Polyolefin Research Articles

Effect of morphological properties on the particle size distribution measurements and modelling of porous and nonspherical aerosol behaviour

Estimating the time evolution of the suspended aerosol concentration in nuclear reactor containment is critical in assessing the environmental source term during severe accident conditions. Morphological properties of porous and non-spherical aerosol particles are necessary to convert the measured equivalent size distributions to actual size distributions and modelling the aerosol processes. Towards this, the dynamics of liquid PAO (Poly Alpha Olefin) and metal aerosol (non-radioactive fission product equivalent SrO2; and structural steel) are studied individually in a 1 m3 closed chamber. The effect of initial particle size distributions (PSDs) based on different equivalent diameters and the morphological properties on realistic modeling of experimental results is analysed. Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor (ELPI) and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) are used to measure concentration decay and size growth. The aerosol dynamics model is validated with PAO aerosol data and applied to metal aerosol. Modelled dynamics using both the aerodynamic and effective density (ρe) corrected mobility equivalent PSDs of ELPI (APSD and MEPSD) agree with the measured values within 10% deviation for PAO aerosol, which are spherical with ρe (0.82 g cm−3) slightly differed from 1 g cm−3. Modelled dynamics using APSD significantly deviate around 77.5–137% for the porous and non-spherical/fractal metal aerosols, irrespective of the morphological properties explicitly used to model the aerosol processes with marginal effect. As ρe of SrO2 and steel aerosols (3.16 and 3.34 g cm−3) are >1 g cm−3, aerodynamic distribution underestimates the coagulation phenomenon, the primary aerosol dynamics process to a larger extent. The mobility equivalent size distributions of ELPI model the aerosol dynamics within 6–23% deviation, as supported by SMPS measurements. This study can be extended to ascertain the input parameters required for improved estimations of sodium combustion aerosol dynamics, which has added complexity of hygroscopic growth and time-varying chemical speciation.

Effects of Ti3C2Tz MXene nanoparticle additive on fluidic properties and tribological performance

Nanoparticle additives are known to enhance a range of fluidic properties, including thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and viscosity. Ti3C2Tz nanosheets exhibit high thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and mechanical strength, making them promising candidates as lubricant additives. In this work, we evaluate the performance of Ti3C2Tz as an additive to enhance the heat transfer, rheological properties, and tribological performance of silicone and Polyalphaolefin (PAO) oils. The acid-etched Ti3C2Tz nanosheets were synthesized and characterized by SEM, XRD, and XPS to confirm etching. The nanofluids were produced by dispersing the Ti3C2Tz nanosheets in silicone and PAO oils at different loadings. Experimental results showed that adding Ti3C2Tz improved thermal conductivity by 16 % and 23 % in silicone and PAO oils, respectively. The rheological data revealed that adding Ti3C2Tz nanosheets reduced the viscosity by 12.3 % (at 0.09 wt%) and 18.1 % (0.04 wt%) in silicone and PAO oil, respectively. This non-Einstein viscosity reduction can be attributed to the disruption of intermolecular bonding of base oil molecule. The addition of Ti3C2Tz reduced the friction by 23 % (0.09 wt%) and 65 % (0.04 wt%) in silicone and PAO oils, respectively. The improved properties and reduced fluidic drag in viscosity and friction lead to potential applications in (electrical) vehicles that will be helpful in attaining improved fuel economy.

Simultaneous effect of magnetic nanoparticles additive and noble metal coating on carbonyl iron-based magnetorheological fluid

Magnetorheological (MR) fluid is an intelligent fluid that is strongly influenced by an external magnetic field. These fluids are prepared by introducing micron-sized magnetic particles such as carbonyl iron into nonaqueous fluids. The main challenge in those systems containing these fluids such as shock absorbents and abrasive fluids is the instability and sedimentation of magnetic particles in the base fluid. The main aim of the study is to provide stable carbonyl iron (CI)-based magnetorheological fluids with desired efficiency and as much yield stress. In this context, we synthesized Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles as additives via high-energy ball milling. This is followed by coating the pristine CI particles with silver via a green-assisted coprecipitation method, using honey as a reducing agent to convert AgNO3 to Ag nanoparticles. The as-produced samples were characterized by the means of XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and TEM. Four types of prepared MR fluids were a CI based, ferrite nanoparticles additive-CI-based MR, Ag-coated CI-based MR, and a combination of the second and third states in the presence of poly alpha olefin oil as the carrier liquid and oleic acid as surfactant agent. The results revealed that the density of the Ag-coated CI was reduced to almost half the density of pristine CI particles. Furthermore, the results of the rheology test on CI-based and CI/Ni Zn ferrite MRs showed an increase in yield stress from 38,000 Pa to 46,000 Pa due to the presence of nickel-zinc ferrite particles. However, magnetorheological fluids based on carbonyl iron particles coated with silver nanoparticles showed a decrease in yield stress (29,700 Pa) because the magnetic property of CI particles has decreased by coating. Magnetorheological fluid based on carbonyl iron particles coated with silver nanoparticles and additive of nickel-zinc ferrite nanoparticles had yield stress similar to magnetorheological fluid based on iron carbonyl particles (38,000 Pa) but with more stability from 55% to 70%.

Experimental Study on Dissolution Stability and Dispersion and their Influence on Tribological Properties for Reducing Friction and Prolonging Life of Armored Vehicle Engine Lubricating Oil Additives

A lubricating oil additive for armored vehicle engine was synthesized by ultrasonic dispersion and physical blending with polyisobutylene and poly alpha olefin as polymer matrix, nanoBN and nanoALN as antifriction materials and polyisobutylene succinimide as surfactant. Polymer-based lubricating oil additive, hydroxyl magnesium silicate powder additive, commercial anti-wear repairing agent Goldway and commercial anti-wear protective agent Chief were dispersed into 10W-40 armored vehicle engine special lubricating oil according to a certain mass fraction. The dissolution stability of different lubricating oil additives in lubricating oil was investigated by standing test. The effects of ultrasonic time and temperature on the dispersion of different kinds of lubricating oil additives in lubricating oil are investigated by using ultrasonic disperser and particle size analyzer. The MDW-5G multifunctional end-face friction and wear tester is used to simulate the actual working process of cylinder liner-piston ring in armored vehicles during driving, and tribological tests were carried out under conventional working conditions to evaluate the tribological properties of different lubricating oil additives. Scanning electron microscope was used to measure and analyze the wear surface morphology and friction interface elements after tribological test, and the lubrication mechanism of lubricating oil additives is revealed. The results show that the polymer-based lubricating oil additive has good dissolution stability and dispersion in lubricating oil. Compared with pure lubricating oil, the average friction coefficient of lubricating oil containing 3wt% polymer-based additives is 0.085, and the friction coefficient decreases by 38.8%. During the friction process, polymer-based lubricating oil additives form a self-repairing oil film to cover the surface of the sample through a series of complex physical and chemical reactions, which reduces the friction and wear between the grinding pairs and improves the lubricating performance of lubricating oil.

Thermal Analysis of a Reactive Variable Viscosity TiO2-PAO Nanolubricant in a Microchannel Poiseuille Flow.

This paper examines the flow structure and heat transfer characteristics of a reactive variable viscosity polyalphaolefin (PAO)-based nanolubricant containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in a microchannel. The nonlinear model equations are obtained and numerically solved via the shooting method with Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg integration scheme. Pertinent results depicting the effects of emerging thermophysical parameters on the reactive lubricant velocity, temperature, skin friction, Nusselt number and thermal stability criteria are presented graphically and discussed. It is found that the Nusselt number and thermal stability of the flow process improve with exothermic chemical kinetics, Biot number, and nanoparticles volume fraction but lessen with a rise in viscous dissipation and activation energy.

Degradation Effects of Base Oils after Thermal and Electrical Aging for EV Thermal Fluid Applications

This study presents the experimental results of the effects on base oils after thermal and electrical aging to determine key parameters of next-generation fluids for thermal management in electric vehicles. The test fluids selected were a mineral base oil API G-III, an API G-IV Polyalphaolefin (PAO), a diester, and a polyolester, all of which had similar kinematic viscosity (KV100 = 4 cSt). All were initially characterized with measurements of density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, breakdown voltage, resistivity, and dissipation factor. They underwent two separate aging processes, one thermal, heating the test fluid at 150 °C for 120 h with a copper strip as a catalyst; and the second one an electrical aging process, with the application of 1000 breakdown voltage discharges. The same properties were measured again after each aging process and compared to the initial ones. It was found that the thermal properties ranged with similar values and did not suffer major changes after the aging processes, unlike electrical properties, which vary between samples and after thermal and electrical stress. The insights gained from this study have implications for both the development of next-generation e-thermal fluids and the future standardization of these fluids for EV thermal management applications. The findings of this study underscore the significance of formulating and selecting a suitable dielectric fluid for EV thermal management. By leveraging the insights provided, researchers and engineers can advance in the development of efficient and reliable e-thermal fluids while working towards future standardization to enhance the performance and safety of EV battery systems.

Tribological properties and synergetic self-lubricating mechanism of PS-PAO based nanocapsules with MoDTC addtives

With development of encapsulation technology, analysis of dependent nano-scaled microcapsule is significant to intensively understand self-lubrication behavior. In this paper, polystyrene (PS)-poly alpha olefin (PAO) capsules were synthesized with PAO as core and PS as shell. The diameter, shell thickness and encapsulated rate of PS-PAO4 were 381.51 ± 25.44 nm, 40 nm and 43.29 wt.%. The friction coefficient (COF) of PS-PAO4 by SRV friction test was 0.089, which played intermediate between PS nanosphere and PAO oil. Comprehensive analysis with Hamrock-Dowson equation and classical Stribeck curve manifested that the PS-PAO nanocapsules and PS nanospheres stayed in mixed lubrication regime, and PAO oil stayed in the boundary lubrication regime. Due to the absence of lubrication, PS dry friction and asperities contact status were more significant to determine the lubrication state of PS-PAO4 sample. The influence factors including load, operating temperature, PAO types and molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) addtives were respectively investigated. A three-stage decline curve of PS-PAO4/MoDTC was found with final COF of 0.015, which the COF value decreased by 83.15% compared by PS-PAO4. The synergetic self-lubricating mechanism was mainly determined by asperity contacts, PS debris grinding, FeS tribofilm formation of MoDTC additives and counterparts, transfer film and third body formation by PS, MoDTC, PAO oil and counterparts. This work provides intensive understanding of nanocapsules for mixed lubrication regime and is expected to apply in ultrathin coating, liquid lubricant additives and functional polishing abrasives under heavy-duty and low speed conditions.

Highly Improved Dielectric and Thermal Performance of Polyalphaolefin Oil-Based Fluids Using MgO Nanoparticles

Polyalphaolefin (PAO) oil is widely used as a dielectric liquid due to its outstanding dielectric strength, high flash point, good oxidation resistance, and stability. The dispersion of MgO nanoparticles in PAO yields nanofluids with many properties superior to base oils. This study clarifies the influence of MgO nanoparticles on the dielectric properties (breakdown voltage, volume resistivity, and relative permittivity) and heat transfer properties of PAO/MgO nanofluids. Changes in the concentration and size and the modification of MgO nanoparticles with surfactants change the dielectric and thermal performance of PAO/MgO nanofluids. Using PAO/MgO nanofluids as raw material to prepare dielectric fluid obtains a product with higher dielectric strength and thermal conductivity than those using PAO. The results show that PAO/MgO nanofluid-based dielectric fluid has the potential to be applied as a soft coating to protect electronic equipment in industries.

Studying the concentration of polymers in blended microplastics using 2D and 3D Raman mapping

The combination of different polymers in the form of blended plastics has been used in the plastic industry for a long time. Nevertheless, analyses of microplastics (MPs) have been mainly limited to the study of particles made of single-type polymers. Accordingly, two members of the Polyolefins (POs) family, i.e., Polypropylene (PP) and Low-density Polyethylene (LDPE) are blended and extensively studied in this work due to their applications in industry as well as abundance in the environment. It is shown that 2-D Raman mapping only provides information about the surface of blended MPs (B-MPs). While complimentary 3-D volume analysis is needed to fully understand the presence of various polymers in such complex samples. Therefore, 3-D Raman mapping is applied to visualize the morphology of the distribution of polymers within the B-MPs together with the quantitative estimation of their concentrations. A parameter defined as the concentration estimate error (CEE) evaluates the precision of the quantitative analysis. Furthermore, the impact of four excitation wavelengths 405, 532, 633, and 785 nm is investigated on the obtained results. Finally, the application of a line-shaped laser beam profile (line-focus) is introduced for reducing the measurement time from 56 to 2 h.

Tribological Behavior of Doped DLC Coatings in the Presence of Ionic Liquid Additive under Different Lubrication Regimes

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are widely used in industries that require high durability and wear resistance, and low friction. The unique characteristics of DLC coatings allow for the possibility of creating adsorption sites for lubricant additives through the doping process. In this study, the combined use of europium-doped diamond-like carbon (Eu-DLC), gadolinium-doped diamond-like carbon (Gd-DLC), and pure DLC coatings and an ionic liquid (IL) additive, namely, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate [P66614] [DEHP], with a 1 wt.% concentration in polyalphaolefin (PAO) 8 as a base lubricant was investigated. Higher hardness, higher thin-film adhesion, a higher ratio of hardness to elastic modulus, and a higher plastic deformation resistance factor were achieved with the Gd-DLC coating. The CoF of the Gd-DLC coating paired with the IL was superior compared to the other pairs in all lubrication regimes, and the pure DLC coating had a better performance than the Eu-DLC coating. The wear could not be quantified due to the low wear on the surface of the DLC coatings. The friction reduction demonstrates that tribological systems combining Gd-DLC thin films with an IL can be a potential candidate for future research and development efforts to reduce friction and increase the efficiency of moving parts in internal combustion engines, for instance.

Tribological evaluation of PAO 100 oil‐based lithium greases with chemically functionalized nanoadditives

AbstractThe lubricating greases employed in this study were formulated with polyalphaolefin (PAO) 100 as the base oil and 12‐lithium hydroxystearate as the thickener. The sol–gel method was used to produce the LaF3 nanoadditives. The oleic acid‐treated LaF3 (i.e., OA‐LaF3) and carboxylic acid‐treated MWCNTs (i.e., COOH‐MWCNTs) were blended in the formulated grease samples and used as nanoadditives. The detailed microstructural and chemical properties of chemically treated nanoadditives were investigated using HR‐TEM, XRD, FTIR and XPS analyses. Using a four‐ball tester, the effect of different concentrations of nanoadditives on the tribo‐performance of greases was investigated. Tribo‐test results revealed the role of nanoadditives in PAO‐based grease lubrication performance. COOH‐MWCNTs and OA‐LaF3 nanoadditives outperformed PAO grease in terms of physicochemical and tribo‐performance for steel‐steel tribo‐pair. The improved tribo‐performance is attributed to the formation of tribo‐film on the contact interfaces via nanoadditives. The development of tribo‐film was confirmed by XPS analysis of worn surfaces.

Correlation between Lubricating Oil Characteristic Parameters and Friction Characteristics

In order to help one to judge the friction properties of lubricating oils without tests, this paper intends to establish the correlation between the characteristic parameters of lubricating oils and the friction properties. The elastohydrodynamic and boundary friction properties of poly alpha olefin (PAO) synthetic oil, polyol ester oil and paraffin-based mineral oil were tested using a Mini-Traction Machine. Fourier transform infrared microscopy is used to identify material changes before and after friction tests. The kinematic and dynamic viscosities of the three lubricating oils were measured using a petroleum product viscosity tester and a rotating rheometer. The results show that the kinematic viscosity does not directly determine the COF (coefficient of friction) of the lubricating oil, but the higher the dynamic viscosity, the higher the COF of the lubricating oil. The higher the viscosity-pressure coefficient, the lower the viscosity index (the worse the viscosity-temperature performance), and the higher the COF of the lubricating oil, which is related to the adaptability of the molecular structure of lubricating oils to pressure and temperature. PAO synthetic oils and polyol ester oils have excellent friction properties resulting from their strong adaptability to temperature and pressure variations due to the presence of linear chains and flexible groups.

Experimental study on bio fiber reinforced composites

Biofibers are an economical, environmentally friendly, and lightweight alternative to traditional materials. Different types of fibers have different properties, and each plays a key role in composites. Screw Pine (Pandanus Odoratissimus) is abundant and strong. This research made and tested NaOH- and Acetic Acid-treated random fiber composites. This research shows the mechanical properties of Pandanus Odoratissimus composite. The stem of the screw pine plant, Pandanus Odoratissimus, contained several interesting fibers (PO fibers). This research will investigate the effect of fibre concentration and alkali treatments on the mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester matrix composites. Similarly, soaking times will vary for alkali treatments. Individual PO fibres exhibit modifications in their cross-sectional area and water absorption prior to and after treatment with NaOH solution and acetic acid for varying durations of time. These modifications are observable prior to and after treatment. As a result of extended therapy, the cross-sectional area of PO fibres gradually decreases. Compared to other fibre types, PO fibres that were submerged in water for the longest period of time exhibited the most structural degradation. There is a considerable effect on the improvement of polyester composites' tensile strength and tensile modulus when PO fibre is soaked in different concentrations of NaOH and acetic acid for roughly 90 min. This influence is significant. This investigation will also shed light on how the composition of polyolefin (PO) fibres influences the mechanical properties of composite materials. Maximum tensile strength of a composite material is proportional to the fraction of fibres present in the material. After calculating tensile, compressive, shear, and other stresses, materials (components) are manufactured.

Tribological Performance of Gd-DLC and Eu-DLC Coatings in the Presence of Synthetic Oils Containing Ionic Liquid Additives

The lubrication of gadolinium-doped diamond-like carbon (Gd-DLC) and europium-doped diamond-like carbon (Eu-DLC) coatings with trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate ([P66614][DEHP]) ionic liquid (IL) as 1 wt% additive in polyalphaolefin (PAO) 8 was studied. The results of the friction tests under boundary lubrication conditions showed that Gd-DLC and Eu-DLC coatings in the presence of the IL exhibit a friction reduction, especially with the high atomic concentration of doped metal. Later, the surface observation after the long-term wear test indicated that Gd-DLC coatings have less abrasive wear and higher anti-wear properties compared to Eu-DLC coatings due to the enhanced formation of tribofilms derived from the phosphorus of the IL on the steel ball as the counter body. From these results, we have concluded that the friction reduction and the anti-wear property in the presence of the IL can be improved by changing the type and the concentration of the doped metals. This clearly shows that the novel lubrication system combining the Gd-DLC and Eu-DLC coatings with the IL allows for guiding future research and development.Graphical abstract

Tribo-catalysis triggered the in-situ formation of amphiphilic molecules to reduce friction and wear

A coating composed of Au/Ag/Cu was deposited onto steel surfaces to catalyze the tribochemical reaction of polyalphaolefin (PAO), resulting in the formation of amphiphilic molecules. The coated surface showed a reduction in friction coefficient and wear track width by 24.9∼43.0% and 61.4∼68.9%, respectively, compared to the bare steel surface. The in situ formed amphiphilic molecules were chemically bonded on tribopair surface after deprotonation, and then formed a tribofilm. This tribofilm exhibited low interfacial adhesion at nano scale, contributing to low friction and wear. Density functional theory simulations reveals that the dissociation energy of C-H bond on Au surface was much lower than that on iron surface, favoring the catalytic oxidation reaction of PAO into amphiphilic molecules.

Role of surface wetting on tribological behavior for laser nanotextured steel using ionic liquid lubricants

This research evaluates the effect of surface wettability on the tribological performance through ball-on-flat tribology testing. The substrate material, M2 tool steel, is laser processed and then functionalized with fluorocarbon and nitrile chemistry to achieve distinct oleophobicity and oleophilicity, respectively, but with a similar nanoscale surface texture. The baseline lubricant is poly-alpha-olefin (PAO) oil, and ionic liquids (ILs) are used as additives for this study. The interaction between the nanoscale textured steel surface and ionic liquid-based oils is investigated. A set of reciprocating wear tests are performed to investigate the tribological behavior of the tribo-system consisting of the surface-engineered, flat M2 tool steel specimen and a standard, surface-polished steel ball. Results show that the oleophobic flat surface results in a lower friction, while the oleophilic surface modification leads to a better wear protection to the flat surface. Ammonium-based IL provides the highest friction reduction, while the phosphonium-based ILs provide an improved wear protection.

Detection of microplastics in water using electrical impedance spectroscopy and support vector machines

Abstract The detection of microplastics in water requires a series of processes (sample collection, purification, and preparation) until a sample can be analyzed in the laboratory. To shorten this process chain, we are investigating whether electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) enhanced by a classifier based on support vector machine (SVM) can be applied to the problem of microplastics detection. Results with suspensions of polypropylene (PP) and polyolefin (PO) in deionized water proved promising: The relative permittivities extracted from the measured impedances agree with literature data. The subsequent classification of measured impedances by SVM shows that the three classes “no plastic” (below the detection limit of 1 g plastic per filling), “PP” and “PO” can be distinguished securely independent of the background medium water. Mixtures of PO and PP were not examined, i.e. either PO or PP was filled into the measuring cell. An SVM regression performed after the SVM classification yields the microplastic concentration of the respective sample. Further tests with varying salinity and content of organic or biological material in the water confirmed the good results. We conclude that EIS in combination with machine learning (MLEIS) seems to be a promising approach for in situ detection of microplastics and certainly warrants further research activities.

Pengaruh Penambahan Nano-Aditif Ke Dalam Fluida Polyolester Terhadap Gesekan Dan Keausan Material AISI52100 Vs Cast Iron

Synthetic lubricants have environment problems because they are difficult to decompose and be-come pollutant materials when disposed into the environment. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for biodegradable lubricants. One of the methods to achieve biodegradability of a lubricant is by using eco-friendly base material and nanoparticles from organic materials as additives, such as nanofibers, cellulose and graphene nanoplatelets. In previous studies, it has been confirmed that applying bacterial cellulose at various volume percentages into polyester (POE) oil has reduced friction and wear of the material up 49%. Other studies also mentioned that the addition of several layers of graphene as an additive to Polyalphaolefin (PAO) oil have decreased the value of the fric-tion coefficient from 0.15 to 0.08. In this study, due to their desirable properties, the bacterial cellu-lose (BC) and graphene nanopartcles were used as additives in polyester (POE) oil. Four types of lubricant specimens with different additive content were prepared for the study. The friction tests were carried out using a reciprocating pin on disk type tribometer at temperatures of 65°±3°C and 27°C. The results indicated improvements in the tribological properties; 60% friction reduction at temperature of 65°±3°C and 66.7% at a temperature of 27°C, with the presence of both BC and graphene in POE compared to those without the additives. In addition, the wear analysis from the results of micro-surface observation of the specimen indicates the reduction of the specific wear rate values as the effect of additives. It is found that the specific wear rate decreased from 6.09×10-6 mm3/N.m to 4.82×10-7 mm3/N.m at 65°±3°C and from 1.57×10-6 mm3/N.m to 2.38×10-7 mm3/N.m at 27°C with the presence of both BC and graphene in POE compared to those without the addi-tives.

Thermo-mechanical analysis of hydrogen permeation in lubricated rubbing contacts

Exploring the fundamental mechanisms of hydrogen generation from a lubricated rubbing contact is a critical step to mitigate premature failure of mechanical elements. This work employs an in-situ hydrogen uptake technique and molecular dynamics simulations to study the thermo-mechanical effects on the hydrogen generation in lubricated contacts. The hydrogen uptake is measured on AISI 52100 bearing steel at temperature of 27 ◦C and 85 ◦C under applied pressure of 140 kPa and 350 kPa. Experimental measurements are modeled through atomic simulations using the reactive force field potential. The hydrogen generation associated with the Poly Alpha Olefin decomposition is studied through calculating the pair distribution function. Findings demonstrate enhancing hydrocarbon decomposition with increasing temperature and pressure, while a critical pressure is required for the decomposition process at the ambient temperature. The critical pressure for lubricant degradation is reduced with increasing the temperature. This study highlights the incorporation of thermo-mechanical effects on the hydrogen generation for the design and development of lubricated rubbing contacts.

Macroscale superlubricity of steel by polymer-based ionic liquids without a running-in period

A series of polymer-based ionic liquids (PILs) with a flexible and electron-rich polymeric chain attached to the cation have been designed as lubricants for steel-steel systems. Compared to widely used poly-alpha olefin (PAO) and commercial lubricants, the PIL lubricants show noticeably lower friction and better surface protection. Notably, for the PIL, ionic liquids based on 2, 5-furandicarboxylic acid (FA-IL), macroscale superlubricity is achieved immediately (without a running-in period) when the temperature is 75 °C and higher. Surface characterizations and molecular dynamics simulations show superlubricity results from the robust lubricating film immediately formed at the steel surface due to the rapid adsorption of FA-IL ions via multiple sites. This work provides new insights into the design of macroscale superlubricity systems.