Polyacrylamide Disc Gel Electrophoresis Research Articles

High Density Lipoprotein Subfraction Changes in End Stage Liver Failure

BACKGROUND: This work was designed to ascertain high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions and HDL-related enzyme alterations in end stage liver failure (ESLF). METHODS: Twenty patients with ESLF and twenty control subjects (liver donors) were chosen for the study. Before the transplant, serum samples from each patient and control were evaluated. Continuous disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed to determine HDL subfraction changes and ELISA was carried out to determine serum levels of lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-I) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). RESULTS: Liver failure patients had significantly higher levels of triglycerides (TG) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) compared to healthy donors. Additionally, these patients showed significant increases in levels of aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), while albumin was notably lower compared to controls. Even though HDL cholesterol concentrations were not considerably altered between the two groups, ESLF patients had a marked raise in the HDL-large subfraction and a significant decline in the HDL-small subfraction in contrast to controls. Moreover, liver failure patients had considerably lower serum ApoA1 levels compared to healthy controls, but there was no significant difference in LCAT and CETP levels between the two groups. CONCLUSION: HDL subfraction profile can distinguish between healthy donors and liver failure patients. The results also indicate that levels of ApoA-1, which performs a crucial function in HDL metabolism, are lower in ESLF. This decrease in HDL-small subfractions may be due to impaired anabolism resulting from hepatic failure.

Sphingolipidomic profile and HDL subfractions in obese dyslipidemic type 2 diabetic patients

PurposeThe aim of the study was to investigate changes in serum sphingolipid levels and high density lipoprotein (HDL) subtypes with relation to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-HDL-C and triglyceride (TG) levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. MethodsBlood was obtained from 60 patients with T2DM. Levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), C16-C24 sphingomyelins (SMs), C16-C24 ceramides (CERs), and C16 CER-1 P were determined by LC-MS/MS. Serum concentrations of cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-I) were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HDL subfraction analysis was performed by Disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. ResultsC16 SM, C24 SM, C24-C16 CER and C16 CER-1 P levels were significantly increased in T2DM patients with LDL-C above 160 mg/dL, compared to those with LDL-C below 100 mg/dL. A significant correlation was observed between C24:C16 SM, C24:C16 CER ratios and LDL-C, non HDL-C levels. Higher serum levels of C24 SM, C24-C18 CER and C24:C16 SM ratio was seen in obese T2DM patients (BMI>30) compared to those with BMI 27–30. Patients with fasting TG levels below 150 mg/dL had significantly increased HDL-large and significantly decreased HDL-small fractions compared to those with fasting TG levels above 150 mg/dL. ConclusionObese dyslipidemic T2DM patients had increased levels of serum sphingomyelins, ceramides and HDL-small fractions. The ratio of serum C24:C16 SM, C24:C16 CER and long chain CER levels may be used as diagnostic and prognostic indicators of dyslipidemia in T2DM.

Formation of local protection of the respiratory tract in Holstein calves

The processes of formation of the local protection of the respiratory tract in nasal secretion samples of Holstein calves from birth to 6 months of age that were born from clinically healthy cows were examined. Only clinically healthy animals were involved in the experiment. Nasal secretion samples were collected with the help of a sterile foam tampon with a fixing thread in order to assess local immunity in animals at the age of 1, 5, 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days. Total protein, mucin, lysozyme activity, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined using commercially available methods. The amounts of immunoglobulins were studied using disk electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel with commercial marker proteins. Studies have shown that the primary potential of local protection of the respiratory tract is formed during intrauterine development. The main factors of primary potential are mucin, lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, and secretory immunoglobulins of classes A (SIgA) and M (SIgM), which provide safety of adaptation in newborns to the new conditions of existence. There is a decrease in mucin level by 47.3% (P < 0.001), in SIgA by a factor of 6.7 (P < 0.001), and in SIgM by a factor of 6 (P < 0.001) during the first week of life. However, the risk of immunodeficiency is mitigated by the preservation of relatively high levels of lysozyme, ALP, and IgG, creating optimal conditions for the processes of formation of respiratory functions in young animals during the first 2 months of life. After that, SIgA increases by 70% (P > 0.05) at the age of 60 days and mucin level increases by 56.7% (P < 0.001) between 2 and 6 months.

Erythrocyte Membrane Protein Band 3 Predicts Interferon Ribavirin-Induced Anemia

Aim & Background: It was proposed that the differences in erythrocyte membrane protein contents—especially band 4—take a role in the serious anemia related to interferon plus ribavirin (I/R). The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the erythrocyte membrane protein contents predict anemia related to I/R or not. Methods: 180 mcg interferon α 2a once a week and weight adjusted ribavirin daily were given for 48 weeks to fifty patients with chronic hepatitis C. It was diagnosed as anemia when haemoglobin concentration was <10 mg/dL. In the beginning, the erythrocyte membrane protein contents of all patients were separated by “Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Disc Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)” and haemoglobin concentrations were measured. Results: Anemia developed in 17 patients (34%). The levels of erythrocyte membrane proteins were as; spectrin: 20.468 ± 2.5902, ankyrin: 4.576 ± 1.2706, B3: 19.240 ± 2.8358, B4.1: 5.628 ± 1.8832, and B4.2: 5.848 ± 1.8030. When the relation between the development of anemia and erythrocyte membrane proteins was investigated, a relation was only found at B3 which was not statistically significant (p = 0.058). When ROC analysis was performed, 95% CI p = 0.035 for B3 (0.517 - 0.792) was found. In patients whose B3 level was below 17.7%, the sensitivity of anemia development risk was calculated as 64.7% and the specificity thereof was calculated as 66.7%. Erythrocyte membrane protein contents by gender were only different at B3 (p = 0.042). Anemia developed in 17 patients (34%). 14 of these patients were of female and 3 were of male gender; the gender played a significant role in terms of anemia (p = 0.003). Conclusions: Erythrocyte membrane protein B3 is not only useful in predicting the patient under the risk of developing anemia, but also it may be useful in preventing it and it may explain why women inclined to anemia.

The major yolk protein in sea urchin egg yolk granules is a glycoprotein complex

Major yolk protein (MYP) is the most abundant protein found in the yolk granules of sea urchin eggs. The structure of MYPs stored in the eggs of two sea urchin species from Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Mesocentrotus nudus were investigated. Egg-localized major yolk protein (EGMYP) extracted from the eggs of two species of sea urchins was assessed using disc-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. The molecular weight of native EGMYP was 595 in S. intermedius eggs and 625 kDa in M. nudus eggs. The use of sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting analysis under reducing conditions revealed that the EGMYP of S. intermedius separated into four bands (approximately 172, 116, 74 and 68 kDa), while the EGMYP of M. nudus resolved as a set of bands ranging from 175 to 58 kDa (approximately 175, 165, 153, 115, 102, 90, 78, 65 and 58 kDa). Yolk granules from eggs were isolated using sucrose density ultracentrifugation and examined using electron microscopy. The structures of purified EGMYP extracted from eggs and from yolk granules were similar in both species. The EGMYP stored in the eggs of the sea urchins was a glycoprotein complex, the protein structure of which, however, varied between the two species.

Age-dependent variations in the venom proteins of Vipera kaznakovi Nikolsky, 1909 and Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ophidia: Viperidae)

Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and densitometry analysis were used to analyze venom extracts of Vipera kaznakovi (16.5, 30, and 55 cm) and Vipera ammodytes (28.5, 36.7, and 51.5 cm) specimens of 3 different lengths. V. kaznakovi specimens were collected from Hopa (Artvin Province); 2 V. ammodytes specimens were from Ağva (İstanbul Province) and the longest one was from Yuvacık (Kocaeli Province). The electropherograms of the venom protein samples showed age-dependent qualitative and quantitative variations.

Lipoprotein Subfraction Profile and HDL‐Associated Enzymes in Sickle Cell Disease Patients

Although hypocholesterolemia is a reported finding in sickle cell disease (SCD), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions and HDL-associated enzymes have not been determined in SCD patients. Blood was collected from 38 hemoglobin (Hb)A volunteers and 45 homozygous HbSS patients who had not received blood transfusions in the last 3 months. Serum lipids were measured by automated analyzer while LDL and HDL subfraction analysis was done by continuous disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Serum levels of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), apolipoprotein B (apoB) and apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-I) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were significantly decreased, while TG levels were significantly increased in SCD patients compared to controls. A significant decrease in intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL)-C, IDL-B, IDL-A and LDL-1 fractions were seen in SCD patients, while no significant difference was observed in small dense LDL particles. A significant decrease was seen in HDL-large, HDL-intermediate and HDL-small fractions in SCD patients versus controls. Levels of LCAT and ApoA-1 protein measured in SCD patients were significantly lower while no significant difference was observed in CETP and ApoB protein levels compared to controls. The reduction observed in LDL- and HDL-C in SCD patients was reflected as significantly decreased IDL, LDL-1 and HDL-subfractions. Decreased HDL subfractions may possibly lead to the reduced ApoA-1 and LCAT protein levels observed in SCD patients.

Early Postoperative Changes of HDL Subfraction Profile and HDL-Associated Enzymes After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

This study aimed to determine early postoperative changes of LDL/HDL subfraction profile and HDL-associated enzymes following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Thirteen obese patients (mean body mass index (BMI) 52.74 ± 10.97 kg/m(2)) underwent LSG and normal weight control patients (mean BMI 23.56 ± 1.92 kg/m(2)) underwent laparoscopic abdominal surgery. Fasting blood samples were collected prior to surgery, at day 1 after surgery, and after postoperation oral feeding. LDL and HDL subfraction analysis was done by continuous disk polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Plasma levels of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), and apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-I) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Measurement of CETP and LCAT activity was performed via fluorometric analysis. LDL subfraction profile showed no change in both LSG and control group patients. No significant difference was observed in HDL cholesterol, HDL-subfraction distribution, and apoA-I levels in the control group. LSG patients showed a significant increase in HDL-large and a significant decrease in HDL-small fractions at postoperation day 1 compared to preoperation. HDL cholesterol significantly decreased and apoA-I significantly increased in LSG patients after postoperation oral feeding compared to both preoperation and postoperation day 1. Changes in HDL subfraction profile at postoperation day 1 after LSG were accompanied by a significant decrease in CETP protein, LCAT protein, and LCAT activity as compared to preoperation levels. Early changes in HDL subfraction profile and HDL-associated enzymes following LSG suggest that the surgical procedure, irrespective of changes in body weight, affects reverse cholesterol transport.

A-16. ボスホリラーゼの活性染色法とボスホリラーゼのアイソザイムの検出

A-16. ボスホリラーゼの活性染色法とボスホリラーゼのアイソザイムの検出

Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in SD rats detected by polyacrylamide-gel disk electrophoresis

Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity is frequently measured in toxicity studies. In the present study, we assessed the usefulness of a commercially available polyacrylamide-gel disk electrophoresis kit used in humans (AlkPhor System, Jokoh Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) for identifying serum ALP isoenzymes in rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain (SD rats), which are commonly used in toxicity studies. We also examined age-related changes in serum ALP isoenzymes in SD rats. In order to identify the origin of each ALP isoenzyme, tissue ALP extracts from the liver, bone and small intestine (SI) and serum samples were treated with neuraminidase, antiintestinal ALP antibody, ALP inhibitor levamisole, and/or wheat germ agglutinin. It became clear that pretreatment of serum with neuraminidase is necessary for rat serum ALP isoenzyme analysis. The kit revealed that the main serum ALP isoenzymes in fasted 8-week-old intact rats were bone- and SI-derived and they tended to decrease with age. Serum liver-derived isoenzyme was slightly detected in both sexes of all ages examined, but it greatly increased in cholestasis model rats with bile-duct ligation, and rats of this model also had large molecular ALP detected in the stacking gel, suggesting hepatic damage. High-molecular intestinal ALP isoenzyme was slightly observed at the most cathodal side of the resolving gel. These results suggest that the present method is a useful tool for detecting serum ALP isoenzymes in SD rats and that concomitant levamisole inhibition with another gel is applicable for the evaluation of organ toxicity.

PREPARATION, PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF LIPASE FROM HEPATOPANCREAS OF TRA (PANGASIUS) CATFISH

Lipase from the hepatopancreas of Tra (Pangasius) catfish was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, followed by ion-exhange chromatography on DEAE Cellulose and gel filtration Sephadex G-75. The preparation was homogeneous on polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 37.95 times higher than that of the crude extract. The enzyme showed a molecular weight of 57000 Da. The pH and temperature optima of purified lipase were 8 and 500C respectively. Enzyme activity was enhanced by Ca2+ but inhibited by heavy metals Zn2+, Cd2+, Mg2+.

Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in laboratory beagle dogs detected by polyacrylamide-gel disk electrophoresis

Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity is frequently measured in toxicity studies. Itoh et al. (2002) reported that a commercially available polyacrylamide-gel (PAG) disk electrophoresis kit used in humans (AlkPhor System, Jokoh Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) for identifying serum ALP isoenzymes was useful for veterinary clinicopathological diagnosis in mongrel dogs. In the present study, based on the report of Itoh et al. (2002), we tried to expand the application range of this kit to laboratory beagle dogs which are commonly used in toxicity studies. In order to identify the origin of each ALP isoenzyme, tissue ALP extracts from the liver, bone and small intestine and serum samples were treated with neuraminidase, anti-small intestinal ALP antibody, ALP inhibitor levamisole and/or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). The main serum ALP isoenzymes in 5-month-old intact beagle dogs were bone-derived (bone and atypical ALP: corresponding to human variant bone ALP) and they tended to decrease with age. However, liver-derived ALP isoenzyme greatly increased in the serum of cholestasis model dogs. The cholestasis model dogs also had a large molecular ALP detected in the resolving gel. This ALP could be originated from intestinal ALP or corticosteroid-induced ALP (CALP), because the activity remained even after levamisole inhibition. CALP was observed in intact laboratory beagle dogs with individual differences. These results suggest that the present method is a useful tool for detecting serum ALP isoenzymes in laboratory beagle dogs and concomitant levamisole inhibition with another gel is applicable for the evaluation of organ toxicity.

Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in mouse plasma detected by polyacrylamide-gel disk electrophoresis

Plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity is frequently measured in toxicity studies. In the present study, we assessed the usefulness of a commercially available polyacrylamide-gel (PAG) disk electrophoresis kit used in humans (AlkPhor System, Jokoh Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) for identifying plasma ALP isoenzymes in mice of the Crlj:CD1 strain (ICR mice), which are commonly used in toxicity studies. We also examined age-related changes in plasma ALP isoenzymes in ICR mice. Electrophoresis was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. In order to identify the origin of each ALP isoenzyme, in addition to plasma samples, tissue ALP extracts from the liver, bone and small intestine were treated with neuraminidase, anti-small intestinal ALP antibody, ALP inhibitor levamisole and/or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). The kit revealed that main plasma ALP isoenzyme in intact ICR mice was bone-derived one, and it tended to decrease with age. On the other hand, liver-derived ALP isoenzyme greatly increased in plasma of cholestasis model mice induced by bile duct ligation. This model mouse had also a large molecular ALP detected in the stacking gel. This ALP was thought to be of intestinal origin because its activity remained even after levamisole inhibition. In addition, a minimum sample volume for sufficient resolution of plasma ALP isoenzymes was only 14µl. The results of this study suggest that the present method is a useful tool for detecting plasma ALP isoenzymes in mice and that pre-treatment of plasma with neuraminidase and concomitant levamisole inhibition with another gel is applicable for the evaluation of organ toxicity.

Haptoglobin polymorphism among the tribal groups of southern Gujarat.

BACKGROUND:Gujarat is located at the western most point of the Indian subcontinent. Valsad and Surat districts are part of the ‘tribal belt’of Gujarat and constitute 29.1% of total tribal population of Gujarat. These tribal populations are a rich source of gaining insights in the patterns of genetic diversity and genetico-environmental disorders against the back drop of their ecological, historical and ethnographic aspects.AIM:The objectives were to find out a) the genetic diversity among the tribes of Gujarat with reference to haptoglobin (Hp) locus b) the relationship between Hp polymorphism and sickle cell anemia/trait.MATERIALS AND METHODS:431 individuals belonging to eight tribal groups were studied for Hp polymorphism using polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Hb*S was screened by dithionate tube turbididy (DTT) test and confirmed using cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis (CAME).STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:Allele frequency was calculated by direct gene counting method. Average heterozygosity and gene diversity were computed using software DISPAN. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was estimated using software ARLEQUIN version 3.1.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:Pattern of allele frequency distribution showed preponderance of Hp2 allele in all the eight tribal groups, which is in accordance with its frequency in different populations of Indian subcontinent. Total average heterozygosity (HT) was found to be low (0.160) but the level of genetic differentiation (GST) was found to be moderately high (5.6%). AMOVA analysis indicated least among group variance between west and south Indian populations (-0.04%) indicating the affinities of the tribes of Gujarat with that of Dravidian speaking groups. Analysis of Hp phenotypes among sickle cell anemia/ trait individuals revealed a high frequency of Hp 0-0 phenotype (92.7%) among SS individuals as opposed to only 9.7% among AS individuals, reaffirming the selective advantage of HbAS state in relation to hemolytic disorders.

Electrophoretic Comparison of Blood-serum Proteins of Apathya cappadocica (Sauria, Lacertidae) Subspecies from Anatolia

Blood-serum proteins of the known subspecies of Apathya cappadocica (Werner, 1902) were studied comparatively by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. In order to obtain useful biochemical data for classification, differences between the electrophoreograms of the samples included in the morphologically different subspe - cies were distinguished qualitatively and quantitatively. These comparisons indicated that electrophoretic results supported morphological discrimination of the known subspecies of A. cappadocica.

A Study of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Isoenzyme is a Biochemical Tumour Marker in Cervical Carcinoma Patients

To establish Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme is a biochemical tumor marker in cervical carcinoma patients for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of the disease. The Serum and cervical tissue LDH isoenzyme was analyzed qualitatively by Poly Acrylamide Disc Gel Electrophoresis method. The total LDH activity was estimated quantitatively by the method of UV spectrophotometry. 50 untreated cervical carcinoma patients were taken up and compared with age matched healthy females (controls). Out of 50 patients, 5 patients were histologically classified as well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (Grade-I), 23 were moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (Grade-II) and 22 were poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (Grade-III). Grade-I patients did not show any change, in the serum and cervical tissue LDH isoenzyme fractions compared to the controls but variation in electrophoretic mobility have been observed. Grade-II patients showed two new additional isoenzyme fractions in LDH 2 and LDH 3 locations, where as Grade-III patients showed only three LDH isoenzyme fractions. The total LDH activity in both serum and cervix tissue of normal individuals are 0.458±0.0796 units/ml; and 0.680±0.0218 units/mg. Grade-I patients did not show any change in total LDH activity (serum: 0.384±0.0404 units/ml; cervical tissue: 0.589±0.0292 units/mg; P<0.01). Grade-III patients showed much lower values (serum: 0.284±0.0109 units/ml; cervical tissue: 0.327±0.043 units/mg; P<0.001), where as Grade-II patients showed significant increase in total LDH activity (serum: 0.878±0.0531 units/ml; cervical tissue: 1.296±0.0813 units/mg; P<0.001) respectively. The results suggest that LDH isoenzyme is useful biochemical tumor marker for diagnosis and to assess the grade of malignancy.

Rapid and Simple Profiling of Lipoproteins by Polyacrylamide-Gel Disc Electrophoresis to Determine the Heterogeneity of Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDLs) Including Small, Dense LDL

This study aimed to explore the potential of polyacrylamide-gel disc electrophoresis (PAGE) for lipoprotein profiling in clinical practice. Blood samples were collected from 146 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and lipid parameters were assayed by PAGE, including small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (n = 41), and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein remnant cholesterol (n = 37). We also used a commercial kit to measure small, dense LDL (n = 41). By PAGE, we obtained the percentage of the area under the curve (AUC %) of each peaks and calculated respective AUC% x total cholesterol (AUC%xTC) values. The calculated values of LDL-AUC%xTC, small LDL-AUC%xTC, and HDL-AUC%xTC values were correlated well with values from homogeneous assay for LDL-cholesterol, small, dense LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol assays (r = 0.94, 0.81, and 0.89, respectively). PAGE combined with measurement of total cholesterol and triglycerides provides a rapid evaluation of anti- or pro-atherogenic lipoproteins and a simple profiling system for both the "quantity" and "quality" of lipoproteins, allowing a better assessment of the risk of coronary artery diseases. This article discusses several methods for simple and rapid lipid profiling and outlines some recent patents relevant to the methods.

Composition and electrophoretic mobility of plasma lipoproteins of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)

To determine the lipid composition and electrophoretic pattern of plasma lipoproteins in samples obtained from healthy 1-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius). 34 healthy camels raised under similar farming and dietary conditions. Plasma samples were subjected to density-gradient ultracentrifugation for separation of plasma lipoproteins, including very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Purity of the separation was assessed by use of polyacrylamide gel disk electrophoresis. Concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids were measured in each lipoprotein fraction, and lipoprotein electrophoretic patterns were determined in plasma samples. Phospholipid was the major constituent of VLDL (mean +/- SD concentration, 10.62 +/- 1.2 mg/dL), LDL (24.66 +/- 3.12 mg/dL), and HDL (38.08 +/- 0.76 mg/dL). Low-density lipoprotein, VLDL, and HDL were important plasma lipoprotein carriers for cholesterol (67.94 +/- 9.51%), triglyceride (55.83 +/- 7.81%), and phospholipid (51.91 +/- 1.55%), respectively. On the basis of electrophoresis results, relative percentages of alpha- and beta-lipoproteins were 31.72 +/- 4.88% and 68.3 +/- 4.68%, respectively. The lipoprotein profile in 1-humped camels differed substantially from that of other ruminants. Results may be useful in the evaluation of metabolic disorders in camels.

A partially degraded form of human plasminogen in circulating blood

Summary A method for separate measurement of the amounts of the native form and partially degraded form of plasminogen and plasmin in human circulating blood was devised based on their different mobilities on disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The relative amounts in the circulating blood as estimated by the method were as follows: 78.5% native form, 6.1% partially degraded form and 15.5% plasmin, in the resting state of healthy adults. The partially degraded form increased to about 50% after strenuous exercise load. The present study showed that relatively large amounts of the partially degraded form can be produced in the circulating blood, even though abundant plasmin inhibitors exist there. These data suggest that the partially degraded form may play an important role in thrombolysis in vivo.

A partially degraded form of human plasminogen in circulating blood

A method for separate measurement of the amounts of the native form and partially degraded form of plasminogen and plasmin in human circulating blood was devised based on their different mobilities on disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The relative amounts in the circulating blood as estimated by the method were as follows: 78.5% native form, 6.1% partially degraded form and 15.5% plasmin, in the resting state of healthy adults. The partially degraded form increased to about 50% after strenuous exercise load. The present study showed that relatively large amounts of the partially degraded form can be produced in the circulating blood, even though abundant plasmin inhibitors exist there. These data suggest that the partially degraded form may play an important role in thrombolysis in vivo.