Polyaniline Hybrid Research Articles

Vanadium-PEDOT-PANI hybrid nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode for enhanced electrochemical and photocatalytic activities

In this work, Vanadium nitride-Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Polyaniline (VN-PEDOT-PANI) hybrid nanocomposite were synthesized by oxidative polymerization and used for detection of mebendazole (MBZ) drug and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. The physicochemical characterization of the VN-PEDOT-PANI composite confirms the two-dimensional (2D) hierarchical porosity of VN and framework of PEDOT-PANI, which provides a binder-free glassy carbon electrode (GCE) supporting the electrochemical catalytic activity. In addition, the formed composite exhibits satisfactory double-layer formation and donor-acceptor behaviour, which supports high-rate capability, good electrochemical cyclic stability, high specific surface area, and electrocatalytic activity towards the detection of mebendazole drug. Furthermore, the versatility of this hybrid composite is confirmed by the improved photocatalytic performance towards the degradation of methylene blue dye and the observation of enhanced efficiency due to the formation of hexagonal morphology of the VN-PEDOT-PANI composite.

Conducting Polymer Hybrids As Diagnostic Chemosensors

Polyaniline is a conducting polymer in which both redox and protonating/deprotonating conduction mechanisms are activated in the presence of gaseous compounds, making it a gas sensor. Resistive chemosensors based on PANI, in particular, have been well studied for their gas sensing properties and are considered important sensing materials for a wide range of applications as they operate at room temperature. There is, however, a novel class of polyaniline hybrids with cellulose acetate that may be suitable for detecting biomarkers emitted from the skin and in measuring the pH of breath condensate for diseases and thus, worth studying them further. This work is our perspective on the need of hybrid PANI-CA materials for use in detecting biomarkers emitted from the skin and in measuring the pH of breath condensate for diseases.

Autonomous Chemistry Enabling Environment-Adaptive Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices

Autonomous Chemistry Enabling Environment-Adaptive Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices

Facile synthesis of paratoluene sulfonic acid assisted S-doped polyaniline hybrid composite for energy storage devices

Facile synthesis of paratoluene sulfonic acid assisted S-doped polyaniline hybrid composite for energy storage devices

Improving the performance of graphite anode in a Microbial Fuel Cell via PANI encapsulated α-MnO2 composite modification for efficient power generation and methyl red removal

In this work, the biosynthesized α-MnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated with a polyaniline (PANI) conducting matrix to form α-MnO2/PANI hybrid composite were fabricated by the in situ polymerization method. The prepared material was characterized through UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, TGA-DTA, DSC, SEM-EDX, cyclic voltammetry, and impedance spectroscopy. A double chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) cell set up with the pencil graphite electrode (PGE) anode modified by α-MnO2/PANI nanocomposite was employed for simultaneous methyl red (MR) decolorization and bioelectricity generation. The influence of MR concentration and its co-substrate glucose under optimum temperature conditions (28 ± 2 °C) was studied. The high decolorization efficiency (DE) of 95.57 ± 2.26%, maximum power density of 820.02 ± 7.86 mW m−2, current density of 1990.34 mA m−2 with a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 74.59 ± 1.57% were achieved using α-MnO2/PANI modified PGE. This was increased by 12.47 times compared to unmodified PGE due to the better surface structure modification of PGE by binary composites. So, the nanocomposite modified anode is capable of maximizing MR decolorization in MFC. As a result, this study provided a future path for renewable energy production and azo dye decolorization from wastewater effluents.

3D reactive printing of polyaniline hybrid hydrogel microlattices with large stretchability and high fatigue resistance for wearable pressure sensors

Conducting polymer hydrogels face difficulties in the combination of high elasticity, large sensitivity and wide response range for flexible pressure sensing. Herein, an intrinsically stretchable polyaniline hybrid hydrogel (PHH) is prepared through a reactive shaping method including two steps. First, a high-viscosity precursor solution containing poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and aniline monomers is submerged into an acid solution containing initiators for the polymerization of aniline, and gelation is quickly formed due to the formation of dense hydrogen bonds between the PAA and PEO chains. Second, the initiators in the acid solution facilitate subsequent in-situ polymerization of aniline confined in the PAA/PEO framework into a 3D polyaniline (PANI) network. Benefiting from the formation of reversible hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions between the PAA/PEO and PANI networks, the resultant PHH exhibits large stretchability and high fatigue resistance. The reactive shaping method facilitates a 3D reactive printing of PHH into pre-designed microlattice structures with high elasticity and electron/ion dual-conducting pathways, which is promising as a stretchable conductor for capacitive pressure sensors. The sensors therefore display high sensitivity (7.10 kPa−1) in a wide detecting range and are capable of detecting complex human motions for wearable sensing applications.

Silver nanoparticles decorated natural products doped polyaniline hybrid materials for biomedical applications

Silver nanoparticles decorated natural products doped polyaniline hybrid materials for biomedical applications

Ternary Fe3o4/Reduced Graphene Oxide /Polyaniline Hybrid Based Supercapacitive Electrode with High-Rate Performance and Good Cycling Stability

Ternary Fe3o4/Reduced Graphene Oxide /Polyaniline Hybrid Based Supercapacitive Electrode with High-Rate Performance and Good Cycling Stability

GNP-CeO2- polyaniline hybrid hydrogel for electrochemical detection of peroxynitrite anion and its integration in a microfluidic platform.

Peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-) is an important in vivo oxidative stress biomarker whose aberrant levels have pathophysiological implications. In this study, an electrochemical sensor for ONOO- detection was developed based on graphene nanoplatelets-cerium oxide nanocomposite (GNP-CeO2) incorporated polyaniline (PANI) conducting hydrogels. The nanocomposite-hydrogel platform exhibited distinct synergistic advantages in terms of large electroactive surface coverage and providing a conductive pathway for electron transfer. Besides, the 3D porous structure of hydrogel integrated the GNP-CeO2 nanocomposite to provide hybrid materials for the evolution of catalytic activity towards electrochemical oxidation of ONOO-. Various microscopic and spectroscopic characterization techniques endorsed the successful formation of GNP-CeO2-PANI hydrogel. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements of GNP-CeO2-PANI hydrogel modified screen-printed electrodes (SPE) were carried out to record the current changes influenced by ONOO-. The prepared sensor demonstrated a significant dose-dependent increase in CV peak current within a linear range of 5-100µM (at a potential of 1.12V), and a detection limit of 0.14 with a sensitivity of 29.35 ± 1.4 μA μM-1. Further, a customized microfluidic flow system was integrated with the GNP-CeO2-PANI hydrogel modified SPE to enable continuous electrochemical detection of ONOO- at low sample volumes. The developed microfluidic electrochemical device demonstrated an excellent sensitivity towards ONOO- under optimal experimental conditions. Overall, the fabricated microfluidic device with hybrid hydrogels as electrochemical interfaces provides a reliable assessment of ONOO- levels. This work offers considerable potential for understanding the oxidative stress-related disease mechanisms through determination of ONOO- in biological samples.

Electrochemical Studies on Corrosion Resistance of Coatings Based on Polyaniline and Silica Gel

Organic acid doped polyaniline (PANI), hybrid with silica gel (SiG) and composites with metal primer have been prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization of double-distilled aniline in an acidic medium at 0-5 °C in an ice bath using ammonium persulphate as oxidant and p-toluene sulphonic acid (p-TSA) as the dopant. The anticorrosive property of PANI coatings containing alkyd primer, zinc chromate and silica gel was investigated. The coatings were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The corrosion studies were carried out in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. On introduction of SiG, PANI, and PANI-SiG hybrid, the corrosion current decreased from 0.03626 μA to 0.007856 μA, 0.02042 μA, and 0.011 μA, respectively. The penetration rates calculated in mm/yr. for the composites: SiG/Primer, PANI/Primer and PANI-SiG/Primer were 0.430× 10-4, 1.110× 10-4, and 0.599 × 10-4, respectively and that of neat primer was 1.977 × 10-4. The corrosion protection efficiency of the primer was improved up to 7% on introduction of the PANI-based fillers. The 5 wt% of 1:1 PANI-SiG/primer composite, which contains 2.5wt% of PANI, showed better results than that of 5wt% PANI in Primer and these results are very close to that of 5wt% SiG/Primer composites.

Physical-Chemical Effects of Nanoparticles on Electropolymerized Polyaniline

The incorporation of nanoparticles on polymer films is possible to obtain materials with desired properties. In the present work, we address the physical-chemical influence of nanoparticles in polymer films by producing and characterizing polyaniline hybrids with SiO2 and Au nanoparticles and comparing them with films with TiO2 nanoparticles. The hybrid films were characterized by SEM, EDS, UV-Vis, AFM, Raman, and cyclic voltammetry. Unlike TiO2 nanoparticles, SiO2 and Au nanoparticles do not promote any noticeable change in polyaniline oxidation state in less acid environments (pH 5.9 and 6.15). However, in those environments, the presence of nanoparticles significantly increases the film's conductivity. At a pH of 1.5 and 3.9, all three kinds of nanoparticles are screened by ions from the solution diminishing their physical-chemical effects on polyaniline. Thus, our results suggest that, in general, nanoparticles don't have any physical-chemical effects on polyaniline films when deposited in acid enough environments but can change their physical and chemical properties when deposited in less acid environments.

Selective sequestration of perfluorinated compounds using polyaniline decorated activated biochar

Poly- and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in wastewater could induce the poisonous effects to the living beings throughout the world. In this present investigation, polyaniline (PANI) decorated activated biochar (AB) hybrid composite (AB@x%PANI, x = 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of PANI) was fabricated for PFCs adsorption via in situ chemical oxidation and co-precipitation with calcination. The physical and chemical properties of AB@x%PANI before and after adsorption were characterized by FTIR, PXRD, XPS, FE-SEM with EDX, HR-TEM, 13C NMR, and TGA analysis. Batch experiments for the effect of contact time, initial PFCs concentration, solution pH, and co-existing cations were conducted for the maximum adsorption capacity of as-synthesized adsorbents. The AB@75%PANI hybrid composite exhibited higher adsorption capacity for the removal of perfluorooctanoic, perfluorooctanesulfonic, and perfluorohexanesulfonic acids than powdered activated carbon, AB, PANI, AB@25%PANI, and AB@50%PANI. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic results demonstrated that the adsorption system using AB@75%PANI hybrid composite followed pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isotherm models. The PFCs adsorption by AB@75%PANI was mainly governed by various interaction forces such as hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, hydrophobic interaction, and surface complexation in the presence of co-existing cations. These findings shed light on how to selectively eliminate PFCs from wastewater.

Biochar-supported polyaniline hybrid for aqueous chromium and nitrate adsorption

Biochar adsorbents can remove environmental pollutants and the remediation of Cr(VI) and nitrate are considered. Cr(VI) is a proven carcinogen causing serious health issues in humans and nitrate induced eutrophication causes negative effect on aquatic systems around the world. Douglas fir biochar (DFBC), synthesized by fast pyrolysis during syn gas production, was treated with aniline. Then, a polyaniline biochar (PANIBC) composite containing 47 wt% PANI was prepared by precipitating PANI on DFBC surfaces by oxidative chemical polymerization of aniline in 2M HCl. PANIBC exhibited a point of zero charge (PZC) of 3.0 and 8.2 m2/g BET (N2) surface area. This modified biochar was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphology and surface elements, and oxidation states by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). PANIBC exhibited positive surface charge below pH 3, making it an outstanding adsorbent, for Cr(VI) removal. Cr(VI) and nitrate removal mechanisms are presented based on XPS analysis. DFBC and PANIBC Cr(VI) and nitrate adsorption data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models with maximum Langmuir adsorption capacities of 150 mg/g and 72 mg/g, respectively. Cr(VI) and nitrate removal at pH 2 and 6 were evaluated by reducing the amount of PANI (9 wt%) dispersed on to DFBC. Adsorption capacities verses temperature studies revealed that both Cr(VI) and nitrate adsorption are endothermic and thermodynamically favored. Regeneration studies were conducted on both DFBC and PANIBC using 0.1M NaOH and PANIBC exhibited excellent sorption capacities for Cr(VI) and nitrate in lake water samples and in the presence of competitive ions.

Highly sensitive and self-powered ultraviolet photodetector based on GaN/poly(styrenesulfonate)/polyaniline hybrid heterojunction

A series of highly sensitive and self-powered ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors were prepared. The photodetectors adopt a p-i-n heterojunction structure composed of a layer of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) grown n-type GaN, a layer of spin coated high resistance poly (styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and a layer of dip-coating applied p-type polyaniline (PANI) synthesized by oxidation reaction. The effects of the thickness of PSS and PANI on device performance were investigated. With the increase of PANI and PSS thickness, the photocurrent increases and reaches the highest value, and then decreases gradually with the further increase of their thickness. The optimized device can rapidly produce a photocurrent of 2.05 μA when illuminated with a 6.7 mW/cm2 UV light at 365 nm without any external power supply. This type of UV photodetector has potential applications in optoelectronics.

A novel non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on NiFe(NPs)–polyaniline hybrid materials

This article was focused on the elaboration of NiFe-Polyaniline glucose sensors via electrochemical technique. Firstly, the PANi (polyaniline) fibers were synthesized by oxidation of the monomer aniline on FTO (fluorine tin oxide) substrate. Secondly, the Nickel–Iron nanoparticles (NiFe (NPs)) were obtained by the Chronoamperometry method on the Polyaniline surface. The NiFe-PANi hybrid electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), force atomic microscopy (AFM), Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrochemical glucose sensing performance of the NiFe alloy nanoparticle was studied by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. The fabricated glucose sensor Ni–Fe hybrid material exhibited many remarkable sensing performances, such as low-response time (4 s), sensitivity (1050 μA mM−1 cm−2), broad linear range (from 10 μM −1 mM), and low limit of detection (LOD) (0.5 μM, S/N = 3). The selectivity, reliability, and stability of the NiFe hybrid material for glucose oxidation were also investigated. All the results demonstrated that the NiFe-PANi/FTO hybrid electrode is very promising for application in electrochemical glucose sensing.

Enhanced electrocatalytic water oxidation using cobalt-based polyaniline hybrid assembly

This study investigates the performances of cobalt-based polyaniline hybrid electrocatalyst towards oxygen evolution reaction. The hybrid materials were prepared electrochemically using different deposition protocols. The prepared electrocatalyst proved to have low overpotential, high current density, high electrochemical surface area, and enhanced oxygen evolution performance. Current-time chronoamperometric response was used to study the stability of the electrode materials toward oxygen evolution. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the deposition protocols were associated with significant changes in the electrode materials' morphology. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy verifies the incorporation of metal ions and illustrates that different deposition protocols significantly alter the film composition. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate the preservation of the crystal structure of Co3O4 after deposition on ITO and Pan.

In situ hybridization of polyaniline on Mn oxide for high-performance supercapacitor

• in situ polymerization of aniline on the surface of oxidative MnO x particles. • MnO x /PANI hybrid electrode displays the capacitance of 647 F g −1 at 1 A g −1 . • A flexible all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor shows 37 Wh kg −1 at 800 W kg −1 . Effective hybridization of Mn oxide with polyaniline (PANI) have exhibited promising potential in improving the electrochemical performances of supercapacitors. Herein, MnO x /PANI hybrid electrode is fabricated by in situ polymerization of aniline on the oxidative MnO x particles via a facile immersion process. The hybrid electrode delivers a high specific capacitance of 647 F g −1 at a current density of 1 A g −1 , which is higher than that of MnO x electrode (56.0 F g −1 at 1 A g −1 ). Moreover, the hybrid electrode shows high rate capability and long-term cycling stability. Such excellent energy storage characteristics are attributed to the unique electrode structure, in which the porous network integrated by short PANI nanorod arrays facilitates the electrolyte access, and in situ polymerization enhances effectively the interaction between MnO x and PANI. A flexible all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor based on the hybrid electrode was then assembled, which delivered a specific energy of 37 Wh kg −1 at a specific power of 800 W kg −1 , and excellent cycling ability. This work provides an effective approach for building a high-performance flexible supercapacitor electrode.

Biosynthesized α-MnO2-based polyaniline binary composite as efficient bioanode catalyst for high-performance microbial fuel cell

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) has novel technological advances in simultaneous power generation and wastewater treatment applications. In this study, low-cost biosynthesized α-MnO2 nanoparticles integration with conducting polyaniline (PANI) matrix to form α-MnO2/PANI hybrid nanocomposite was fabricated by in situ polymerization method. The prepared material was characterized through UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, TGA-DTA, DSC, SEM, cyclic voltammetry, and impedance spectroscopy. MFC performance study was done by using an external resistance in the range of 100 Ω–100 kΩ. The continuous test on bare pencil graphite electrode (PGE), α-MnO2/PGE, PANI/PGE, and α-MnO2/PANI/PGE were evaluated in glucose-fed-Escherichia coli-based MFC. It was found that α-MnO2/PANI/PGE produces a maximum power and current densities of 426.26 ± 38.89 mW m−2 and 2485.51 ± 397.31 mA m−2, respectively. This was 6.5 and 5.7-fold higher in power and current densities than unmodified PGE. The maximum chemical oxygen demand produced by hybrid composite modified anode during closed circuit voltage or with external resistance and open circuit voltage (OCV) (circuit without connecting external resistance) measurements were found to be 88.19% and 92.27%, respectively. A maximum of 650.61 ± 10.11 mV OCV was obtained by α-MnO2/PANI/PGE while 222.36 ± 8.16 mV of OCV was generated by PGE.

In situ preparation of g-C3N4/polyaniline hybrid composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance

The graphic carbon nitride/polyaniline (g-C3N4/PANI) hybrid composites were successfully synthesized by a facile in situ polymerization process under ice water bath. The photocatalytic activities of the g-C3N4/PANI composites were evaluated by using oxytetracycline (OTC) as model pollutants. The optimal g-C3N4/PANI composite (5%PANI: the g-C3N4/PANI hybrid with 5 wt.% of PANI) showed an enhancement degradation rate of 5-fold compared to that of conventional g-C3N4 under simulated-sunlight irradiation. In addition, the 5%PANI demonstrate significantly photocatalytic evolution H2 rate (163.2 μmol/(g⋅hr)) under the visible light irradiation. Furthermore, based on the results of optical performance and electrochemical testing, a possible mechanism was proposed, indicating that the incorporation of PANI into the traditional g-C3N4 can effectively tune the electronic structures, improve the photo-generated electrons-holes separation and enhance extensive absorption of visible light. Such a g-C3N4/PANI hybrid nanocomposites could be envisaged to possess great potentials in practical wastewater treatment and water splitting.

Mechanical properties of intrinsic and defective hybrid polyaniline (C3N)-BC3 nanosheets in the armchair and zigzag configurations: a molecular dynamics study

In this paper, by the means of molecular dynamics simulations, the mechanical properties of defective hybrid C3N-BC3 in both armchair and zigzag arrangements have been studied. For the purpose of using this hybrid in nanotransistors and nonodiodes due to its special electrical properties, the mechanical properties of this nanosheet have been studied under various conditions. First, the failure stress, failure strain, and Young’s modulus of defect-free hybrid C3N-BC3 have been investigated. The findings denoted that the hybrid C3N-BC3 has moderate mechanical properties compared to pure C3N and pure BC3 in both armchair and zigzag structures. Then, the effect of circular and square defects has been investigated and it showed that sheets with circular defects have slightly better mechanical properties. Then, the effect of size, density, and positions of circular defects in both armchair and zigzag configurations have been analyzed and discussed. The findings showed that defects have a weakening impact on mechanical properties including failure stress and strain and Young’s modulus. However, the effect of these flaws on Young’s modulus is less than their effect on failure stress and strain. For instance, by increasing the density of circular holes in the C3N part of the hybrid in the armchair arrangement, the failure stress decreased nearly to about 50% whereas Young’s modulus diminished 15%.