-containing polyester surfaces (concentration range from 400 ppm to 850 ppm) using two kinds of bacteria, Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli), and the prevention of bacterial biofilm formation using the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. The results of antimicrobial efficacy (reductions ≥ 2 log CFU/cm2) showed that at a concentration of 850 ppm, ZnO-NPs were effective against only E. coli (2.07 log CFU/cm2). However, a concentration of 400 ppm of Ag-NPs was effective against E. coli (4.90 log CFU/cm2) and S. aureus (3.84 log CFU/cm2). Furthermore, a combined concentration of 850 ppm Ag-NPs and 400 ppm ZnO-NPs showed high antimicrobial efficacy against E. coli (5.80 log CFU/cm2) and S. aureus (4.11 log CFU/cm2). The results also showed a high correlation between concentration levels and the bacterial activity of Ag–ZnO-NPs (R2 = 0.97 for S. aureus, and R2 = 0.99 for E. coli). They also showed that unlike individual action, the joint action of Ag-NPs and ZnO-NPs has high antimicrobial efficacy for both types of microorganisms. Moreover, Ag-NPs prevent the biofilm formation of L. monocytogenes in humid conditions of growth at concentrations of 500 ppm. Additional studies under different conditions are needed to test the durability of nanoparticle containing polyester surfaces with antimicrobial properties to optimize their use.

Facile Method for Obtaining Gold-Coated Polyester Surfaces with Antimicrobial Properties

The antimicrobial and antifungal activity of polymers used in medical devices has been extensively studied due to the growing impact of hospital-related infections in patients. The ideal biocidal polymeric materials should be very effective in the microorganism’s inhibition, not toxic to the human body, and environmentally friendly. In this context, this work is aimed at obtaining antimicrobial and antifungal properties at the polyester film surfaces without introducing toxic effects. Poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films were functionalized with Ar plasma and then immersed in a solution containing gold nanoparticles (AuNps). The results demonstrated the appearance of the hydrophilic groups on the film surface after modification of PET film by plasma Ar treatment and the formation of the polar groups such as C=O, COO-, and OH, which then reacted with AuNps. The changes induced in the treated polymer samples were investigated in terms of AuNp adsorption efficiency on polyester film by contact angle, profilometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The morphological and structural analyses have shown a good adhesion of AuNps at treated film surfaces. The results of biocompatibility antimicrobial and antifungal tests proved the nontoxic behavior of the sample and its good antimicrobial and antifungal activity.

Preparation of TiO₂-SiO₂ Hybrid Nanosols Coated Flame-Retardant Polyester Fabric Possessing Dual Contradictory Characteristics of Superhydrophobicity and Self Cleaning Ability.

TiO₂, SiO₂ and their hybrid nanocoatings are prepared on inherent flame retardant textile substrates from titanium(IV)iso-proproxide (TTIP) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) precursors using a sol-gel process followed by hydrothermal treatment. The coated samples are further functionalized by hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) to impart superhydrophobicity. Sample characterization of the nanosols, nanoparticles and coated samples are investigated using, X-ray diffractometer, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, contact angle measurement. Stain degradation test under mild UV irradiation shows almost 54% degradation of coffee stain within 4 hours measured by Spectrophotometer. UV-Vis Absorption Spectroscopy demonstrates complete degradation of methyl orange colorant within 3 hours. Hybrid nanosol coated and HDTMS modified inherent flame retardant polyester surfaces show apparent water contact angle as ~145°, which is much closer to proximity of superhydrophobic surfaces. Thus, the novelty of present work is, by using sol-gel technique, a bi-functional textile surface has been developed which qualifies the very specific requirements of protective clothing like self-cleaning property (imparted by TiO₂ nanoparticles) and superhydrophobicity (imparted by SiO₂ nanoparticles and further surface modification by HDTMS), which are entirely contradictory in nature, in a single fabric itself. Thus developed textile surfaces also possess the other attributes of protective clothing like flame retardancy and air permeability.

Triclosan applications for biocidal functionalization of polyester and cotton surfaces

For 20 years, antibacterial functionalization has been one of the most attractive research fields in the textile industry. Nowadays, globalization has spread the microorganisms everywhere and produced many epidemics and pandemics such as smallpox, cholera, tuberculosis, yellow fever, Spanish flu, and coronavirus. The textile materials treated with triclosan would be a strong alternative to obtain antibacterial function against microorganisms for the medical applications, such as face masks, lab coats, and wound dresses. This study aimed to investigate the characterization, antibacterial properties, and durability of triclosan on polyester, polyester/cotton, and cotton surfaces. The pure triclosan and presence of triclosan in solutions were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry chromatograms. It can be seen that surfaces were homogeneously covered by triclosan on scanning electron microscope micrographs, and there were new bands on Fourier transform infrared spectra after treatments. Large inhibition zones around all surfaces were observed, and antibacterial activity slightly increased depending on increasing chemical concentrations. The samples demonstrated strong biocidal activity to bacteria for 3 h. They lost their antibacterial properties after washing, but they showed good antibacterial (bactericidal) properties and satisfactory durability to washes. The results show that triclosan is a highly effective and durable chemical on polyester and cotton surfaces for medical textile applications.

EFFECTSOFINTERMINGLING PRESSURE LEVELON PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER KNITTED FABRICS

The texturing process is a method to imparts the look and feel of synthetic yarns to yarns made from natural fibers and give it even more superior properties. Texturing process provides bulkiness, extra stretch, porosity, better handle, air permeability and comfort properties to flat continuous filament yarns. Intermingling is an optional process which is made to hold together filaments in the structure of textured yarns. Intermingling pressure level is one of the most significant factors that affect properties of yarns and fabrics produced from these yarns. This study examined the effects of intermingling pressure level (not intermingled, 0.2 bar, 0.5 bar, 0.8 bar and 1.0 bar) on properties of fabrics made of multifilament yarns. For this purpose, physical, visual, surface and comfort properties of polyester knitted fabrics were measured. Within the context of the study, porosity and visual properties were analyzed with image analysis techniques. Results showed that, intermingling pressure level has statistically significant effects on the properties of fabrics such as unit weight, thickness, air permeability and porosity. However, intermingling pressure level has no effect on fabric roughness and overall moisture management capability (OMMC). Although all structural parameters are the same for the yarns and the fabrics, intermingling pressure level has also crucial effect on fabric surface appearances.

Stabilization of zero valent iron (Fe0) on plasma/dendrimer functionalized polyester fabrics for Fenton-like removal of hazardous water pollutants

This study reports the synthesis, immobilization and stabilization of multiscale zero valent iron (Fe0 = ZVI) particles on fibrous polyester (PET) nonwoven membrane for heterogeneous Fenton-like removal of hazardous pollutants in water. Activation of PET fiber surface by air atmospheric plasma with or without a consecutive grafting of hyperbranched poly-(ethylene glycol)-pseudo generation 5 dendrimer having hydroxyl (-OH) end group functionality created polar reactive functional groups allowing immobilization and stabilization of ZVI particles. Synthesis of ZVI was carried out through chemical reduction of ferric ions, either through a single step in-situ, or a two-step ex-situ reduction-immobilization method. The nonwovens were characterized using wettability, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Results confirmed the formation and immobilization of nano to sub-micronic multi-scale ZVI particles. The particle size, distribution and stability of ZVI were found to be influenced by the methods of ZVI synthesis and PET surface activation used. The ZVI particles initially formed, quasi-instantaneously turned to yellowish brown indicating the formation of oxide layer, except in the case of dendrimer grafted PET, where higher content (22.30%) and stability of ZVI was detected. All ZVI immobilized nonwovens exhibited high effectiveness towards Fenton-like degradation of malachite green dye (20 ppm), with fastest color removal (98% in 20 min) achieved by dendrimer/ex-situ nonwoven. This nonwoven could be used up to eight repeated cycles providing low TDS (52 ppm) and high COD reduction (66.23%). Combined use of eco-friendly plasma and dendrimer grafting, provides efficient fibrous textile base heterogeneous catalysis.

Deposition of polytetrafluoroethylene nanoparticles on graphene oxide/polyester fabrics for oil adsorption

ABSTRACTNovel hierarchically structured fabrics were successfully fabricated by coating graphene oxide (GO) and depositing polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nanoparticles on the surface of polyester (PET) fibres through suction filtration and magnetron sputtering, respectively. The structure, morphology and properties of the PTFE/GO/PET composite fabrics were characterised. The results revealed that the GO sheets had coated the surface of PET fabrics completely and the PTFE nanoparticles deposited on the GO/PET fabrics were compact and uniform. The as-prepared PTFE/GO/PET fabric showed the outstanding hydrophobic property that the contact angle (CA) reached up to 139°. Besides, the PTFE/GO/PET fabrics exhibited a remarkable capacity of adsorbing various organic solvents and oils from wastewater. More importantly, the CA and adsorption capacity of the PTFE/GO/PET fabrics showed no decrease anymore after 10 times of recycling use. The as-prepared material possesses a potential ability to adsorb organic solvents and oil from wastewater.

The Effects of Dry, Humid and Wear Conditions on the Antimicrobial Efficiency of Triclosan-Containing Surfaces

This study evaluated the effects of triclosan-containing polyester surfaces under various conditions at concentrations of between 400 ppm and 850 ppm. Staphylococcus aureus was chosen for the tests because it rapidly develops resistance to many antimicrobial agents. The results show that dry and humid conditions have bacteriostatic activity that inhibits the growth of S. aureus, with a greater effect under dryness (p &lt; 0.05). Further, concentrations as low as 400 ppm showed activities of 0.99 log10 and 0.19 log10 for dry and humid conditions, respectively. The study of the association between triclosan concentrations and bacterial inhibition showed a high correlation for dry (R2 = 0.968) and humid conditions (R2 = 0.986). Under wear conditions, triclosan showed a gradual reduction in its bacteriostatic activity due to successive washing/drying treatments (p &lt; 0.05). Thus, the use of triclosan in low concentrations is suggested as achieving bacteriostatic activity. Moreover, its use can be considered as complementary to the cleaning and disinfection procedures carried out in the food industry. However, it must not replace them. Manufacturing processes must be improved to preserve the triclosan properties in the antimicrobial materials to control microorganisms involved in cross-contamination between surfaces and food.

Novel Pathway for Efficient Covalent Modification of Polyester Materials of Different Design to Prepare Biomimetic Surfaces.

To form modern materials with biomimic surfaces, the novel pathway for surface functionalization with specific ligands of well-known and widely used polyester-based rigid media was developed and optimized. Two types of material bases, namely, poly(lactic acid) and poly(ε-caprolactone), as well as two types of material design, e.g., supermacroporous matrices and nanoparticles (NPs), were modified via covalent attachment of preliminary oxidized polyvinylsaccharide poly(2-deoxy-N-methacryloylamido-d-glucose) (PMAG). This polymer, being highly biocompatible and bioinspired, was used to enhance hydrophilicity of the polymer surface and to provide the elevated concentration of reactive groups required for covalent binding of bioligands of choice. The specialties of the interaction of PMAG and its preliminary formed bioconjugates with a chemically activated polyester surface were studied and thoroughly discussed. The supermacroporous materials modified with cell adhesion motifs and Arg-Gly-Asp-containing peptide (RGD-peptide) were tested in the experiments on bone tissue engineering. In turn, the NPs were modified with bioligands (“self-peptide” or camel antibodies) to control their phagocytosis that can be important, for example, for the preparation of drug delivery systems.

Surface modification and characterization of polyester fabric by coating with low temperature synthesized ZnO nanorods

Polyester fabric surface was coated with ZnO spherical nanoparticles and nanorods using sol gel and hydrothermal synthesis methods. Three different molar concentrations of sol gel solution (0.14, 0.12, and 0.08 M) were prepared for ZnO particle synthesis. Size distribution and polydispersity index of ZnO nanoparticles in the synthesized solution were measured by particle analyzer. The initial coating of polyester surface with ZnO nanoparticles was accomplished by dip coating into 0.08 M sol gel solution. In the second stage, over this coating, ZnO nanorod structures were grown. 0.08 and 0.16 molar solutions were synthesized to investigate the effect of different molar concentrations on ZnO rod growing mechanism on the surface of the polyester fabric. Morphological, structural and chemical characterization of the surface was made by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy measurements. Crystal structure of ZnO, bonded to the surface of polyester fabric was measured by X-ray diffraction analysis. Thermal properties of pristine polyester and ZnO coated polyester fabric were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The wettability of the ZnO coated polyester surface was quantified by water contact angle (WCA) measurement.

Dynamic charge transfer between polyester and conductive fibres by Kelvin probe force microscopy

Charge transfer processes between polyester and conductive fibre surfaces is studied using Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). Three model systems are considered: a single isolated insulating polyester fibre, two conductive stainless steel fibres in galvanic or non-galvanic contact and an insulating polyester fibre in galvanic contact with a conductive stainless steel fibre. For first and third configurations, a two-stage process with two different time constants is observed corresponding to two mechanisms responsible for the charge transfer. For the second configuration, a single-stage process is observed. The presence of the conductive fibre facilitates the charge transfer on the insulating fibre.

Получение оптимального состава травильной композиции для полиэфирных материалов методом математического планирования эксперимента

Описан метод математического планирования эксперимента, в ходе применения которого были установлены компоненты травильной композиции и их концентрации, оказывающие определяющее влияния на реакционную способность поверхности полиэтилентерефталата. Показано, что основной вклад в обеспечение последующего химического взаимодействия поверхности обрабатываемого материала и огнезащитной композиции вносит определенное соотношение соляной и фосфорной кислот на стадии травления материала.

Effect of Hydroxyl Monomers on the Enzymatic Degradation of Poly(ethylene succinate), Poly(butylene succinate), and Poly(hexylene succinate).

Poly(ethylene succinate) (PES), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and poly(hexylene succinate) (PHS), were synthesized using succinic acid and different dihydric alcohols as materials. Enzymatic degradability by cutinase of the three kinds of polyesters was studied, as well as their solid-state properties. The biodegradation behavior relied heavily on the distance between ester groups, crystallinity, and the hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity balance of polyester surfaces. The weight loss through degradation of the three kinds of polyesters with different hydroxyl monomers took place in the order PHS > PBS > PES. The degradation behavior of the polyesters before and after degradation was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis. The decrease in relative intensity at 1800–1650 estedpolyesters were degraded simultaneously. The frequencies of the crystalline and amorphous bands were almost identical before and after degradation. Thus, enzymatic degradation did not change the crystalline structure but destroyed it, and the degree of crystallinity markedly decreased. The molecular weight and polydispersity index only changed slightly. The thermal stability of the three kinds of polyesters decreased during enzymatic degradation.

Dependence of the Resilience of Fixation of a Finish Used in the Manufacture of Polyester Fibre with Enhanced Slippage on its Chemical Composition

A combined physicochemical study was carried out on Zetesoft FF100, Synthesin SE 128 Fill, and Shtanteks S 6125 finishing compositions used in the manufacture of polyester fibres with enhanced slippage (filled fibres). The resilience of the fixation of a composition film on a polyester surface relative to chemical composition was discussed.