Polyester Cloth Research Articles

A Wearable Supercapacitor Engaged with Gold Leaf Gilding Cloth Toward Enhanced Practicability.

Flexible energy storage devices have attracted wide attention because of the increasing requirement of wearable electronics. However, comfortability, productivity, and feasibility, to name a few, are still far from satisfactory in the current wearable supercapacitors (SCs). This is largely due to the missing of an ideal low-cost flexible substrate/current collector that should not only exhibit high conductivity, but also be compatible with modern textile technologies. Herein, we apply the traditional gilding technique to cloth and successfully convert the cloth to be an excellent current collector which is available at a reasonable cost and compatible with textile technologies. Thanks to the strong electrostatic interaction, we found that a positively charged gold leaf could be laminated on a negatively charged polyester cloth intimately. This substrate could perfectly act as an integrated compact electrode after the electrodeposition of polypyrrole nanorods. The resulting electrode is mechanically strong enough to withstand the tortures of repeated bending, cutting, or puncturing, and is readily assembled into wearable SCs and energy cloth with outstanding practicability, for example, safety and breathability. It is foreseeable that our work will inspire a series design of wearable electronics based on the fascinating gilding art.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Some Enzymes of Trichoderma harzianum Immobilized on Polyester Cloth Films on The Disease Incidence of Postharvest Black Mold Disease of Tomatoes

THE CRUDE extract activity was tested in the present study for some enzymes of Trichoderma harzianum, immobilized on polyester cloth films against the postharvest black mold disease of tomato fruit caused by Alternaria alternata. Firstly, the antifungal activity of T. harzianum against A. alternata was examined by the dual culture method using PDA plates, as it clearly inhibited the linear growth of A. alternata where the inhibition percentage was 66.5%. The hyphal interactions between both fungi were explored microscopically where hyphae of T. harzianum penetrated inside the hyphae of A. alternata then lysed them. The lysis of pathogenic cells was referred to the presence of cellulase, chitinase and glucose oxidase enzymes of T. harzianum. These enzymes were assayed quantitatively; then immobilized separately on sterile polyester films where their activity and stability were estimated in both crude cell free filtrates and saturated films. The immobilization of the tested enzymes on the polyester films showed promising findings in raising the enzyme persistence. In the meantime, these enzymatic polyester films were tested as tomato fruit coverage against the postharvest black mold disease at room temperature for 15 days. The cellulase films showed promising results, where they completely lowered the disease incidence to 0% after 4 and 7 days while it recorded 33.3 and 100% after 10 and 15 days, respectively.

Differential Effects of Chlorhexidine Skin Cleansing Methods on Residual Chlorhexidine Skin Concentrations and Bacterial Recovery.

BACKGROUND Bathing intensive care unit (ICU) patients with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG)-impregnated cloths decreases the risk of healthcare-associated bacteremia and multidrug-resistant organism transmission. Hospitals employ different methods of CHG bathing, and few studies have evaluated whether those methods yield comparable results. OBJECTIVE To determine whether 3 different CHG skin cleansing methods yield similar residual CHG concentrations and bacterial densities on skin. DESIGN Prospective, randomized 2-center study with blinded assessment. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Healthcare personnel in surgical ICUs at 2 tertiary-care teaching hospitals in Chicago, Illinois, and Boston, Massachusetts, from July 2015 to January 2016. INTERVENTION Cleansing skin of one forearm with no-rinse 2% CHG-impregnated polyester cloth (method A) versus 4% CHG liquid cleansing with rinsing on the contralateral arm, applied with either non-antiseptic-impregnated cellulose/polyester cloth (method B) or cotton washcloth dampened with sterile water (method C). RESULTS In total, 63 participants (126 forearms) received method A on 1 forearm (n=63). On the contralateral forearm, 33 participants received method B and 30 participants received method C. Immediately and 6 hours after cleansing, method A yielded the highest residual CHG concentrations (2500 µg/mL and 1250 µg/mL, respectively) and lowest bacterial densities compared to methods B or C (P<.001). CONCLUSION In healthy volunteers, cleansing with 2% CHG-impregnated cloths yielded higher residual CHG concentrations and lower bacterial densities than cleansing with 4% CHG liquid applied with either of 2 different cloth types and followed by rinsing. The relevance of these differences to clinical outcomes remains to be determined. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:405-411.

Research on Hydrodynamic Interference Suppression of Bottom-Mounted Monitoring Platform with Fairing Structure

In the disturbance of unsteady flow field under the sea, the monitoring accuracy and precision of the bottom-mounted acoustic monitoring platform will decrease. In order to reduce the hydrodynamic interference, the platform wrapped with fairing structure and separated from the retrieval unit is described. The suppression effect evaluation based on the correlation theory of sound pressure and particle velocity for spherical wave in infinite homogeneous medium is proposed and the difference value between them is used to evaluate the hydrodynamic restraining performance of the bottom-mounted platform under far field condition. Through the sea test, it is indicated that the platform with sparse layers fairing structure (there are two layers for the fairing, in which the inside layer is 6-layers sparse metal net, and the outside layer is 1-layer polyester cloth, and then it takes sparse layers for short) has no attenuation in the sound pressure response to the sound source signal, but obvious suppression in the velocity response to the hydrodynamic noise. The effective frequency of the fairing structure is decreased below 10 Hz, and the noise magnitude is reduced by 10 dB. With the comparison of different fairing structures, it is concluded that the tighter fairing structure can enhance the performance of sound transmission and flow restraining.

All-solid-state flexible supercapacitor based on spray-printed polyester/PEDOT:PSS electrodes

ABSTRACTWe report on a one-step spray printing technique to fabricate large-area flexible electrodes using poly (3, 4-ethylene dioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and polyester cloth. The H3PO4 treated PEDOT:PSS electrodes exhibit an enhanced capacitance, high rate capability and wide voltage window (0–1.6 V). The printed polyester/PEDOT:PSS electrode treated with H3PO4 exhibits a specific capacitance of ∼40 F g−1 at 40 mV s−1. A large area device exhibits a high iR drop of 0.23 V, which can be minimized using conducting materials such as carbon cloth or steel mesh in place of polyester cloth.

Ageing proving cloths – Effects on surfaces and usability

Proving cloths of polyester, cotton, and a blend thereof were aged by practical use in a bakery, brushing as a moderate, and washing as a thorough cleaning method. The effect on the surfaces in a mechanical respect was recorded by confocal laser scanning microscopy and evaluated according to ISO 25178. The effect on wheat dough adhesive behavior was measured with the centrifuge method and analyzed by tensile strength. Correlations between surface peak properties and adhesion strength as found in a prior work are confirmed for used and stressed materials, and appeared to be more significant than between adhesion and intensity of ageing. While the polyester cloth improved its surface properties and lowered dough adhesion in all cases, cotton (and its blend) did so only in brushing and rather degraded in practical use and washing. Since brushing yielded superior surfaces, it should be installed as inline and everyday cleaning method limiting washing to the hygienically compulsory minimum for maximizing the cloths’ service life.

Materials that linger: An embodied geography of polyester clothes

Narratives of clothing reuse and repurpose have centred on second-hand economies, recycling, upcycling and DIY, fashioning a particular kind of ‘wasted’ aesthetic where stitching, darning and patching become visible. But what of clothes that don’t show signs of wear, because they are made from human-made fabrics that degrade much more slowly than organic materials? Drawing on ethnographic ‘fashion journeys’ with young adults from Sydney, Australia, this paper follows polyester clothes, geographically and temporally, beyond spaces of production, to their everyday use, storage, divestment, reuse and recirculation. Clothing is theorised as always in-process – materially, temporally and spatially – and understood haptically through relations between agentic component materials and human touch. Reconfiguring concepts of fashion waste questions how clothes become redundant: their material memories instead lingering in wardrobes, in stockpiles of divested objects and hand-me-downs, entering cycles of second-hand trade and ultimately, landfill. Polyester manifests a particular variant of material culture: both mundane and malignant, its feel and slow decay result in clothing that seldom slips from the category of surplus to excess in clear ways. An embodied approach, focused on materials and haptic properties of touch and ‘feel’, reveals the contours of an otherwise opaque everyday geography of clothing waste.

Experimental investigation of tilted wick solar still using fabrics

Solar still is the device for solar distillation, in which water is stagnated in a basin and it is covered with glass cover. Water when exposed to solar radiation, gets evaporated and condenses under the tapered glass surface. This process removes the temporary hardness in the water, but doesn’t alter the water taste. In the present work, tilted wick solar still with flat plate absorber have been fabricated and an analysis was made to review the effect of various wick material such as terrycloth, jute cloth, fur fabric and polyester cloth over the absorber plate which was inclined at 30°. In this type of stills, a huge quantity of water is not stagnated hence the vapour temperature inside the still is higher when compared to conventional stills. The experimental results show that the yield is maximum for fur fabric. Cost involved in production of water per litre in the still with respect to investment and other costs involved also presented in this article.

Comparison of regenerated bamboo and cotton performance in warm environment

Different materials have been used to fabricate summer (warm environment) clothing, such as cotton, nylon, neoprene, polyester and 100% synthetic fibers. However, because of their mechanical and thermal properties, nylon and polyester cloth has a tendency to rot and chafe in damp conditions. In addition, close-fitting synthetic fibers and neoprene make some wearers feel uncomfortable because of the rapidly occurring body skin sweat. However, bamboo and cotton have demonstrated to have low thermal conductivity. Hence, they are excellent materials to fabricate summer clothing. In this study, a theoretical analysis complemented with practical measurements of thermal properties of three different rib knitted structures produced from a 30 tex yarn of three blends of fibers (100% regenerated bamboo, 100% cotton and 50:50 regenerated bamboo: cotton) was realized to compare bamboo and cotton performance in warm environment. Obtained results show that garment thickness and heat storage rate in the human body can significantly be reduced by using 100% regenerated bamboo, without compromising comfort.

Grouping of various stains to develop programs for a front-loading washer

Stains from foodstuffs, cosmetics, and daily activities are frequently founded on our clothes. It is very annoying to remove stains, because extra treatment should be done before or after washing. A smart washing machine, which can operate adequately according to the types of stains on garments, will provide another convenience to users. In this study, the relative contributions of washing factors to the removal of stains depending on the type of stain and fiber, were investigated using domestic front-loading washers. The investigated washing factors were temperature, time, drum speed, and the ratio of motion time to pause time. Removal of 15 types of common stains on three types of cloths, such as cotton, polyester and cotton/polyester blend, was assessed. Stains were categorized by the origin: food, cosmetics, body, outdoor activities and factory work. Multiple regression equations containing interaction effects were obtained from the soiled cloths with these stains. Depending on the magnitudes of standardized regression coefficients for the effect of washing factors on the soil removal, the soiled cloths were divided into five groups: cloths soiled with oily materials, cotton cloths soiled with proteins, cloths soiled with insoluble particles, cloths soiled with highly unsaturated oils, and polyester cloths. Effective washing conditions for each group were suggested.

鉄道におけるゴム，プラスチック材料

Many kinds of rubbers and plastics are applied to the products in railway. Railway plays an important role of public transportation; therefore, safety and reliability of these products are essential requirement. Hence, the outline of fundamental requirement of the products in railway rolling stock are described. The flame retardant and durability are substantial performances for the materials of rolling stock and the light weight of polymeric materials as compared to metal and inorganic materials is positive element for speeding up of rolling stock. From these backgrounds, the examples of previously studied products are introduced. In the case of rubber, the long-life rubber hose is developed. An old-style rubber hose is organized by natural rubber (NR) and reinforced cotton cloth; however, NR is inferior to ozone crack resistance and strength of cotton cloth is insufficient to synthetic cloth. Therefore, the chloroprene rubber and polyester cloth are applied as alternative materials. In the case of plastic, the polycarbonate (PC) used as plastic glass becomes yellowish through weathering condition. For the longer service life provision, surface laminated PC was prepared and examined about long term stability. Developed surface laminated PC showed lower yellowish formation through weathering condition and expected longer service life.

Characterization of Polyester Cloth as an Alternative Separator to Nafion Membrane in Microbial Fuel Cells for Bioelectricity Generation Using Swine Wastewater.

Polyester cloth (PC) was selected as a prospective inexpensive substitute separator material for microbial fuel cells (MFCs). PC was compared with a traditional Nafion proton exchange membrane (PEM) as an MFC separator by analyzing its physical and electrochemical properties. A single layer of PC showed higher mass transfer (e.g., for O₂/H⁺/ions) than the Nafion PEM; in the case of oxygen mass transfer coefficient (ko), a rate of 50.0 × 10⁻⁵ cm·s⁻¹ was observed compared with a rate of 20.8 × 10⁻⁵ cm/s in the Nafion PEM. Increased numbers of PC layers were found to reduce the oxygen mass transfer coefficient. In addition, the diffusion coefficient of oxygen (DO) for PC (2.0-3.3 × 10⁻⁶ cm²/s) was lower than that of the Nafion PEM (3.8 × 10⁻⁶ cm²/s). The PC was found to have a low ohmic resistance (0.29-0.38 Ω) in the MFC, which was similar to that of Nafion PEM (0.31 Ω); this resulted in comparable maximum power density and maximum current density in MFCs with PC and those with Nafion PEMs. Moreover, a higher average current generation was observed in MFCs with PC (104.3 ± 15.3 A/m³) compared with MFCs with Nafion PEM (100.4 ± 17.7 A/m³), as well as showing insignificant degradation of the PC surface, during 177 days of use in swine wastewater. These results suggest that PC separators could serve as a low-cost alternative to Nafion PEMs for construction of cost-effective MFCs.

Reduced Graphene Oxide Bridging Oriented Copper Nanowires for a Flexible, Annealing-Free and Air-Stable Electrode

One-dimensional flexible conductive nanowires (NWs) are highly potential in the next-generation flexible devices. However, the unavoidable challenge is how to keep high conductivity, flexibility, and durability with economically feasible materials in a simple manufacturing process. Here, a straightforward solvothermal method is used to fabricate a flexible and conductive composite that contains reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets bridging oriented copper NWs. The GO-supporting way can successfully solve the problems listed above and help the composite films preserve good conductivity and durable flexibility without annealing or acid treatments. The Cu NW-RGO film under ambient conditions shows a high electrical property (0.808 Ω/sq) without any significant changes more than 30 days. Furthermore, it can be covered on polyester cloth as a lightweight flexible electrode with good durability and uncomplicated processability, which are highly promising in kinds of electronic devices

Trace elements in skin-contact clothes and migration to artificial sweat: Risk assessment of human dermal exposure

The concentrations of a considerable number of trace elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl, V and Zn) were determined in various skin-contact clothes (T-shirts, blouses, socks, baby pajamas and bodies) from the Catalan (Spain) market. In addition, migration experiments with artificial acidic sweat were conducted in order to establish the migration rates of these elements. High levels of Zn (186–5749 mg/kg) were found in zinc pyrithione labeled T-shirts, while high concentrations of Sb and Cr were found in polyester and black polyamide fabrics, respectively. An environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) confirmed the presence of Ag and Ti particles and aggregates in several clothing items. The use of the ESEM complemented the results of the elemental analysis and migration experiments. Dermal exposure to trace elements was subsequently calculated, and the human health risks were assessed. Antimony showed the highest mean hazard quotient (HQ = 0.4) for male and female adults wearing polyester clothes; for one of the examined items (polyester T-shirt) the HQ was even above the safety limit (HQ &gt; 1). Exposure to Sb from polyester textile could mean potential health risks in subpopulation groups who frequently wear these clothes, and for long time periods. The migration experiments with artificial sweat showed to be essential for establishing the exposure to trace elements through cloth with direct contact with skin.

Characterization of organophosphorus flame retardants’ sorption on building materials and consumer products

Better understanding the transport mechanisms of organophosphorus flame-retardants (OPFRs) in the residential environment is important to more accurately estimate their indoor exposure and develop risk management strategies that protect human health. This study describes an improved dual small chamber testing method to characterize the sorption of OPFRs on indoor building materials and consumer products. The OPFRs studied were tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP). The test materials and products used as sinks include concrete, ceiling tile, vinyl flooring, carpet, latex painted gypsum wallboard, open cell polyurethane foam, mattress pad and liner, polyester clothing, cotton clothing, and uniform shirt. During the tests, the amount of OPFRs absorbed by the materials at different exposure times was determined simultaneously. OPFRs air concentrations at the inlet and inside the test chamber were monitored. The data were used to rank the sorption strength of the OPFRs on different materials. In general, building materials exhibited relatively stronger sorption strength than clothing textiles. The material-air partition and material phase diffusion coefficients were estimated by fitting a sink model to the sorption concentration data for twelve materials with three OPFRs. They are in the range of 2.72 × 105 to 3.99 × 108 (dimensionless) for the material-air partition coefficients and 1.13 × 10−14 to 5.83 × 10−9 (m2/h) for the material phase diffusion coefficients.

Fabrication of Polyaniline/Graphene/Polyester Textile Electrode Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors with High Capacitance and Cycling Stability.

Vertical polyaniline (PANI) nanowire arrays on graphene-sheet-coated polyester cloth (RGO/PETC) were fabricated by the in situ chemical polymerization of aniline. The 3D conductive network that was formed by the graphene sheets greatly enhanced the conductivity of PANI/RGO/PETC and improved its mechanical stability. PANI nanowire arrays increased the active surface area of PANI, whilst the hierarchically porous structure of the PANI/RGO/PETC electrode facilitated the diffusion of the electrolyte ions. Electrochemical measurements showed that the composite electrode exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 1293 F g(-1) at a current density of 1 A g(-1) . Capacitance retention was greater than 95 %, even after 3000 cycles, which indicated that the electrode material has excellent cycling stability. Moreover, the electrode structure endowed the PANI/RGO/PETC electrode with a stable electrochemical performance under mechanical bending and stretching.

Fiber-Reinforced Gel Polymer Electrolyte Based on Cross-Linked PMMA for Sodium Ion Battery Application

Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs), consisting of polymer matrix, organic solvents and salts, are an appealing choice of electrolytes for advanced energy storage systems as they combine high ionic conductivity, low cost, improved safety, and ease of fabrication into desired shape and size. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that even with immense efforts directing towards GPEs, the conductivity of GPEs is still limited because the evaporation of the organic solvents in GPEs reduces the volume of electrolyte; thus decreasing the contact area across the electrode and reducing the conductivity. Cross-linked GPE can be a good candidate to remedy this drawback. In this research, the fiber-reinforced cross-linked GPEs, in which the fibers are held together to form a meshed sheet or web. This 3D scaffold is then loaded with an appropriate electrolyte to create an electrochemically and mechanically stable electrolyte layer for battery application. The combination of polymer and fibers forms a fiber-reinforced polymer composite which possesses a unique blend of electrical and mechanical properties to enhance the performance of these ionic conductors. Reinforcing the polymer material with inert fibers which are not subject to chemical attack improves their shear strength and stiffness. The fiber reinforcement of GPEs will preliminarily employ a non-woven polyester fabric as a substrate. It has high porosity and good chemical resistance to organic liquids while maintaining good contact with the polymer; the holes in the cloth also increase the surface area to offer the open spaces for ion transfer. The fiber-reinforced gel polymer based on cross-linked PMMA is fabricated by free radical polymerization. The prepared organic solution and polyester cloth are placed together between two pieces of 0.25” thick optical lenses with heating at 75oC. The sketch of the sample is shown in Fig. 1a. Upon completion of the fiber-reinforced GPE, the samples are subjected to comprehensive electrochemical testing in order to evaluate the properties of this novel ion conducting electrolyte. The conductivity will be evaluated using potentiostatic impendence spectroscopy based on testing protocols available in the Gamry Reference-600 potentiostat. For sodium-air battery application, the electrolyte is used as the separator between the anode and the cathode as shown in Fig. 1b. The sodium sheet is used as the anode, the reference electrode Ag/AgCl is placed next to the anode while the platinum wire used as the cathode exposes to the oxygen environment. The open circuit potential and cyclic voltammetry tests are adopted for characterizing the electrochemical performance of fiber-reinforced cross-linked GPE in sodium-air battery. This research has successfully developed fiber-reinforced GPE based on cross-linked PMMA capable of delivering ionic conductivity comparable to that of cross-linked GPE (10-3 S/cm), while also being a robust separator capable of withstanding the pressure generated while under long term use in sodium-air batteries. The ion transfer thermodynamics are also investigated by activation energy measurement. The electrochemical behavior of sodium-air battery accommodated this light-weight, mechanically stable fiber-reinforced cross-linked GPE indicate that the increased energy density could help the metal-air battery technique to take the leap from bench top to commercial application. Figure 1

Bridging Oriented Copper Nanowire-Graphene Composites for Solution-Processable, Annealing-Free, and Air-Stable Flexible Electrodes.

One-dimensional flexible metallic nanowires (NWs) are of considerable interest for next-generation wearable devices. The unavoidable challenge for a wearable electrode is the assurance of high conductivity, flexibility, and durability with economically feasible materials and simple manufacturing processes. Here, we use a straightforward solvothermal method to prepare a flexible conductive material that contains reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets bridging oriented copper NWs. The GO-assistance route can successfully meet the criteria listed above and help the composite films maintain high conductivity and durable flexibility without any extra treatment, such as annealing or acid processes. The composite film exhibits a high electrical performance (0.808 Ω·sq(-1)) without considerable change over 30 days under ambient conditions. Moreover, the Cu NW-RGO composites can be deposited on polyester cloth as a lightweight wearable electrode with high durability and simple processability and are very promising for a wide variety of electronic devices.

Comparison of three distinct clean air suits to decrease the bacterial load in the operating room: an observational study.

BackgroundLowering air-borne bacteria counts in the operating room is essential in prevention of surgical site infections in orthopaedic joint replacement surgery. This is mainly achieved by decreasing bacteria counts through dilution, with appropriate ventilation and by limiting the bacteria carrying skin particles, predominantly shed by the personnel. The aim of this study was to investigate if a single use polypropylene clothing system or a reusable polyester clothing system could offer similar air quality in the operating room as a mobile laminar airflow device-assisted reusable cotton/polyester clothing system.MethodsProspective observational study design, comparing the performance of three Clean Air Suits by measuring Colony Forming Units (CFU)/m3 of air during elective hip and knee arthroplasties, performed at a large university-affiliated hospital. The amount of CFU/m3 of air was measured during 37 operations of which 13 were performed with staff dressed in scrub suits made of a reusable mixed material (69 % cotton, 30 % polyester, 1 % carbon fibre) accompanied by two mobile laminar airflow units. During 24 procedures no mobile laminar airflow units were used, 13 with staff using a reusable olefin fabric clothing (woven polypropylene) and 11 with staff dressed in single-use suits (non-woven spunbonded polypropylene). Air from the operating field was sampled through a filter, by a Sartorius MD8, and bacterial colonies were counted after incubation. There were 6–8 measurements from each procedure, in total 244 measurements. Statistical analysis was performed by Mann–Whitney U-test.ResultsThe single-use polypropylene suit reduced the amount of CFU/m3 to a significantly lower level than both other clothing systems.ConclusionSingle-use polypropylene clothing systems can replace mobile laminar airflow unit-assisted reusable mixed material-clothing systems. Measurements in standardized laboratory settings can only serve as guidelines as environments in real operation settings present a much more difficult challenge.

The Relationship Between Close-Range Shooting Distance and Nitrite Patterns on Cotton and Polyester Clothing

At a crime scene, the presence and pattern of gunshot residue can help forensic scientists piece together the events that occurred. To assist this, we determined the relationship between shooting distance and nitrite residue patterns left on fabric targets. Using the Modified Griess Test, we also investigated whether fabric type plays a role in gunshot residue (GSR) amounts. Cotton and polyester targets were shot from five different distances, and the targets were processed using the Modified Griess Test to measure the nitrite components of the GSR particles. An image processing program called ImageJ was used to approximate the total area of the residue. Results show that from 0 cm to 25 cm away, there was a rapid increase in GSR, but beyond 25 cm, there was a decrease in GSR, which is consistent with previous studies. Also, fabric type played a significant role in GSR patterns, with polyester fabrics holding more GSR on average than cotton at 25 cm, but less than cotton at 0 cm. The results of this study can potentially provide new and innovative ways to determine shooting distances and GSR patterns on different fabric types.