Polyaniline Nanocomposites Research Articles

Ti3C2Tx MXene‐Polyaniline Nanocomposite as an Adsorbent in Microextraction by Packed Sorbent for the Analysis of Parabens in Water and Juice Samples

ABSTRACTHerein, a novel Ti3C2Tx MXene and polyaniline nanocomposite is successfully synthesized and used for the highly efficient extraction of parabens. Polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers have formed a porous and peculiar π–π conjugated structure on hydrophilic MXene sheets, providing numerous adsorption sites for microextraction of analytes with moderate polarities such as parabens. The method is simple and sensitive, using microextraction by packed sorbent coupled with a high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detector. Under the optimal conditions, the method provides suitable preconcentrating factors of 28–35, ultrahigh sensitivity with low limits of detection of 0.3–0.5 µg/L, wide linearity of 0.3.0–200 µg/L with coefficients of determination ≥ 0.9983, and satisfactory precision with relative standard deviations ≤ 10.7%. The outstanding performance has been confirmed in well water and orange juice samples, with recoveries in the range of 93.1%–101.2% for water and 90.6%–103.4% for orange juice samples, respectively.

Recent advances in polyaniline/graphene nanocomposites for supercapacitor applications: Synthesis, properties, and future directions

Electrochemical capacitors or supercapacitors have attracted the attention of researchers and industries in the recent past because of the differences in the features and potential applications in comparison to the Li-ion batteries. Supercapacitors have been one of the most investigated applications in literature based on graphene-related materials. This review aims to provide the most recent advancement on the use of graphene and polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite towards enhancing the supercapacitor properties. The synthesis methods of the graphene and PANI nanocomposite, the characteristics of the nanocomposite and its utilization in supercapacitors are discussed. Graphene and PANI are both well-known materials that possess fascinating physical and electrochemical characteristics, and in the last several years, they have been investigated for numerous applications by many researchers. Together with such advantages as enhanced physical and electrochemical characteristics, mechanical strength, and density, composites of both materials can be a potent material for supercapacitor usage.The preparation methods of graphene, PANI, and its composites described by the authors of the research article include in-situ polymerization, chemical vapor deposition, and hydrothermal-assisted polymerization. These characterization techniques include SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD, DSC, and TGA to determine other properties of the nanocomposite which shows enhanced properties of graphene and PANI. The electrochemical properties of the nanocomposites are evaluated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and the achieved values indicate high specific capacitance, cycling stability, and charge-discharge abilities. These outcomes demonstrate the excellent applicability of PANI/graphene nanocomposites as high-performance supercapacitors and encourage the confidence in the effectiveness of the study. Several factors affecting properties of the nanocomposites have been reported in the previous studies, and it is clear from this study how various properties and their relation affects the overall performance of the nanocomposite. Altogether, PANI/graphene nanocomposites have the potential to be used as next-generation supercapacitors, which is still unexplored fully to meet the demands to enhance the high-performance energy storage devices.

Valorization of polyurethane foam waste through the decoration with nano-polyaniline for dye decontamination from polluted water.

Two polyurethane polyaniline nanocomposites have been synthesized using two in situ polymerization routes of dried and wet bases to valorize the polyurethane waste. The physical and chemical properties of polyurethane-based nanocomposites were compared using SEM, XRD, FTIR, and Zeta potential. SEM images showed that the average particle size of the dried-based composite was 56 nm, while the wet-based composite had an average size of 75 nm. The separation efficiency for methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR) dyes was evaluated against free polyurethane foam waste. It was evident that pure polyurethane (PPU) achieved only 4.79% and 16.71% removal for MB and CR, respectively. These dye decontamination efficiencies were enhanced after nano polyaniline decoration of polyurethane foam either through dried base polymerization (DPUP) or wet base polymerization (WPUP). WPUP composite records 11.23% and 85.99% for MB and CR removal, respectively, improved to 26.69% and 90.07% removal using DPUP composite for the respective dyes. The adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics were investigated. The experimental results revealed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model as the most accurately described kinetics model for both CR and MB adsorption. The Langmuir model provided the best fit for the data, with maximum adsorption capacities of 110.98 mg/g for CR and 26.86 mg/g for MB, with corresponding R-squared values of 0.9974 and 0.9608, respectively. Regeneration and reusability studies of PPU, WPUP, and DPUP showed effective reusability, with DPUP displaying the highest adsorption capacity. These results aid in creating eco-friendly and cost-efficient adsorbents for dye removal in environmental sanitation.

Phenylalanine: Amino Acid Metal Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Voltammetric Sensors

This study presents a comparative analysis of non-enzymatic electrochemical voltammetric sensors, utilizing phenylalanine amino acid metal complexes (M: Ni, Zn, and Co) Polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites (NCs). The PANI: Zn(Phala)2 NCs-based sensor detected dopamine (DA) with a sensitivity of 101.18 μAμM−1 cm−2. The limit of detection (LOD) for the PANI: Zn(Phala)2 NCs-based sensor was calculated as 0.391 μM. This exceptional sensitivity makes the PANI: Zn(Phala)2 NCs-based sensor highly promising for potential integration into biomedical test kits. To gain deeper insights into the structural properties of the PANI NCs, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), artificial-intelligence-based SEM, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed for characterization. FTIR characterization provided insights into the functional groups of the NCs. The results of this comparative investigation a significant advancement in the field of PANI-based electrochemical sensors designed for DA sensing. The PANI: Zn(Phala)2 NCs-based sensor show great promise for a range of advanced sensing applications. The Z value of the PANI: Zn(Phala)2 NCs-based sensor is the lowest among the tested materials, indicating that the conductivity of the PANI: Zn(Phala)2 layer is higher than that of other active layers. Consequently, the PANI: Zn(Phala)2 NCs-based sensor achieved higher sensitivity in DA detection.

Eco-Friendly Electrochemical Sensor for Accurate Soil Nitrate Detection using ZnOx/PANI Nanocomposite on Nickel Foam Electrode

This study presents an innovative approach to enhancing nitrate detection in soil, a critical macronutrient for agriculture. We developed a novel electrochemical sensor using a nanocomposite of Zinc Oxide (ZnOx) and Polyaniline (PANI) on a Nickel foam electrode. The nanocomposite was synthesized through cyclic voltammetry and characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to analyze its morphological, elemental, and crystalline properties. The sensor's performance was evaluated using square wave voltammetry, revealing a direct linear relationship between the peak current and nitrate concentration. The sensor demonstrated high sensitivity (4.53 µA/µM) and a low detection limit (0.40 µM), confirming its potential for precise and sensitive nitrate analysis in soil samples.

Polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for electrochemical and solar cell applications

Polyaniline nanocomposites are synthesized via in situ chemical oxidation method by reinforcing reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles of various weight percentage. Structural, optical, thermal and electrochemical studies are performed to know the significance of introducing reduced graphene oxide into polyaniline and to analyse the importance of filler weight percentage in determining various properties of the nanocomposites. X-ray diffraction peak intensity is appeared to be maximum for nanocomposite doped with 2% filler. This composite shows minimum crystallite size and maximum photoluminescence intensity. Maximum ID/IG ratio obtained for 2% filler added nanocomposite from Raman spectroscopy studies proved that the presence of more surface defects and recombination of charge carriers are the reasons for enhanced photoluminescence. Thermal stability is found to be better for a nanocomposite with 1% reduced graphene oxide and obtained a mass retention of 60% even after heating up-to 600 °C. SEM images give various shapes of nanocomposite such as nanorods, spherical nanoparticles and button shaped nanocomposites for different filler weight percentage. Carbon to oxygen ratio is observed to be decreased as the filler percentage increased from 1% to 4% in SEM-EDAX analysis. Polymer nanocomposite with 1% reinforcement possess maximum UV and visible absorption and is found to be decreased as filler concentration increased from 1 to 4%. Electrochemical analysis is performed for polyaniline and 1% reduced graphene oxide reinforced polyaniline nanocomposite. Specific capacitance of the electrode is obtained as 212 F g−1 and 609 F/g for polyaniline and nanocomposite respectively at a scan rate of 0.01 V/S. Solar cell device performance study shows that power conversion efficiency is 5.54% for 1% reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite, 4.7% for 2% reinforced, 4.16% for 3% filler and 3.61% for 4% nanocomposite.

Study on the nanocomposites of polyaniline and Zn doped Fe3O4 using for arsenic absorption in water

The polyaniline/Fe2.9Zn0.1O4 (PANI/Fe2.9Zn0.1O4) nanoparticles with different mass ratios were synthesized by both co-precipitation and in situ polymerization methods. The FT-IR spectra and DTA analyses showed the involvement of PANI in the nanocomposite samples. The grain size of samples measured by SEM ranges from 25 to 40 nm. The magnetization of samples at 300 K, H = 11000 Oe decreased from 65 to 43 emu g−1 as PANI/Fe2.9Zn0.1O4 mass ratio increased from 9% to 40%. At pH 7 and 300 K, the maximum arsenic (III) adsorption capacities of sample S1 (mass ratio of 9%) qmax = 43.48 mg g−1 was higher than that of others and Fe3O4. Additionally, the substitution of Fe2+ ions by Zn2+ ions and the presence of PANI in samples contributed to improving the magnetic and chemical stability of samples over time. Furthermore, these materials could be reused after desorption in a solution at pH 14.

Hierarchical interconnected polyaniline nanocomposite with hydrothermally synthesized pyrite structure for improved electrochemical properties in a vanadium redox flow battery

In this study, FeS2 (FS) was synthesized via the hydrothermal technique. The various percentages of FS were subsequently incorporated into polyaniline (PANI) through an in-situ chemical process, aiming to improve the performance of the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The synthesized nanocomposites (NPFS) were characterized using various techniques such as spectroscopy, microscopy, chemical, thermal study and electrochemical analysis (CV, EIS and Tafel) and charge discharge cycles study to understand their structure and performance. Morphological, chemical and structural analyses revealed the successful integration of FS into the PANI matrix, forming a hierarchical with highly porous nanocomposite structure. The results of the electrochemical analysis significantly improved the redox behavior and charge transfer kinetics compared to PANI. Based on the characterization and electrochemical characterizations, the best performing composition (NPFS15) sample (3 mg/cm2) was coated on 132 cm2 graphite felt (GF) and inserted in VRFB to examine the charge–discharge cycles. At a current density 70 mA/cm2, the selected nanocomposite with the specified loading on GF exhibited superior electrochemical performance due to the sufficient availability of active sites. Besides, the integration of NPFS nanocomposite materials in VRFB technology may pave the way for more efficient and sustainable energy storage solutions in the future.

Comparative electrochemical properties of MO (ZrO2, V2O5) based polyaniline nanocomposites for high-performance supercapacitor applications

Due to its distinctive qualities, such as its moderate energy density, extended service life, rapid discharge–charge rates, and superior safety, supercapacitors (SCs) are gaining more and more attention. A zirconium oxide ZrO2 (Zr) and vanadium oxide V2O5 (VO) based PANI nanocomposites, denoted as (ZrP for ZrO2/PANI, and VOP for V2O5/PANI) are fabricated using hydrothermal technique in this research work. Morphological and phase investigations validated the random particle shapes with good crystallinity and purity of the samples. The N2 sorption/desorption isotherm reveals a mesoporous feature of the electrodes and the highest BET surface area (36.5 m2/g) with large electroactive sites, which offers abundant faradaic reactions for charge storage. The I-V characteristics confirm their excellent conduction capabilities as well. When utilized as electrodes for SCs in the three-electrode setup, the VOP composite electrode attains the highest capacitance of 1372 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 compared with other active electrodes. Besides that, the VOP electrodes offer superior cyclic stability, with a retention rate of 94.28% even after 7000 consecutive charge/discharge cycles. It has been discovered that the in two electrode VOP asymmetric device exhibited remarkable specific capacitance of 651.36 Fg−1 at 5 mV s−1 demonstrating a significant capacitance retention of 87.6% over 6000 cycles. The results suggest that the material could be a good contender for electrode materials in supercapacitors.

Correction: Enhanced Electron-accepting Properties in Polyaniline, Tungsten, and Polymer Nanocomposites

Correction: Enhanced Electron-accepting Properties in Polyaniline, Tungsten, and Polymer Nanocomposites

Synthesis of eco-friendly polyaniline-zeolite nanocomposite for pollutant remediation: Empowered by robust machine learning algorithm

The present research assesses the synthesis of an eco-friendly polyaniline and zeolite 4A (4 Armstrong) nanocomposite for enhanced adsorption of dye and heavy metal. Zeolite has been synthesized utilizing natural Kutch-sourced Kaolin clay. The materials synthesized were characterized via various instrumental techniques which confirms the formation of the desired materials. The composite exhibits superior performance in removing hazardous pollutants, demonstrating the removal of 98.5 % chromium in 12 min and 99.8% Congo red in 50 min, individually. Furthermore, for simultaneous removal, the composite continued displaying remarkable performance having a removal rate of 99% and 98.5 % for Congo red and chromium, respectively within 50 min, only. The nanocomposite follows the Freundlich isotherm model for chromium removal indicating physisorption and the Langmuir isotherm model for Congo removal signifying chemisorption. Artificial intelligence and machine learning (ML) techniques have been employed on the data set for the simulation of the adsorption percentage of the synthesized adsorbent. Various uncharted data visualizing techniques, including scatter plots, correlation coefficients, and mutual information were applied to explain the correlation between experimental variables. Conventional regression techniques showed poor performance with a high mean squared error (MSE) of 23 and an R2 value of 0.89. However, Bayesian optimization assisted ML model significantly improved the results. The Gaussian process with a polynomial function was the best performer, achieving an R2 value of 0.99 and mean squared error of 0.008. This research highlights the novel synthesis and effectiveness of the adsorbent materials, demonstrating the potential of machine learning in environmental remediation.

Super capacitive electrode performance analysis of facile synthesized α-Fe2O3 aerogel and its nanocomposite with in-situ formed polyaniline (α-Fe2O3/PANI)

This paper presents the synthesis of an α-Fe2O3-assisted polyaniline (α-Fe2O3/PANI) nanocomposite using a straightforward two-step process. Initially, α-Fe2O3 aerogels with cratered nanohexagon structures are synthesized through a solution combustion method assisted by noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit extract. In the second step, these nanohexagons facilitate the preparation of α-Fe2O3/PANI via in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization of anilinium chloride. The structural, optical, and morphological properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDAX). Electrical conductivity, wettability, and electrochemical properties of the prepared materials were assessed. The results indicate that the 2D cratered α-Fe2O3 aerogel is effectively embedded within PANI, forming a modified nano α-Fe2O3/PANI composite. The composite exhibited altered DC conductivity and electrolyte wettability. After 200 cycles of cyclic voltammetry (CV), the specific capacitance of the nano α-Fe2O3/PANI was determined to be 153 Fg⁻¹ at a scan rate of 10 mVs⁻¹, retaining approximately 90 % of its cycle stability. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed significantly lower charge transfer and equivalent series resistance values for the nano α-Fe2O3/PANI electrode compared to the pure α-Fe2O3-based electrode. Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) tests further demonstrated the superior electrochemical performance of the α-Fe2O3/PANI nanocomposite electrode. Therefore, this α-Fe2O3/PANI is an advanced conducting polymeric electrode for electrochemical applications.

A review on metal oxide-doped polyaniline nanocomposites

A review on metal oxide-doped polyaniline nanocomposites

Microwave-assisted bio-derived bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) decorated polyaniline nanocomposite for highly sensitive electrochemical determination of endocrine disruptor bisphenol-A

In the presence of polyaniline (PANI), the novel nanocomposites of PANI-BiOBr bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) were synthesized using a microwave-assisted green synthesis method and used to detect bisphenol A (BPA). By using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical methods, the hybrid PANI-BiOBr nanocomposite was confirmed. The higher conductivity, improve active surface-to-volume ratio, and enhanced electrochemical behaviour of the PANI-BiOBr nanoplatform can be attributed to the synergistic actions of PANI and BiOBr. With a high sensitivity of 11.7 μA (log nM)−1 cm2 and a low limit of detection of 0.19 × 10−9 μM, the constructed PANI-BiOBr sensor exhibits a broad linear range from 0.19 × 10−9 μM to 3.04 × 10−3 μM. In addition, this sensor produced adequate findings with outstanding selectivity, stability, repeatability, and reproducibility. Furthermore, the developed electrochemical PANI-BiOBr nanoplatform is essential in analysing real-world materials to detect BPA. The results obtained from these real sample analyses not only confirmed the effectiveness of the PANI-BiOBr nanocomposite sensor for BPA detection but also underscored its capability to detect other compounds with estrogenic properties, beyond just BPA.

Polyaniline modified exfoliated graphene aerogel as high-performance anion-capture electrode for hybrid capacitive deionization

The synergistic effect between polyaniline (PANI) and graphene nanosheets significantly enhances the monolithic capacitance and cycling stability, making it an attractive choice for use as an anode material in capacitive deionization (CDI). However, traditional preparation processes are usually complex and time-consuming. Herein, we proposed a simplified solid-phase strategy by using air-plasma technique to fabricate 3D puffy graphene aerogel supported PANI (PANI@PG) nanocomposites within 1 s. In this material, elongated dumbbell-shaped PANI particles with diameters of 30–60 nm were firmly anchored and highly dispersed on graphene sheets, meanwhile, the exfoliated graphene sheets with a large interlayer distance of 0.4 nm were well interconnected. It was demonstrated that as prepared PANI@PG is characteristic of 2–50 nm mesopores, which both ensures a sufficient exposure of PANI active sites to electrolyte and favors the Cl− diffusion-intercalation process. The freestanding PANI@PG electrode exhibited excellent figure-of-merits of the salt adsorption capacity (43.5 mg g−1), charge efficiency (88.6 %), and cycling stability (retention of 77.1 % after 40 cycles). This work paves a new way for constructing 3D conducting polymer/graphene nanocomposites with promising applications in CDI and beyond.

Enhancing multifarious properties of polyaniline nanocomposites through metal oxide incorporation

Enhancing multifarious properties of polyaniline nanocomposites through metal oxide incorporation

Synergistic Interaction of Siloxene and Polyaniline Nanocomposite for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes

Synergistic Interaction of Siloxene and Polyaniline Nanocomposite for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes

Salt-resistant hierarchically porous wood sponge coated with graphene flake/polyaniline nanocomposite for interfacial solar steam production and wastewater treatment

This research presents an innovative approach for developing a flexible wood sponge (WS) with a hierarchically porous structure. This unique structure is achieved through a sequential process involving balsa wood delignification, freeze-drying, and subsequent coating with graphene flake (GF)/polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite. The resulting GF/PANI nanocomposite significantly reduces electron transfer resistivity, thereby enhancing heat generation for water evaporation. This results in self-cleaning photoabsorber, benefiting from GF’s salt-rejecting properties, PANI’s ionic network, and the WS’s porous structure. The photoabsorber demonstrates improved mechanical strength, reduced thermal conductivity, and a single water route design atop a drilled insulator foam, effectively minimizing heat loss during solar desalination. Under 1 sun (1 sun = 1 kW m−2) illumination, the photoabsorber achieves an impressive evaporation flux of 1.49 kg m−2h−1 and a high solar to thermal efficiency of 95.51 %. Importantly, continuous 10-cycle testing under 1 sun illumination reveals no salt deposition on the surface. Furthermore, the photoabsorber demonstrates promising applications in wastewater treatment, effectively purifying dye-contaminated seawater and desalinating both acidic and alkaline seawater. The investigation into the GF/PANI nanocomposite’s effect on steam generation, conducted through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte, reveals enhanced interfacial charge transfer, surpassing both PANI and GF due to reduced electrochemical resistance. Evaluation of desalinated seawater and purified wastewater demonstrates a significant decrease in major cation concentrations, meeting WHO and EPA drinking water standards. These findings underscore the potential of the GF/PANI nanocomposite in superior steam generation applications.

Structural and electrical conductivity studies of Polyaniline - WO3 hybrid nanocomposites for gas sensing applications

Abstract Conducting polymer – metal oxide based hybrid nanocomposites are a fascinating class of materials for miniaturized and flexible gas sensor devices. They exhibit enhanced physiochemical properties such as sensitivity, selectivity towards various volatile and hazardous chemical and bioanalytes. Our study focuses on conducting polyaniline (PANI) and WO3 nanocomposites, where different weight percentages (wt.%) of WO3 nanoparticles are embedded within the conducting PANI matrix using an in-situ oxidation polymerization synthesis technique. The surface morphology analysis indicated that the WO3 nanoparticles with an average grain size of ~200 nm are homogeneously distributed within the PANI nanofibers. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrum analysis showed that the absorption peaks at 1111,1291, 1385, 1474, and 1560 cm−1 are typical of the conducting PANI emeraldine phase. We attribute the additional broad peak ranging between 840 to 720 cm−1 in the spectrum to WO3 phase, wherein, the intensity of the peak increases with WO3 content in case of hybrid composites. Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics for all our samples showed linear behaviour up to 1.2 volts. Temperature-dependent DC electrical conductivity (σ) studies measured from room temperature to 120°C for pure PANI, and PANI-WO3 composites showed an enhanced electrical conductivity of values up to 0.12 S/cm for PANI as compared to WO3 with σ ~ 1.4 x 10−3 S/cm. Pure PANI exhibits semiconducting behavior with an increase in electrical conductivity with temperature due to the charge carrier delocalization within the dispersed PANI backbone. The addition of higher concentrations of WO3 in composites leads to a metallic-like behavior, characterized by a decrease in electrical conductivity with temperature. These observations are attributed to the field-assisted band bending effects at the interfaces of PANI and WO3. Our composites show desired electrical characteristics suitable for gas sensing applications.

Low temperature double transition charge transport mechanism in co-doped polyaniline nanocomposites

Low temperature double transition charge transport mechanism in co-doped polyaniline nanocomposites