Polyaluminum Silicate Chloride Research Articles

The Efficiency of Polyaluminum Silicate Chloride Coagulants in Nickel Removal from Aqueous Solutions

Background & Aims: Nickel is one of the toxic heavy metals naturally released into the environment through industrial activities. Coagulation and flocculation are one of the available heavy metal removal methods, but experience has shown that high pH and the addition of coagulant aid are usually required to remove nickel by coagulation and flocculation process. This study aimed to examine the efficiency of polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASiC) coagulant in nickel removal from aqueous solutions. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted experimentally on a laboratory scale using the standard jar testing method. We investigated the effect of pH parameters (4-11), amount of coagulant (7.5-75 mg/L based on aluminum), initial metal concentration (10-400 mg/L), and settling time (15-90 minutes). Nickel concentration was measured by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. In this study, t test, between-groups ANOVA, and regression were used for analysis. Results: Results showed that the removal efficiency decreased at higher concentrations of nickel metal. Furthermore, increasing the settling time beyond 30 minutes did not significantly change the removal efficiency. PASiC had a removal efficiency of over 99% at an optimum pH of 8, an optimum PASiC concentration of 15 mg/L, an optimum time of 30 minutes, and a nickel concentration of 10-100 mg/L. Conclusion: According to the results, the use of PASiC as a coagulant is a suitable option for removing nickel from polluted wastewater.

Preparation of a PASi-P(AM-ADB) hybrid flocculant and efficiently removal bio-refractory organics from coking wastewater

Bio-refractory organic contaminants (BOC) originating from coking wastewater is a severe threat to the environment and human health. The efficient pretreatment of coking wastewater is necessary to decrease the stress of the biological treatment stage. For pretreatment, the development of effective flocculants is needed. In this work, a novel inorganic–organic hybrid flocculant, polyaluminum silicate chloride–polyacrylamide–acryloyloxyethyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (PASi-P(AM-ADB)), was prepared and its flocculation behavior for raw coking wastewater were investigated. Flocculation results showed that this hybrid flocculant exhibited significantly higher removal efficiency than two other common flocculants, polyaluminum chloride and cationic polyacrylamide. Gratifyingly, the PASi-P(AM-ADB) can also efficiently remove refractory organic contaminants during the process of flocculation, as demonstrated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Particularly, several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, defined as persistent organic pollutants, are removed completely. Here, we demonstrated that this new hybrid flocculant presented outstanding flocculation properties as well as high-efficient removal of some special BOC from raw coking wastewater. This work might provide new insights into the design of functional inorganic–organic hybrid flocculants and enhance the treatment of complex industrial wastewater.

Bio-refractory organics removal and floc characteristics of poly-silicic-cation coagulants in tertiary-treatment of coking wastewater

Poly-silicic-cation coagulants are increasingly being used to remove the bio-refractory organic compounds from industrial wastewaters, yet the research on the interactions between the coagulants and organics remains limited. In this study, three composite coagulant poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC), poly-ferric-silicate-chloride (PFSiC) and poly-aluminum-ferric-silicate-chloride (PAFSiC) were prepared and examined as tertiary-treatment coagulants for coking wastewater. Excitation-emission fluorescence (EEM) spectra and gas chromatograph/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) were applied to characterize composition of the organics, and the floc characteristics were monitored using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer and a particle vision system. The results show that a board range of organics including microbial metabolites, fulvic acid and humic acid-like fluorophores and polymeric aromatic hydrocarbons, can be removed by PAFSiC. This is attributed to the synergetic removal of organic compounds by aluminum and iron based poly-silicic salts. Compared with PASiC and PFSiC, the resultant flocs of PAFSiC have the moderate size and porous inner structure, with more branch-like units but less agglomeration. The structure is favorable for capture, adsorption and enmeshment of the bio-refractory organic compounds from the bio-treated coking wastewater. This study indicates that the organic removal is closely related to floc characteristics and PAFSiC can be used as an effective and promising coagulant for tertiary-treatment of coking wastewater.

Comparison of polyaluminum silicate chloride and electrocoagulation process efficiency in removal Of nitrate from aqueous solutions

چکیده فارسی: مقدمه: آلودگی آب به نیترات ازطریق منابع کشاورزی وفاضلاب های خانگی اتفاق می افتد. وجود مقادیربالای نیترات درآب شرب مخاطره آمیز بوده وبایستی تاحدمجاز تعیین شده دررهنمودهای سازمان جهانی بهداشت تقلیل یابد.. روش کار: اين بررسي يك مطالعه تجربي در مقياس آزمايشگاهي است كه بصورت پايلوت در تصفيه خانه آب شهر قوچان اجرا گرديد. آزمایشات نیترات بوسیله منعقد کننده های پلی آلومینیوم کلراید سیلیکاته (PASIC) و اتعقاد الکتریکی (Electro- coagulation ) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته : نتایج نشان دادکه هردو این روشها توانایی حذف نیترات ازمحلول های آبی را تا کمتر از رهنمودهای سازمان جهانی بهداشت دارد. pH، اختلاف پتانسیل الکتریکی و غلظت اولیه نیترات تاثیرمستقیم برراندمان حذف نیترات ازمحلول های آبی رادارد. نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد که منعقد کننده PASIC و فرایند انعقاد الکتریکی بترتیب نیز قادر به حذف 65 و 55 درصد نیترات می باشد به گونه ای که بیشترین درصد حذف نیترات در ولتاژ30 ولت و زمان ماند60 دقیقه و 10 pH= مشاهده می گردد. نتايج آزمون آماري SPSS نشان داد كه ميانگين غلظت در تمامي متغيير ها در آب خام ورودي و بعد از انجام فرايند اختلاف معني داري وجود دارد (05/0 < P). بحث و نتیجه گیری: در حذف نیترات منعقد کننده PASIC کارایی بهتری نسبت به فرایند انعقاد الکتریکی دارد. با توجه کارایی بهتر PASIC درغلظت کم و pH طبیعی اب شرب نسبت به فرایند انعقاد الکتریکی هم از لحاظ اقتصادی مقرون بصرفه است. میزان یون آلومینیوم باقیمانده در هر دو روش کمتر از رهنمودهای سازمان جهانی بهداشت و استاندارد آب شرب در ايران است ، به لحاظ هزینه و کارای مناسب ،برای جایگزینی در تصفیه خانه های آب شرب قابل طرح است نتایج حاصل ازمطالعه، باموارد مشابه انجام شده توسط محققین دیگرهمخوانی دارد

탁도와 총유기탄소 제거를 위한 최적응집제 및 투여량 선정 연구

본 연구는 급격한 수질변화에 따른 현장 적용에 적합한 응집제를 선정하고, 응집제 별 최적 주입량을 찾기 위해 aluminium sulfate, poly aluminum chloride, poly aluminum silicate chloride를 이용하여 Jar-Test와 Pilot-Test의 검증으로 실험 하였다. 분석 항목은 탁도, TOC, pH로 제거율을 측정하였다. 실험 결과를 바탕으로 PASC의 경우 기존 응집제 인 Alum이나 PAC 보다 최적 주입량 (15 mg/L)이 상대적으로 적었으며, 제거율도 높게 나타남을 확인할 수 있었다. Jar-Test에서는 원수 탁도 3-20 NTU 범위에서 응집제(PASC)의 최적 주입량을 주입하였을 때, 탁도 제거율(80%)과 TOC 제거율(89%)이 가장 높았으며, Pilot-Test에서는 원수 탁도 3.6-27 NTU 범위에서 응집제 최적 주입량을 주입하였을 때 탁도 제거율(82%)과 TOC 제거율(88%)을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 응집제의 제거 효과는 원수 탁도와 TOC가 높아질수록 상승하는 경향을 확인할 수 있었다. 【Three coagulants, alum sulfate(alum), poly aluminum chloride(PAC) and poly aluminum silicate chloride (PASC), were used to remove low to high turbidity and TOC in surface and ground blended water. Laboratory experiments and pilot plant experiments were carried out to evaluate the optimal coagulant and its dosage. To determine the optimized coagulant and its dosage, the turbidity, TOC and pH were measured. The experimental results showed the best removal performance using PASC. The optimal dosage of PASC between 3-20 NTU was found to be 15 mg/L in the jar test. In the pilot test, a 15 mg/L PASC dosage was applied and resulted in the efficient removal of turbidity and TOC between 3.6-27 NTU. The removal efficiency of PASC increased with increasing turbidity and TOC.】

Effect of Al species in polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASiC) on its coagulation performance in humic acid–kaolin synthetic water

The relative importance of three different Al species (Ala, Alb and Alc) in polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASiC) was investigated in terms of coagulation removal efficiency and floc characteristic during the coagulation of humic acid–kaolin clay (HA–Kaolin) synthetic solution. Coagulation performance of PASiC (Al/Si molar ratio of 10:1) was also compared with that of polyaluminum chloride (PAC). Three PASiC coagulants with Ala, Alb and Alc dominant in one of them were denoted as PASiCa, PASiCb and PASiCc, respectively. The results showed that PASiCb performed the best turbidity and DOC removal, followed by PASiCc and PASiCa, while PASiCb and PASiCc removed UV254 more efficiently than PASiCa. At low dosages (1–4mg/L), flocs formed by PASiCb and PASiCc coagulation had higher zeta potential than those by PASiCa coagulation. However, order of zeta potential was PASiCa>PASiCc>PASiCb at high dosage of 18mg/L. Both coagulation efficiency and zeta potential were observed to be maximal at pH of 6. Zeta potential of formed flocs formed by PASiCc coagulation was the highest followed by PASiCb and PASiCa (in decreasing order) in pH range of 4–8, while PASiCa coagulation showed highest zeta potential followed by PASiCb and PASiCc at pH 9. The average size of flocs formed by three PASiC coagulants varied according to the following order: PASiCa>PASiCb>PASiCc. The floc equivalent diameters obtained by PASiCb coagulation were invariable with pH variation. Strength factors and recovery factors of flocs formed by PASiCc coagulation were larger than those by PASiCa and PASiCb coagulation within all investigated pHs.

Fractionation of residual Al in natural water treatment from reservoir with poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC): Effect of OH/Al, Si/Al molar ratios and initial pH

An aluminum fractionation study was conducted for a surface reservoir water treatment to understand the performance of poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC) in terms of the residual Al fractions as a function of initial pH. The coagulation performance expressed as turbidity and organic matter removal was established as supporting data. Some extra data were evaluated in terms of the residual Al ratio of the composite PASiC coagulant. The main residual Al sources were the Al fractions derived from the use of PASiC. The turbidity and organic matter removal ability was optimal at initial pH 6.00–7.00, while the concentrations of various residual Al species and the residual Al ratio of PASiC were minimal at an initial pH range of 7.00–8.00. Under the conditions of OH/Al molar ratio = 2.00 and Si/Al molar ratio = 0.05, PASiC had superior coagulation performance and comparatively low residual Al concentrations. The Al fraction in the composite PASiC coagulant seldom remained under such conditions. Experimental data also indicated that the suspended (filterable) Al fraction was the dominant species, and organic-bound or organo-Al complex Al was considered to be the major species of dissolved Al in water treated by PASiC coagulation. Additionally, the dissolved inorganic monomeric Al species dominated the dissolved monomeric Al fraction.

Biological and Intensive Coagulating Treatment for Waste Water from Coating White Paperboard Mill

A general three stages process to treat the integrated waste water in a laboratory scale, including anaerobic, aerobic and intensive coagulating treatment, was discussed in this paper. After being filtrated and coagulation simply, the effluent was treated with two steps of biological process combined with one step of intensive coagulation process. The result shows that the chemical impurities, including COD, BOD, colored substances and turbidity were removed efficiently,and after anaerobic biological treatment, effluent become easy to be biologically treated, and after aerobic aeration treatment, the BOD of the effluent from the clarifier was lower than 25 mg/l，and the BOD total removal ratio was as high as 90%. The result shows also that when poly aluminum silicate chloride (PASC) combing with APAM was effective to remove the colored substances more than 95%. Being treated for the three stages, the water quality of the treated effluent was higher than that discharge requirements by National Effluent Discharge Standards in China.

Comparison of polyaluminum silicate chloride and electrocoagulation process, in natural organic matter removal from surface water in Ghochan, Iran

Removal of natural organic matter (NOM) is one of the most important objectives of water treatment plants but reducing these pollutants either present in water as dissolved or suspended form is not as efficient as is required in conventional treatment plants. The purpose of this study was comparison performance of composite polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASiC) and electrocoagulation (EC) process by aluminum electrodes in NOM removal from raw surface water. In this study, the effects of turbidity, total organic compounds (carbons) (TOC), adsorption at a wavelength of 254 nm (UV254), chemical oxygen demand (COD), alkalinity, residual aluminum in finished water by application of EC process and PASiC were investigated. The results demonstrate that PASiC coagulant at optimum concentration of 1–5 ml/L was capable of removing TOC, COD, U.V., and turbidity from raw water by 93.77, 93.5, 63 and 95 %, respectively. In contrast, EC process, removed TOC, COD, UV and turbidity from raw water by 89, 99.75, 37 and 50%, respectively. The pilot-scale results demonstrated the significant advantage of PASiC compared to EC process in removal of NOM and turbidity form raw water. Residual aluminum in finished water was below the recommended WHO guidelines 0.2 mg/L for both processes. Finally it can be concluded that PASiC and EC process are reliable, efficient and cost-effective methods for removal of NOM from surface water.

Effect of OH −/Al 3+ and Si/Al molar ratios on the coagulation performance and residual Al speciation during surface water treatment with poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC)

Coagulation performance, mechanism of poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC) and residual Al speciation in the effluent with respect to a specific surface water treatment in China were comprehensively investigated in this study. The impact of OH −/Al 3+ and Si/Al molar ratios on the coagulation performance, mechanism and residual Al speciation of PASiC in surface water treatment was discussed as a function of coagulant dosage. It was intended to provide an insight into the relationship between coagulation performance and residual Al. Experimental results revealed that when OH −/Al 3+ molar ratio = 2.00 and Si/Al molar ratio = 0.0500 in PASiC coagulant, PASiC exhibited beneficial coagulation property and relatively lower content of residual Al. Surface bridging and entrapment was more effective compared with charge neutralization during the specific surface water treatment. The majority of residual Al in the effluent existed in the form of insoluble suspended or particulate Al. Dissolved organically bound Al was almost the major speciation in dissolved Al and dissolved inorganically bound monomeric Al was the only component in dissolved monomeric Al. Al in PASiC remained abundant at lower dosages and residual Al concentration could be effectively reduced at the dosages of 12.0–15.0 mg/L as Al.

Study of the Coagulation Property of Polyaluminum Silicate Chloride Coagulants Prepared with Ultrasonic‐Assisted NaOH Dosing

Polyaluminum Silicate Chloride (PASiC) is a new water treatment coagulant. It contains silica that can be hydrolyzed to produce SiO2 as coagulant aid. Hence, this coagulant consumes little alkalinity and is effective at low dosages. It is, therefore, especially suitable for treating water of low alkalinity and low turbidity. When manufacturing PASiC, the alkalinity solution involved in the polymeric reaction must be added slowly to the aluminum salt solution to avoid local over‐saturation which enhances the production of high‐valence medium polymer species (Alb) (e.g. Al12AlO4(OH)24 7+, Al13). In this research, the use of an ultrasonic vibrating system to assist the alkalinity dosing during the formation of PASiC was studied. The ultrasonic vibrating system breaks up the NaOH solution into fine mists so that the latter can be more evenly dispersed into the aluminum silica solution to avoid local over‐saturation. This ultrasonic‐assisted NaOH dosing method leads to a more stable polymerization of aluminum changing ratios of Ala, Alb, and Alc in the final product and raising the Alb portion in the coagulant. Long‐term observations also show that PASiC prepared with the ultrasonic‐aided NaOH dosing at 0.25 mL/min is more effective in removing turbidity.

A study on the removal of organic substances from low-turbidity and low-alkalinity water with metal-polysilicate coagulants

The coagulants of poly-aluminum-chloride (PAC), poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC) and poly-aluminum-ferric-silicate-chloride (PAFSiC) were prepared in this study to evaluate their coagulation efficiencies and mechanisms in synthetic low-turbidity and low-alkalinity water containing organic matter. The experimental results show that PASiC and PAFSiC could remove the kaolin turbidity of the synthetic water with or without salicylic acid present. On the other hand, when the synthetic water contained both kaolin and humic acid in low turbidity and alkalinity, PAC would remove the turbidity but charge reversal of the colloidal particles would occur easily. Also, effective coagulation was limited to a very narrow dosage range. Conversely, the dosage range for the effective coagulation of both PASiC and PAFSiC was wider, although a higher dosage was required to remove the turbidity of wastewater. Therefore, the effective removal of turbidity was not only related to the kind of coagulant, but also to the types of organic matter. The coagulants PASiC and PAFSiC, particularly, proved themselves to be superior to the PAC in the treatment of low-turbidity water.

Coagulation performance of polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASiC) for water and wastewater treatment

A series of polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASiC) composite coagulants were prepared by two approaches: (1) hydroxylation of the mixture of AlCl 3 and fresh polysilicate (PASiC c); (2) hydroxylated polyaluminum chloride (PAC) combined with fresh polysilicate (PASiC m). Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate PASiC in comparison with PAC for the coagulation of water and wastewater and to investigate the effects of preparation technique, [OH]/[Al] ratio (i.e. γ value), pH, Al/Si ratio, and temperature on the coagulation performance of PASiC. The experimental results showed that PASiC performed more efficiently than PAC did in removing algae, turbidity, oil, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phosphate (TP). At the same Al/Si ratios, PASiC c achieved slightly greater removal of turbidity than PASiC m did. However, the difference became less significant at higher dosages. The results also demonstrated that the coagulation efficiency of PASiC was better at greater γ values and that PASiC became unstable during aging at very high γ values. The optimum coagulation pH range of PASiC c at a γ value of 2.0 and an Al/Si ratio of 10 was found to be 6.0–8.5, slightly wider than that of PAC (6.0–8.0).

Properties and Coagulation Performance of Coagulant Poly-Aluminum-Ferric-Silicate-Chloride in Water and Wastewater Treatment

An efficient inorganic polymer coagulant, poly-aluminum-ferric-silicate-chloride (PAFSC), was developed using two approaches: (i) hydroxylation of the mixture of AlCl3, FeCl3 and fresh polysilicic acid in different Al/Fe/Si molar ratios to obtain PAFSCc and (ii) hydroxylated poly-aluminum-iron-chloride (PAFC) combined with aged polysilicic acid in different Al/Fe/Si ratios to produce PAFSCm. The properties of PAFSC in comparison with polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASC) and polyferric silicate chloride (PAFC) were characterized by various experimental methods. The effect of Al/Fe/Si molar ratio on the hydrolysis-polymerization process of Al (III) and Fe (III) in PAFSC solutions was examined by pH titration, and the effect of Al/Fe/Si molar ratio on electrokinetic mobility of PAFSC was studied by Zeta potential measurement. The laboratory experiments were performed to evaluate the PAFSC in comparison with polyaluminum chloride (PAC) for the coagulation of synthetic water samples, actual surface water and wastewater. The results show that interactions exist among aluminum species, ferric species and polysilicic acid, and the Al/Fe/Si molar ratio affects the Zeta potential of the hydrolyzate and the coagulating performance. PAFSC achieved a better water treatment result than PAC. At the same basicity (B) value and Al/Fe/Si ratio, PAFSCc has better coagulation performance than PAFSCm. PAFSC is a new type and high efficiency composite inorganic polymer coagulant.

Evaluating the Coagulants of Polyaluminum Silicate Chlorides on Turbidity Removal

Abstract Polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASiC) is a new inorganic coagulant and has different characters from other cationic inorganic products used in water treatment. The optimal formulas and conditions to produce and use PASiC are not thoroughly well‐known. PASiC can be formed by treating AlCl3 solution with silicate compounds and the insoluble aluminum silicates are produced thereafter. It has been found that partially decreasing alum acidity with silicate would form a more stable solution than polyaluminum chloride (PAC). PASiC may enhance aggregation by the silicate in it to remove turbidity especially for the water of low turbidity and alkalinity. In this research, a series of PASiC coagulants were produced from the different basicities (B) and Al/Si molar ratios at the different aging temperatures and aging times. Accordingly, PASiCs prepared by the different basicities (B) and Si/Al molar ratios were added in a synthetic water with low turbidity and alkalinity to evaluate the efficiency of PASiC...

Al-Ferron kinetics and quantitative calculation of Al(III) species in polyaluminum chloride coagulants

The effect of prehydrolysis and the presence of silicate and/or sulfate on polyaluminum coagulants were investigated. A new Al-Ferron kinetics method was developed to monitor and calculate Al speciation. The results showed that the Al-Ferron kinetics fit a binary pseudo first order rate equation. Sulfate and silicate had different influences on Al-Ferron kinetics. Al-Ferron complexation timed spectrophotometry is the commonly used method of determining Al speciation but this new Al-Ferron kinetics calculation method shows different species distributions. For all the coagulants except polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASiC), the new method yielded higher Al b and lower Al a values. The Al(III) chemical species calculated using Al-Ferron kinetics is more consistent with the experimental results.

Coagulation Efficiency and Residual Aluminum Content of Polyaluminum Silicate Chloride in Water Treatment

AbstractA series of polyaluminum silicate chlorides (PASC), which have different OH—/Al and Al/Si molar ratios, has been prepared by a copolymerization technique and a composite technique, after which the coagulation efficiency and the residual aluminum content of PASC for water treatment were compared with polyaluminum chloride (PAC) by jar test. The experimental results show that PASC has better coagulation efficiency and lower residual aluminum content than PAC, and the PASC prepared by the copolymerization technique gives a better coagulating effect than that prepared by the composite technique. In addition, the OH—/Al and Al/Si molar ratios have some effect on the coagulation effect and residual aluminum content of PASC in treated water. With increasing OH—/Al molar ratio and decreasing Al/Si molar ratio, the residual turbidity and residual aluminum content in treated water diminishes. The pH of the water sample also affects the residual aluminum content of the water and there is a lower residual aluminum content in the neutral pH range.

Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC)—a new type of composite inorganic polymer coagulant

Abstract A new inorganic polymer coagulant, poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC), was prepared by two approaches: (1) hydroxylation of the mixture of AlCl3 and fresh polysilicic acid in Al/Si ratios ≥5, (PASiCc); (2) hydroxylated poly-aluminum-chloride (PAC) combined with polysilicic acid aged 2 h in Al/Si ratios ≥5, (PASiCm). The hydrolysis-polymerization process of Al(III) in PASiC solution was examined with pH titration method. The performances of PASiC in comparison with PAC were characterized by various experimental methods. The results have shown that there exist some interactions between aluminum species and polysilicic acid, especially at low basicity (B) value, which can play a part in the chemical structure, the molecular weight distribution, the electrokinetic characteristics and the coagulating properties of PASiC. The complexes formed when different charged aluminum species and polysilicic acid are combined have a less positive charge but a larger molecular weight than the corresponding aluminum hydrolysis products at the same pH value. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the aggregating efficiency and charge effectiveness when developing PASiC coagulant. In general, PASiC has shown a high coagulation effect, superior to that of PAC for both turbidity and color removal.

The chemical species distribution and transformation of polyaluminum silicate chloride coagulant

The chemical species distributions of polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASC) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) determined by Al–Ferron complexation timed spectrophotometric and 27Al-NMR methods, respectively, have been compared and analyzed. The experimental results show that the species distribution and transformation of PASC are different from those of PACl, due to the interaction of polysilicic acid and hydrolyzed aluminum species. At the same basicity ( B), the contents of, Al b , Al 13 and the monomer species Al mono (also determined by 27Al-NMR) in PASC are lower than those in PACl, while the contents of Al c and the Al other determined by 27Al-NMR in PASC are higher than those in PACl. The differences between PASC and PACl with respect to these species enlarge as the molar ratio of Al/Si in PASC decreases. Further, in PACl the ratio of Al 13 to Al b closes to 1.0, indicating that the amount of the two fractions are similar. In PASC, however, such an agreement does not exist at the lower B values and Al/Si molar ratios. When the B value and Al/Si molar ratios increase, however, the amount of Al 13 and Al b species tends to close. The study findings indicate that polysilicic acid can react with hydrolyzed aluminum species to form an aluminum silicate polymer composite and result in the change in species distribution of PASC.