Polycarbonate Membrane Research Articles

Isolation and digital counting of extracellular vesicles from blood via membrane-integrated microfluidics

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), existing in body fluids, have exhibited a significant potential in clinical diagnostics since many harbor biomarkers specific to certain diseases. Therefore, platforms capable of isolating EVs and quantifying these disease-associated proteins and nucleic acids are under current development. Herein, this study devised a membrane-based EV isolation/counting (mEVic) microfluidic platform that combined two membrane filters to carry out EV isolation from blood, followed by quantification of immuno-stained particles on a single chip. A 0.2-μm polycarbonate membrane was first used for small EV (sEV) isolation via stirring-enhanced filtration, and over 99% of sEV were isolated from only 2 μL of blood. For quantification, aluminum oxide membrane (20 nm)-based immunostaining with in situ fluorescent signal amplification was achieved to where fluorescence-labeled EVs could be individually visualized and counted under a microscope. The limit of detection of CD63 + EVs and PalmGRET EVs spiked in plasma was 105 EVs/mL. Moreover, the membrane-based EV staining assay was able to measure exosomal protein expression on single EVs. This new mEVic platform may therefore serve as a promising tool for isolating and quantifying specific EVs and could be integrated with fingertip-based disease diagnostic applications.

Novel Filler-Filled-Type Polymer Electrolyte Membrane for PEFC Employing Poly(vinylphosphonic acid)-b-polystyrene-Coated Cellulose Nanocrystals as a Filler.

Low-acidity polymer electrolyte membranes are essential to polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) and water electrolysis systems, both of which are expected to be next-generation energy and hydrogen sources. We developed a new type of high-performance polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) in which the core particles are precisely electrolyte polymer coated and filled into binder resin. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), which have attracted attention as light, rigid, and sustainable materials, were selected as the core material for the filler. The CNC surface was coated with a new block copolymer containing a proton conductive polymer of poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA) and a hydrophobic polymer of polystyrene (PS) using RAFT polymerization with particles (PwP) we developed. The pelletized fillers and the filler-filled polycarbonate membranes achieved proton conductivities of over 10-2 S/cm with lower activation energies and much weaker acidity than the Nafion membrane.

A New Filter Based Cultivation Approach for Improving Aspergillus Identification using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is widely used in clinical laboratories for routine identification of bacteria and yeasts. However, methodological difficulties are still apparent when applied to filamentous fungi. The liquid cultivation method recommended by Bruker Daltonics GmbH for identification of filamentous fungi by MALDI-TOF MS is labour intensive and time-consuming. In this study, growth of Aspergillus species on different (porous) surfaces was investigated with the aim to develop a more reliable, quicker and less laborious identification method using MALDI-TOF MS. Mycelial growth without sporulation mimicking liquid cultivation and reliable MALDI-TOF MS spectra were obtained when A. fumigatus strains were grown on and in between a polycarbonate membrane filter on Sabouraud dextrose agar. A database of in-house reference spectra was created by growing Aspergillus reference strains (mainly focusing on sections Fumigati and Flavi) under these selected conditions. A test set of 50 molecularly identified strains grown under different conditions was used to select the best growth condition for identification and to perform an initial validation of the in-house database. Based on these results, the cultivation method on top of a polycarbonate filter proved to be most successful for species identification. This method was therefore selected for the identification of two sets of clinical isolates that mainly consisted of Aspergilli (100 strains originating from Indonesia, 70 isolates from Qatar). The results showed that this cultivation method is reliable for identification of clinically relevant Aspergillus species, with 67% and 76% correct identification of strains from Indonesia and Qatar, respectively. In conclusion, cultivation of Aspergilli on top of a polycarbonate filter showed improved results compared to the liquid cultivation protocol recommended by Bruker in terms of percentage of correct identification, ease of MSP creation, time consumption, cost and labour intensity. This method can be reliably applied for identification of clinically important Aspergilli and has potential for identification of other filamentous fungi.

Magnetic Properties of 3d Metal Rods With Composition Gradients Produced by Electroless Deposition

A comparative study of the magnetic properties of arrays of Co–Ni rods with different composition gradients (smooth or step-like) along the rod axes was carried out. Ordered arrays of Co–Ni nanorods with diameters up to 400 nm and 8 µm length were prepared by electroless plating into a porous nuclear-track-etched polycarbonate membrane. The gradient in Co and Ni composition was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The variation of Co–Ni contents along the long axis of the rods correlates with the gradient of the magnetization within the rod. Magnetization reversal was studied by analyzing the angular dependence of coercivity and using micromagnetic simulations. For both types of gradient rods, reversal occurs by curling. The local magnetic anisotropy field of rods with a step-type gradient is significantly higher than that for rods with a smooth gradient.

Silver microrods decorated reduced graphene oxide based flexible film for room temperature NH3 vapor sensing

In this work, silver microrods decorated-reduced graphene oxide (AgmR-rGO) composite was prepared and used for ammonia vapor sensing. The decoration of silver microrods on rGO is characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, UV–Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The length of microrods in the composite varies from 2.5 μm- 4.5 μm and the thickness is about 1.5 μm. The prepared AgmR-rGO sample was coated over the flexible polycarbonate membrane by the vacuum filtration method. The flexible film was used for NH3 vapor sensing with different concentrations; the response and recovery times of the sensor are calculated as 54 s and 41 s, respectively for 100 ppm of NH3 vapor. The limit of detection of the sensor towards the ammonia vapor is calculated as 0.19 ppm by a linear fit of the response curve. From the I-V characterizations, the fabricated film exhibits ohmic behavior.

Estimation of effective thickness of Cyclopore polycarbonate membrane by scanning electrochemical impedance microscopy

• O impedance related to radial diffusion and restricted planar diffusion; for tip closely to hole surface-Cyclopore membrane. • Equivalent circuits including Cole-Cole diffusion impedance (Z M ), Cole-Davidson type impedance (Z W ) and O impedance (Z O ) proposed for different separation distances. • Difference in diffusion impedance on hole and that on flat surface on Cyclopore membrane for estimating membrane thickness. A new, feasible, on-line method was proposed to determine Cyclopore polycarbonate membrane thickness by scanning electrochemical impedance microscopy (SEIM) technique. The thickness is 8.4 µm, which close to the report technical data. Three effective impedances for equivalent circuit model including Cole-Cole diffusion impedance, Cole-Davidson type impedance and O impedance were firstly proposed for radial diffusion and restricted planar diffusion mode when tip electrode on flat or hole surface in Cyclopore membrane. Data analysis results showed that restricted planar diffusion emerged when tip electrode approach tightly to hole surface. Additionally, SEIM responses on the flat and hole surface were compared and could be applied for topographic imaging in the future work.

Release of bacterial aerosols from air conditioning system in office buildings

Microbial reproduction in air conditioning (AC) systems has caused increasing concern. When subject to airflow, microbes can be separated from substrates and spread into indoor air. This study investigated release of bacterial aerosols from AC systems with different service times in office buildings. Microbial aerosols were collected onto sterilized polycarbonate membranes using an air sampler. The concentration of total bacterial DNA was determined by 16S qPCR targeting universal bacterial genes. The most abundant genus was Lactobacillus before turning on the AC system. After turning on the AC system, the abundant genera were Pseudomonas and Agrobacterium with the service time of three and 12 years. When the AC system was put into use in the early stage, the microbial concentration after turning on the AC system was lower than that before turning on the AC system. However, after a long use of the AC system, the microbial concentration after turning on the AC system (7.50 × 103 copies/m3) was higher than that before turning on the AC system (3.77 × 103 copies/m3). The results show that the service time of AC system influences the community structure and content of indoor bacterial aerosols.

Synergistically enhanced Salmonella Typhimurium reduction by sequential treatment of organic acids and atmospheric cold plasma and the mechanism study

Salmonella, a foodborne pathogen, has been frequently associated with recalls of fresh food products, including poultry meat products. Atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) is a novel non-thermal technology, which has potential to reduce pathogens in food products. This study demonstrates the synergistic interactions of food grade organic acids (i.e., lactic acid (LA) or gallic acid (GA)) and ACP to inactivate Salmonella enterica Typhimurium ATCC 13311 inoculated on polycarbonate membrane filter paper and poultry meat surface. Organic acids were used in the form of a spray to enhance dispersion on samples surface. The sequential treatment of organic acid followed by ACP synergistically reduced S. Typhimurium on poultry meat surface. Irrespective of the type of organic acid, an average reduction of more than 3.5 log CFU/cm2 in S. Typhimurium on filter paper was obtained, when a combination of 10 mM LA or GA with an ACP exposure of 30 s was tested. However, the individual treatments of LA, GA, and ACP resulted in only 0.4, 0.3, 1.2 log CFU/cm2 reduction in S. Typhimurium, respectively. On poultry meat surface, a higher level of organic acid concentration (i.e., 50 mM) in combination with 30 s ACP was required to achieve more than 2.5 log CFU/cm2 reduction in S. Typhimurium. Our investigation on inactivation mechanisms revealed that the sequential treatment of LA or GA with ACP resulted in a significantly higher level of membrane permeability and membrane lipid peroxidation in S. Typhimurium cells. Additionally, the combined treatment significantly reduced the cell metabolic activity and affected the intracellular reactive oxygen species level of S. Typhimurium. In summary, this study demonstrated the potential synergistic benefits of combining organic acids and ACP to achieve a higher level of bacterial inactivation.

DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCING A STABLE INJECTABLE DOSAGE FORM OF A HYDROPHOBIC INDOLOCARBAZOLE DERIVATIVE

Objective: Development of a technology for the production of a stable injectable dosage form (IDF) of indolocarbazole derivative LHS-1269. Methods: LHS-1269 is an active pharmaceutical ingredient that was synthesized in the N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The IDF includes dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 95% ethanol, Kollidon® 17PF and water for injection. Magnetic stirrer and overhead stirrer with a propeller stirring element were used to prepare the model solution of the IDF of LHS-1269. Sterilizing filtration of the solution was performed with 0.2−0.22 um polycarbonate, cellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethersulfone and nylon membrane filters. The aqueous solution of LHS-1269 was lyophilized in Edwards Minifast DO.2 freeze dryer. Assay of LHS-1269 was performed by spectrophotometry at 320±3 nm. Potentiometry was used to measure pH, a viscosimetry method was used to measure the viscosity of the solutions. The average weight was estimated by weighing a sample of 10 vials with the concentrate. Results: 0.5% aqueous solution of LHS-1269 was produced by mixing the solution of the active substance in DMSO and ethanol with an aqueous solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone gradually at the ratio of LHS-1269/DMSO/ethanol/Kollidon® of 1/11/32/40 by weight. The aqueous solution of the study substance cannot be lyophilized, so a sequence of technological operations was presented to produce an anhydrous concentrate “LHS-1269, concentrate for solution for injection and infusion 25 mg”. Conclusion: A technology was developed to produce a stable IDF of a hydrophobic indolocarbazole derivative LHS-1269, a high-potential antitumor drug.

Silt density index as a fouling propensity parameter of various membrane materials using dissolved organic matter

Silt density index (SDI) is the most widely used parameter for predicting fouling potential that occurs during reverse osmosis (RO) processes to assess and reduce fouling; however, this index cannot accurately predict fouling, particularly, organic fouling. Therefore, this study analyzed the application of five different membranes (i.e., mixed cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate (MCE), cellulose nitrate (CN), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polycarbonate (PC)) for measuring SDI and discerning the characteristics of organic foulants. The properties of the organic foulants on the membranes used to measure the SDI value were compared to those on the RO membrane. The quantitative fouling of the MCE, CN, PVDF, PC, and PTFE membranes in terms of the total organic carbon were 6.01 ± 0.03, 6.30 ± 0.14, 10.27 ± 0.10, 2.26 ± 0.12, and 3.08 ± 0.06 mg/L, respectively. In addition, liquid chromatography–organic carbon detection revealed that the MCE and CN were effective in predicting the fouling caused by building blocks and low-molecular-weight substances, respectively. The PVDF was effective in predicting fouling caused by biopolymers. The contaminants compositions on the PTFE and PC were similar; however, the PTFE was more effecting in detecting fouling caused by humic and low-molecular-weight substances. The composition of foulants on the PC was similar to that on the RO membrane, indicating that it can successfully predict the organic fouling of RO membrane. These results indicate that it is important to standardize the SDI value for PC membranes to make SDI a reliable index in the municipal wastewater reuse.

Global Alignment of Carbon Nanotubes via High Precision Microfluidic Dead‐End Filtration

AbstractSingle wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) dispersed by negatively charged sodium deoxycholate (DOC) or positively charged cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) are shown to assemble into aligned films (3.8 cm2) on polycarbonate membranes by slow flow dead‐end filtration. Global alignment (S2D max ≈ 0.85) is obtained on both pristine polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated membranes and those with an intentional 150–600 nm groove pattern from hot embossing. In all cases, a custom microfluidic setup capable of precise control and measurement of the volume rate, transmembrane pressure, and the filtration resistance is used to follow SWCNT film formation. Conditions associated with the formation of SWCNT crystallites or their global alignment are identified and these are discussed in terms of membrane fouling and the interaction potential between the surface of the membrane and nanotubes. SWCNT alignment is characterized by cross‐polarized microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy.

A new protocol to assess the microplastics in sewage sludge

Pollution from plastics and their slow degradation are current problems that require urgent solutions. The natural degradation of plastics leads to its fragmentation, resulting not only in microplastics (MPs) but also in nanoplastics (NPs). In recent years, research and monitoring of MPs and NPs concentrations has increased. The monitoring of their concentrations in the environment, sampling sites, detection and quantification methods are not standardised due to the inherent properties of the materials and the origin of the samples, which tends to make the comparison of data between different studies difficult. In this study, we developed an H2O2-enzyme protocol for the extraction of MPs from sludge based on existing analytical methods in the literature, from sampling to quantification and detection. Our laboratory study consists of four protocols used to verify MPs recovery from doped sludge samples containing three polymers (polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate and nylon). To emphasise the relevance of the optimal protocol, a triplicate test was performed for each of these protocols, all of them using sieve fractions between 100 and 500 μm, while isoporous polycarbonate membranes were used for the filtration of the samples. The percentage polymer distribution of H2O2-enzyme protocol was similar to the control (42% ± 8.49; 38% ± 2.83; 16% ± 11.31), with some limitations for the larger fraction. Data collection was carried out by optical visualisation and chemical identification using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to record polymer spectra obtained for potential interpretation. Finally, a test was conducted to try all protocols on a real sludge from a local plant to confirm their efficiency.

The Role of Cation Hydrophobicity on Ion Transport Selectivity in Nanopore Membranes

Quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) are cationic surfactants widely used in domestic and industrial products like detergents, disinfectants, personal care products, and more. Due to their substantial use, QAS are accidentally or intentionally released into the environment and have been detected in surface waters, wastewaters, and soil sediments. The concentration of QAS in groundwaters has greatly increased, and this poses serious health threats. Therefore, various methods to purify wastewaters and remove the containment QAS have been proposed. Membrane-based technologies have been used extensively, and wastewater treatment facilities often use polymeric membrane-based systems for purification. Quaternary ammonium salts are known to accumulate on the polymeric membrane surfaces and within the membrane pores. This leads to membrane fouling, which is a major obstacle for efficient operation of these membrane systems. Direct evidence is presented here for the adsorption of aqueous QAS adsorbed on a polycarbonate membrane studied. Potentiometric experiments, in accordance with surface contact angle and infrared spectroscopy measurements, illustrate the extent of adsorption on the membrane surface and within the membrane nanopores. Using a homologous quaternary ammonium series, we focus on how the hydrophobicity of the adsorbing cationic surfactant directly affects membrane separation performance, specifically cation transport and membrane permselectivity. It was found that the strength of the interaction between the QAS and the polycarbonate membrane was directly proportional to QAS hydrophobicity (i.e. carbon number). Excessive adsorption to the membrane surface and pore walls deteriorated membrane separation performance and required extra rinsing using an aqueous KCl solution to remove the QAS foulant.

Electrochemical Analysis of Solutions Confined within Single-Digit Nanopores

Ion-exchange membranes have been used in commercial water desalination and wastewater treatment centers for decades. The key feature of these membranes is their permselectivity. The primary mechanism that governs permselectivity is highly debated, especially as these pores reach molecular dimensions. In this work, a 30 nm commercially available polycarbonate membrane is gold-plated using an electroless template synthesis method. By varying gold-plating time, one can create pores with diameters as small as 1 nm. These membranes are exposed to various chloride salt solutions, which forms a layer of adsorbed chloride along the faces of the membrane and pore walls. This fixed negative charge allows for the rejection of anions and the transport of cations across the membrane. Using a varying concentration cell, the selectivity of these membranes can be investigated potentiometrically by the transference numbers. These membranes express ideal cation permselectivity so long as the thickness of the electrical double layer is larger than the radius of the nanotubes. Individual cation influence on membrane permselectivity is investigated using gold plated pores with diameters smaller than 10 nm.

Transferosomes as a Novel Therapeutic Delivery System: A Review

The poor penetration rate of the skin as a natural barrier makes transdermal drug delivery problematic. To increase transdermal dispersion of bioactives, electrophoresis, iontophoresis, chemical permeation enhancers, microneedles, sonophoresis, and vesicular systems such as liposomes, niosomes, elastic liposomes such as ethosomes, and transferosomes have all been used. Among these, transferosomes appear to be a promising option. Transferosomes are elastomeric or deformable vesicles that were originally discovered in the early 1990s. They're novel vesicular drug carrier system composed of phospholipid, surfactant, and water that improves transdermal drug delivery. Because of their low toxicity, biodegradability, ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules, ability to prolong the drug's existence in the systemic circulation by encapsulation in vesicles, ability to target organs and tissues, and ability to reduce drug toxicity while increasing bioavailability, these vesicles are preferred over others. These vesicles undergo deformation, changes its shape and easily penetrates through the skin pores. There are two phases in any technique for preparing transferosomes. First, a thin film is hydrated before being sonicated to the required size; next, sonicated vesicles are homogenized by extrusion through a polycarbonate membrane. Transferosomes are evaluated for its entrapment efficiency, their drug content , in-vitro drug release, degree of deformability, turbidity, surface charge and morphology. Transferosomes are said to have a number of applications like delivery of vaccines,proteins, Anti-cancer drugs,anesthetics,herbal drugs and has better patient compliance,improved bio-availability and site-specific delivery and can serve as an emerging tool for transdermal delivery of almost all drugs and bio-actives.

Diffusion-Based Separation of Extracellular Vesicles by Nanoporous Membrane Chip

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as novel biomarkers and therapeutic material. However, the small size (~200 nm) of EVs makes efficient separation challenging. Here, a physical/chemical stress-free separation of EVs based on diffusion through a nanoporous membrane chip is presented. A polycarbonate membrane with 200 nm pores, positioned between two chambers, functions as the size-selective filter. Using the chip, EVs from cell culture media and human serum were separated. The separated EVs were analyzed by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), scanning electron microscopy, and immunoblotting. The experimental results proved the selective separation of EVs in cell culture media and human serum. Moreover, the diffusion-based separation showed a high yield of EVs in human serum compared to ultracentrifuge-based separation. The EV recovery rate analyzed from NTA data was 42% for cell culture media samples. We expect the developed method to be a potential tool for EV separation for diagnosis and therapy because it does not require complicated processes such as immune, chemical reaction, and external force and is scalable by increasing the nanoporous membrane size.

High‐Efficient and Dosage‐Controllable Intracellular Cargo Delivery through Electrochemical Metal–Organic Hybrid Nanogates

Hollow nanostructures combined with electroporation are potentially valuable in interdisciplinary fields due to their ability to transport versatile cargos into adhesive cells. However, they require voltages over 1.5 V to electroporate the physical barrier of the cell membrane inducing cell death and differentiation processes. Intracellular delivery is exhibited using a metal–organic hybrid nanotube (NT) stamp that physically inserts into the cells and subsequently injects versatile molecules at an extremely low voltage of ±50 mV (less than membrane potential). The hybrid NTs consist of Au NTs polymerizing electrochemically 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene monomer and supportive polycarbonate membrane. The hybrid stamp improves the cell viability by 94% for a 30 min physical insertion while decreasing the cell viability to 1% using the original Au NTs. Furthermore, the hybrid stamp acts as an electrochemical gate that can open the pore at ±50 mV to transport small molecules of calcein dye with high efficiency (99%) and viability (96.8%). The hybrid nanogate can also transport large molecules of green fluorescent protein (GFP) with 84% efficiency and 98.5% viability, and GFP plasmid at a transfection rate of ≈10%. Thus, the present hybrid stamping can potentially deliver versatile molecules into adhesive cells.

Hydrogen-peroxide generating electrochemical bandage is active in vitro against mono- and dual-species biofilms

Biofilms formed by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wound beds present unique challenges in terms of treating chronic wound infections; biofilms formed by one or more than one bacterial species are often involved. In this work, the in vitro anti-biofilm activity of a novel electrochemical bandage (e-bandage) composed of carbon fabric and controlled by a wearable potentiostat, designed to continuously deliver low amounts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was evaluated against 34 mono-species and 12 dual-species membrane bacterial biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium, E. faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Cutibacterium acnes, and Bacteroides fragilis. Biofilms were grown on polycarbonate membranes placed atop agar plates. An e-bandage, which electrochemically reduces dissolved oxygen to H2O2 when polarized at −0.6 VAg/AgCl, was then placed atop each membrane biofilm and polarized continuously for 12, 24, and 48 h using a wearable potentiostat. Time-dependent decreases in viable CFU counts of all mono- and dual-species biofilms were observed after e-bandage treatment. 48 h of e-bandage treatment resulted in an average reduction of 8.17 ± 0.40 and 7.99 ± 0.32 log10 CFU/cm2 for mono- and dual-species biofilms, respectively. Results suggest that the described H2O2 producing e-bandage can reduce in vitro viable cell counts of biofilms grown either in mono- or dual-species forms, and should be further developed as a potential antibiotic-free treatment strategy for treating chronic wound infections.

Intense pulsed light for inactivation of foodborne gram-positive bacteria in planktonic cultures and bacterial biofilms

Nowadays, food quality and safety issues caused by foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria have attracted widespread attention. This study examined effectiveness of intense pulsed light (IPL) treatment on the inactivation of seven foodborne gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus thuringiensis, Lactobacillus brevis, and Pediococcus acidilactici. The bacteria of three survival states, including planktonic, early (8 h) and mature biofilm (48 h), and in two biofilm models, including 96 well cell culture plate and polycarbonate membrane were cultivated, which were treated by IPL with three fluences (0.0407, 0.0319 and 0.0150 J*cm−2) under different number of pulses at 25 °C and 4 °C. Results showed that high level inactivation under different conditions were achieved and the inactivation rate improved with the increasing of fluence and pulse number. Moreover, mature biofilm had the strongest resistance ability to IPL, followed by early biofilm, while both of them were far more resistant than planktonic state. IPL may provide a means of surface decontamination, thereby reducing the contamination of microorganisms on the food surface.

Anion-Responsive Manganese Porphyrin Facilitates Chloride Transport and Induces Immunogenic Cell Death

Anion-Responsive Manganese Porphyrin Facilitates Chloride Transport and Induces Immunogenic Cell Death