Abstract
The processes of formation of the local protection of the respiratory tract in nasal secretion samples of Holstein calves from birth to 6 months of age that were born from clinically healthy cows were examined. Only clinically healthy animals were involved in the experiment. Nasal secretion samples were collected with the help of a sterile foam tampon with a fixing thread in order to assess local immunity in animals at the age of 1, 5, 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days. Total protein, mucin, lysozyme activity, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined using commercially available methods. The amounts of immunoglobulins were studied using disk electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel with commercial marker proteins. Studies have shown that the primary potential of local protection of the respiratory tract is formed during intrauterine development. The main factors of primary potential are mucin, lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, and secretory immunoglobulins of classes A (SIgA) and M (SIgM), which provide safety of adaptation in newborns to the new conditions of existence. There is a decrease in mucin level by 47.3% (P < 0.001), in SIgA by a factor of 6.7 (P < 0.001), and in SIgM by a factor of 6 (P < 0.001) during the first week of life. However, the risk of immunodeficiency is mitigated by the preservation of relatively high levels of lysozyme, ALP, and IgG, creating optimal conditions for the processes of formation of respiratory functions in young animals during the first 2 months of life. After that, SIgA increases by 70% (P > 0.05) at the age of 60 days and mucin level increases by 56.7% (P < 0.001) between 2 and 6 months.
Highlights
Intensification of cattle breeding is an objective necessity of the modern stage of the development of agriculture
The maximum level of nasal secretion lysozyme activity was observed in newborns at the age of 1 day, but this indicator decreased by 49% (P < 0.001) during the first week of life, and by 5.3-fold (P < 0.001) over the 55 days
The nasal secretion is formed by the upper and lower respiratory tract glands and so its composition reflects the potential of the barrier, immune, and cleansing functions of the respiratory tract
Summary
Intensification of cattle breeding is an objective necessity of the modern stage of the development of agriculture. The buildup in the functional load on animals increases their sensitivity to negative environmental factors and the risk of metabolic failures, which often lead to an increase in the incidence of disease, especially among young animals, including respiratory diseases [1,2]. One promising area of prevention of diseases in young animals is reducing the risk of functional overloading of body systems during critical periods of postnatal ontogenesis. The risk of lung tissue contamination and the likelihood of pathology depend on the condition of the respiratory tract barrier structures [8,9]. The purpose of our work was to study the processes of formation of local protection of the respiratory tract in calves in the early postnatal period of their ontogenesis
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