Polyvinyl Chloride Tape Research Articles

Controlling the Inkjet Printing Process for Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors

AbstractInkjet printing is a popular technique for depositing high‐precision ink lines. This study reports the printing parameters’ influence on the electrical properties of the sensing devices. The electrochemical sensors are fabricated with a commercial piezoelectric printer and silver ink. Different substrates are evaluated in the printing process, including paper, polyimide, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tapes. Ink depositions’ temperature, ink drop spacing, length, and the number of the ink layer are also evaluated in this study. Higher temperatures (40 °C) make the substrate surface smoother, improving the printing quality. Controlling the ink drop spacing produces narrow continuous ink lines. The number of ink layers changes the film thickness, altering their electroactive surface area. The best printing parameters are PVC tape at 40 °C, 17 µm drop spacing, one layer, and 13 mm length. Under optimized conditions, three‐electrode electrochemical systems are fully printed with silver ink, showing batch‐to‐batch reproducibility (RSD = 3%). Their analytical performance is evaluated for picric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and glucose quantification. The sensors are modified with glucose oxidase to quantify glucose in artificial saliva, confirming their analytical applicability. Therefore, this work reports fundamental aspects of inkjet printing, bringing valuable findings to guide new research involving inkjet‐printed electrochemical biosensors/sensors ((bio)sensors).

Surface form analysis on complex freeform organic structures – measuring erosive wear on human teeth in vitro

Natural human enamel (NHE) is a complex freeform surface which has presented significant difficulties in measuring surface form change using non-contacting laser profilometry (NCLP). Measuring surface form change on NHE is a metrology proxy for measuring dental tooth structure loss, and characterising this using non-ISO parameters (volume, surface area, and normalised lesion depth) has been seldom studied due surface complexity and undetermined measurement errors. This study determines NCLP measurement errors (instrument repeatability and method reproducibility) for non-ISO parameters, characterises change in surface form on NHE following a dietary pH-cycling model. NHE (n = 1) was scanned consecutively twenty-times using NCLP with/without sample replacement producing consecutive surface profile data. Residual data was created after subtracting consecutive filtered profile data (80 μm, Gaussian filter), and mean (SD) volume, surface area, and normalised lesion depth was determined within a 1.5 mm circular region of interest (ROI). Volume error (expressed as height variation across ROI surface area) was 0.022 μm (instrument repeatability) and 0.149 μm (method reproducibility), whilst surface area error (expressed as percentage change of the surface area deviation across the entire surface area) was 0.034% (repeatability error) and 0.081% (reproducibility error). Sixty-four natural enamel surfaces taped with polyvinyl-chloride tape leaving 1.5 mm exposed ROI underwent dietary erosion cycling (three 5-min cycles, 0.3% citric acid w/v, pH 3.2) generating artificial erosion lesions. Samples were scanned with NCLP before/after each erosion cycle, scans filtered for microtexture, and after-erosion scans were subtracted from before-erosion scans. NCLP results show mean (SD) volume, surface area, normalised depth, and 3D step-height of the eroded area increased significantly after each erosion cycle, with no significant difference in calcium and phosphate release after each cycle. We demonstrate a robust and valid dental model with analysis workflow to measure surface form change in NHE using NCLP, improving understanding of measuring surface form change in complex freeform surfaces.

Highly Sensitive and Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors Based on 3D Reduced Graphene Oxide Aerogel

The flexible piezoresistive sensors have versatile applications for healthcare. The fabrication procedures of these sensors are generally costly, complex, and environmentally unfriendly. Herein, we use L-cystine as the green reductant and templating agent to prepare 3D reduced graphene oxide (rGO) aerogel, and polyvinyl chloride tape as the substrates to encapsulate the aerogel for making the piezoresistive sensor. The sensor shows good linearity of resistance to logarithmic pressure value in a wide range of 170.4 kPa to 2.4 MPa, and it is capable to monitor the wrist pulse and human motion. Sensors fabricated by this facile and economical method have great potential application in electronic skin.

Use of Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) Tape to Increase the Strength of Bamboo

Poly vinyl chloride is suggested to use as confining material around bamboo to increase its strength. Investigation is done on PVC confined bamboo by performing tensile and compressive strength test. Then we compared the mechanical performance of unconfined bamboo and PVC confined bamboo. In this research bamboo is also tested for water absorption with and without PVC tape reinforcement. Later, on these grounds we also derived adhesive value of PVC tape, which can be used to find out length of tape required for any percent of increment in strength of bamboo. Preliminary results of tensile tests, compressive tests and water absorption test on bamboo (scientific name Bambusa vulgaris native name chadao bans or jad vala bans) are presented in this research. As bamboo confined in PVC is 27.25% more strong in tension and 77.19% more strong in compression than unconfined bamboo which depicts that bamboo confined with PVC tape can be a future alternative for steel in reinforced concrete.

Forensic utility of carbon isotope ratio variations in PVC tape backings

Forensic interest in adhesive tapes with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) backings (electrical tape) derives from their use in a variety of illicit activities. Due to the range of physical characteristics, chemical compositions, and homogeneity within a single roll of tape, traditional microscopic and chemical analyses can offer a high degree of discrimination between tapes, permitting the assessment of potential associations between evidentiary tape samples. The carbon isotope ratios of tapes could provide additional discrimination among tape samples. To evaluate whether carbon isotope ratios may be able to increase discrimination of electrical tapes, particularly with regards to different rolls of tape of the same product, we assessed the δ(13)C values of backings from 87 rolls of PVC-based black electrical tape (~20 brands, >60 products) Prior to analysis, adhesives were removed to prevent contamination by adhering debris, and plasticizers were extracted because of concern over their potential mobility. This result is consistent with each of these tapes having approximately the same plasticizer δ(13)C value and proportion of carbon in these plasticizers. The δ(13)C values of the 87 PVC tape backings ranged between -23.5 and -41.3 (‰, V-PDB), with negligible carbon isotopic variation within single rolls of tape, yet large variations among tape brands and tape products. Within this tape population, carbon isotope ratios permitted an average exclusion power of 93.7%, using a window of +/-0.3‰; the combination of carbon isotope ratio measurement with additional chemical and physical analyses raises the discrimination power to over 98.9%, with only 41 out of a possible 3741 pairs of tape samples being indistinguishable. There was a linear relationship between the δ(13)C value of tape backings and the change in δ(13)C value with the extraction of plasticizers. Analyses of pre- and post-blast tape sample pairs show that carbon isotope signatures are within 0.3‰ of pre-blast values, indicating that carbon isotope values are largely preserved during an explosion.

Discoloration of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tape as a proxy for water‐table depth in peatlands: validation and assessment of seasonal variability

Summary Discoloration of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tape has been used in peatland ecological and hydrological studies as an inexpensive way to monitor changes in water‐table depth and reducing conditions. We investigated the relationship between depth of PVC tape discoloration and measured water‐table depth at monthly time steps during the growing season within nine kettle peatlands of northern Wisconsin. Our specific objectives were to: (1) determine if PVC discoloration is an accurate method of inferring water‐table depth in Sphagnum‐dominated kettle peatlands of the region; (2) assess seasonal variability in the accuracy of the method; and (3) determine if systematic differences in accuracy occurred among microhabitats, PVC tape colour and peatlands. Our results indicated that PVC tape discoloration can be used to describe gradients of water‐table depth in kettle peatlands. However, accuracy differed among the peatlands studied, and was systematically biased in early spring and late summer/autumn. Regardless of the month when the tape was installed, the highest elevations of PVC tape discoloration showed the strongest correlation with midsummer (around July) water‐table depth and average water‐table depth during the growing season. The PVC tape discoloration method should be used cautiously when precise estimates are needed of seasonal changes in the water‐table.

塩化ビニールテープ起因応力腐食割れ事象の原因分析およびテープの変成挙動調査

In October 2000, the 24 years old Ikata-1 PWR-type nuclear power plant suffered cracking in pipes, where poly vinyl chloride (PVC) tape had been placed and had become baked over time. The existence of residual stress over 100MPa in the pipes, a bit of chlorine and a feather like-pattern on the crack faces suggested the event was one of stress corrosion cracking.Engineers of Shikoku Electric Power Co. groups examined experimentally the production of chloride from PVC tape on a steel, and elucidated the temperature depending production peaks is induced by the properties of FeCl3, the principal ingredient of the chloride. Semi-quantitative expression of the production of soluble chlorine was proposed.In next report, authors will elucidate the stress corrosion cracking in steels with baked PVC tape and the cracking potential in pipes with the fluid of various temperatures and various duration.

Rapid Prototyping of Masks for Through-Mask Electrodeposition of Thick Metallic Components

A flexible and inexpensive approach for rapid prototyping of thick masks (∼130 μm in height) for through-mask electrodeposition of metallic microstructures is demonstrated. The electrodeposition masks are fabricated directly from a computer-aided design layout by patterning adhesive-backed polyvinyl chloride tape using a laser. The pliant tape masks can then be transferred directly to planar or nonplanar substrates. We demonstrate the use of the tape mask on a nonplanar substrate by plating a NiFe microcoil on a cylindrical rod. The pattern transfer characteristics of the tape mask are illustrated by plating copper columns on a platinum rotating disk electrode. We also fabricate a two-level NiFe criss-cross structure to show how these tape masks can be used to build structures in three dimensions. Limitations of the existing laser system permit minimum lateral feature dimensions of 130 μm, though the method developed here should readily scale down in feature dimensions using a higher energy pulsed laser. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

A novel indicator of reducing conditions and water‐table depth in mires

1. Direct measurements of water‐table depth in a mire were compared with depth to discolouration of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tape left in situ for 15 months. Discolouration depth was highly correlated with positions of highest and lowest water tables; estimates were systematically biased but generally within 5 cm of measured values. 2. The annual range in water‐table position indicated by discolouration depth varied 10‐fold along a 30 m transect. Discolouration of PVC tape is an indicator of reducing conditions that could be applied in extensive surveys at very low cost.

A Nasal Marker for Ducks

A nasal saddle for marking ducks, of colored plasticized polyvinyl chloride tape, is described. A strip of tape was fastened to the bill with a piece of nylon threaded through the nares. The marker is easily made, durable, readily seen on ducks, and is well retained. No adverse physical or behavioral effects on 292 shovelers (Spatula clypeata) could be traced to the marker. Prior to a home-range study of the shoveler near Strathmore, Alberta, we reviewed methods of color-marking ducks. Bartonek and Dane (1964) discussed various markers and described numbered nasal discs which they considered superior to other markers. However, Erskine (cited by Bartonek and Dane 1964) had evidence that nasal discs increased merganser (Mergus sp.) mortality and believed they might be hazardous for all diving ducks. Subsequently, Bartonek (personal communication) successfully used nasal saddles heat-formed from hard plastic. The nasal saddle eliminated the projecting discs which were subject to entanglement with submersed vegetation. This paper describes a modification of Bartonek's nasal saddle. J. Bernard Gollop kindly reviewed the manuscript. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our nasal saddles were made from plasticized polyvinyl chloride tape, 13 mm wide, as used and described by Craighead and Stockstad (1956). The tape is available in 10 colors from Wildlife Supply Company, 2200 S. Hamilton Street, Saginaw, Michigan, at a cost of 12Y2 cents a yard. The one-color marker for shovelers (Fig. 1) was made from a 36-mm strip of tape. Two holes were pierced 14 mm apart with a small sharp nail or large needle (Fig. 2). Dimensions may vary slightly for other species. Washers were cut from the same kind of tape with a 7-mm rifle cartridge 984 case and were pierced. Marker and washers were fastened to the bill with 15-gauge tennis racket nylon threaded through the nares as described by Bartonek and Dane (1964). Because of its resilience, the tape binds tightly on the nylon thread without splitting. The use of a piece of nylon several inches long made the threading procedure easier. One end was prebeaded with a flame, and the other, pointed. After the marker and washers were threaded to the bill, the excess nylon was cut off and the end beaded close to the washer. Beads were checked after cooling, and redone if brittle. For a bi-colored marker, the second color was incorporated by inlaying a piece of Fig. 1. Shoveler wearing a white nasal saddle. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.127 on Wed, 12 Oct 2016 04:31:57 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms A NASAL MARKER FOR DUCKS * Sugden and Poston 985

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE TAPE IN CORROSION MITIGATION PROGRAMMES

Corrosion mitigation technology undoubtedly is advancing more rapidly now than ever before. New techniques and new materials make the engineer's problem less difficult. Early in 1948, several prominent corrosion engineers reasoned that the properties which made polyvinyl chloride tape excellent for electrical applications would also make it highly desirable as a pipe protection tape. After soil tests and other accelerated laboratory tests had indicated its merits, several companies requested a wider plastic electrical tape than ordinarily manufactured. The first actual applications were made by several large gas distribution companies in the United States early in 1949.