Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsion Research Articles

Process Characterization of Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsions Applying Inline Photon Density Wave Spectroscopy at High Solid Contents.

The high solids semicontinuous emulsion polymerization of polyvinyl acetate using poly (vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) as protective colloid is investigated by optical spectroscopy. The suitability of Photon Density Wave (PDW) spectroscopy as inline Process Analytical Technology (PAT) for emulsion polymerization processes at high solid contents (>40% (w/w)) is studied and evaluated. Inline data on absorption and scattering in the dispersion is obtained in real-time. The radical polymerization of vinyl acetate to polyvinyl acetate using ascorbic acid and sodium persulfate as redox initiator system and poly (vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) as protective colloid is investigated. Starved–feed radical emulsion polymerization yielded particle sizes in the nanometer size regime. PDW spectroscopy is used to monitor the progress of polymerization by studying the absorption and scattering properties during the synthesis of dispersions with increasing monomer amount and correspondingly decreasing feed rate of protective colloid. Results are compared to particle sizes determined with offline dynamic light scattering (DLS) and static light scattering (SLS) during the synthesis.

Cellulose Stabilized Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsion: Review

The global energy crisis and overconsumption of non-renewable resources have depleted natural resources, climatic changes with global warming, and rise in sea level. The research on alternate sources and chemicals has resulted in the usage of green materials. These biomaterials are sustainable sources, biodegradable, and are abundant in nature. The replacement of petrochemicals with biopolymers has gained much importance in this aspect. Conventionally, polyvinyl alcohol is employed as a protective colloid in polyvinyl acetate adhesive. Polyvinyl alcohol has the limitation of petroleum origin, is replaced by biopolymers. Starch being a biopolymer, has gained interest in replacing polyvinyl alcohol as a stabilizer. Cellulose has a low cost, and the most abundant biomaterial finds application as a reinforcing agent in conventional adhesives. Exploring cellulose as a stabilizer for polyvinyl acetate emulsion polymerization with reinforcement has created potential applicability of cellulose in adhesives. Surface hydroxyl groups in cellulose act as sites for functionalization, making it material for the adhesive sector. This review paper aims to showcase biomaterials, namely starch, and cellulose, in the adhesive field. A detailed review of cellulose as functional filler for polyvinyl acetate emulsion adhesives has been explained.

Experimental study and evaluation of remoulded coal samples based on mechanics and permeability characteristics

Some coal seams have loose textures and developed beddings, so it is difficult to obtain samples to study their mechanics and permeability characteristics. However, it is possible to carry out related research by using remoulded coal instead of raw coal. With polyvinyl acetate emulsion as a binder, remoulded coals were obtained by different preparation processes and quantified using the cosine similarity method. The results show that remoulded coals, which were prepared with a 10% binder concentration, 50 °C drying temperature, 1:1 water-binder ratio and 60-MPa forming pressure, are similar to the raw coal in this case. Changing the binder concentration, drying temperature, water-binder ratio and forming pressure can improve the mechanics and permeability characteristics of remoulded coals, which informs related experimental research.

The dendroclimatic value of oak stable isotopes

Tree-ring stable oxygen and carbon isotope ratios (δ18O and δ13C) are an important archive for climate reconstructions. However, it remains unclear whether the polyvinyl acetate emulsion, often used for the preservation and fixation of wood samples, influences δ18O and δ13C signals. Further uncertainties are associated with the possible effects of geographical origin and cambial age of historical samples. Here, we present annually-resolved and absolutely-dated δ18O and δ13C measurements of 21 living oaks (Quercus robur and Q. petraea) from the Czech Republic. We find that the δ18O and δ13C signals in the extracted alpha-cellulose are not affected by polyvinyl acetate treatment. Covering the entire 20th century and reaching until 2018 CE, our dataset reveals spatial and temporal coherency within and between the individual δ18O and δ13C chronologies of different oak species, sample locations, and tree ages. Highly significant (p < 0.01) Pearson’s correlation coefficients of the site-specific δ13C and δ18O chronologies range from 0.48–0.77 and 0.36–0.56, respectively. The isotopic inter-series correlations of Q. robur and Q. petraea from the same site are 0.75 and 0.43 for the mean δ13C and δ18O values, respectively. Significant (p < 0.01) correlations of 0.49 and 0.84 are found for δ13C and δ18O, respectively, when all measurements from all sampling locations and tree ages are included. Our study shows that non-pooled oak δ18O and δ13C measurements from both species, different locations, and diverse tree ages can be combined into robust isotopic chronologies for climate reconstructions.

Effects of basalt fiber coated with different sizing agents on performance and microstructures of asphalt mixture

Basalt fiber (BF) presents remarkable capability to enhance the performance of asphalt mixture. However, this enhancing effect is highly relied on the sizing agent coated on the basalt fiber during the production process. To further understand the effects of BF coated with different sizing agents on performance and microstructures of asphalt mixture, chopped BF coated with Polyvinyl acetate emulsion (PAE), Polyester emulsion (PE), and Polyalcohol ester emulsion (PEE), respectively were utilized to prepare the corresponding asphalt mixture samples. Then, the performance of the asphalt mixture was evaluated by wheel tracking test, low temperature bending beam test, freeze–thaw splitting test and four-point bending beam fatigue test, and the crack width of the fracture sections of asphalt mixture was quantitatively analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The surface morphology, chemical compositions, and surface energy of BF coated with the three types of sizing agents were analyzed by SEM, X-ray energy spectrum and optical contact angle measuring instrument, respectively. The results showed that compared with the neat asphalt mixture, high temperature deformation resistance, low temperature crack resistance, fatigue resistance of the asphalt mixture with BF-PAE, BF-PE and BF-PEE were improved greatly. Furthermore, the type of sizing agent did present a significant impact on the performance of asphalt mixture, and BF-PAE presented the best enhancement capability, followed by BF-PEE and BF-PE. Besides, crack width of asphalt mixture with BF was only 1/3–1/6 of that of the neat mixture, of which the mixture with BF-PAE was the narrowest. Though BF with different sizing agents had similar surface morphologies, distinct changes can be observed in the surface energy, indicating different sizing agents possessed different adhesive properties with asphalt binders. Therefore, it is necessary to select a suitable sizing agent or to develop a customized one to improve the performance of asphalt mixture with BF more effectively.

Ceiba speciosa St. Hill fruit fiber as a potential source for nanocellulose production and reinforcement of polyvinyl acetate composites

AbstractThe natural cottony aspect of silk‐floss tree fruit fiber allied with its high‐cellulose content turned our attention for their application at the nanocellulose production since spares the prerefining and pulping processes that are obligatory for the size reduction of the main cellulosic fiber sources. This study presents preparation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) using mechanical defibrillation to explore their potential in the preparation of polymer composites using polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) emulsion. We characterized and subjected silk‐floss fruit fiber to four chemical treatments. Based on the degree of delignification, treatments with sodium chlorite (II) and their mixture with methanol and toluene (IV) were chosen for further studies. The resulting CNFs were characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Composites were prepared using several amounts (0.50‐1.00 wt%) of CNFs and their tensile strengths were determined. Composites containing 1.00% CNFs (Treatment II) were found to exhibit lowest strength while those with 0.5% CNFs (Treatment IV) showed the highest strength with 351% and were 518% higher resistant than the PVAc matrix, respectively.

Study on incorporating wattle tannin in polyvinyl acetate emulsion and its effect on properties for wood bonding application

Polyvinyl acetate emulsion (PVAc) is an essential class of adhesives for woodworking applications. However, it suffers from low water resistance. In the present research, wattle tannin was incorporated in synthesised PVAc emulsion at ratios ranging from 0 to 6 wt.% in PVAc emulsion. The study was carried out in two parts. The first part focuses on understanding the effect of the presence of tannin in PVAc emulsion on its adhesive performance. The second part deals with the study of the variation in adhesive properties of tannin PVAc emulsion adhesive by introducing isocyanate crosslinker in the system. DMA was employed to understand the glass transition and rheology behaviour. FTIR was used to assess the reaction of tannin with isocyanate crosslinker. Contact angle measurement was measured using goniometry to understand the surface wettability achieved by incorporating tannin in the PVAc emulsion system. Detail study on adhesive strength was carried out by bonding wood substrates followed by measuring bonding strength in wet conditions as per BS EN 204 and heat resistance as per DIN EN 14257 (WATT 91). The presence of tannin in the system enhances water and heat resistance property which gets further improved in the presence of isocyanate crosslinkers. The observed effect is due to better wetting of substrate by adhesive, hydrogen bonding between tannin and components in adhesive, and dense crosslinking formed by the reaction of isocyanate crosslinker.

Glue wood veneer to wood-fiber–high-density-polyethylene composite

Wood-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic plastic composite is a type of environmentally friendly material. However, its application in furniture and interior decoration is limited due to its lack of wood texture. In this work, wood-veneer-facing decoration was explored to beautify the composite's appearance. Surface planning and slight sanding were applied to wood-fiber–high-density-polyethylene (WF-HDPE) composite. Polyvinyl acetate emulsion was used as adhesive, and the veneer-faced WF-HDPE composite floor was prepared by the hot-pressing method. The bonding line was analyzed with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Planning plus sanding treatment removed the HDPE film on the composite surface and exposed the wood fibers to react with the adhesive. The rough surface provided all decorative samples bonding strengths higher than 0.9 MPa. The bond line could stand 63 °C water soaking for 3 h without delamination. The hot-pressing temperature exhibited a significant effect on surface bonding strength. The optimized hot-pressing technique included a hot-pressing temperature of 80 °C, a hot-pressing time of 10–20 min, and a hot-pressing pressure of 0.2 MPa. With this combination, the surface-decorative veneer retained the beauty of its original color.

Preparation of EPS-Based Thermal Insulation Mortar with Improved Thermal and Mechanical Properties

A new method of preparing expandable polystyrene (EPS) insulation mortar is presented in this work. It consists of using two polymer emulsion adhesives (POEA): commercial water-soluble polyvinyl formaldehyde adhesive (PFA) and polyvinyl acetate emulsion (PAE). The effects of EPS dosage, polymer emulsion adhesive, air-entraining agent, and fly ash content on the performance of EPS mortar were investigated. The workability, mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, water absorption, and softness coefficient of the prepared samples were experimentally studied. The experimental results showed that high-performance EPS thermal insulation mortar can be prepared by limiting the EPS volume fraction to 80%–82%, air content to around 20%, and fly ash content to 20%. The bonding strength and flexural strength were improved as polyvinyl acetate emulsion was added. Also, the drying shrinkage and thermal conductivity were improved with the addition of fly ash.

GFRP-to-timber bonded joints: Adhesive selection

Recent research at the University of Queensland (UQ) has led to the development of a new type of structures called “Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)-Timber structures” (“HFT”). In HFT structures, FRP is combined with timber veneers to create high-performance, lightweight, easy-to-construct structural members. These HFT members take advantage (i) of the orthotropic properties of both, timber and FRP to orientate the fiber direction to produce optimal composite properties, and (ii) of the geometry of the cross sections to maximize the load bearing capacity for a given amount of material. While preliminary experimental work has revealed as such the effectiveness of HFT structural members, no work has been carried out so far to investigate the behavior of these HFT structures. Performance of these new HFT members relies significantly on the bond between FRP and timber. This paper presents the results of an experimental study aimed at selecting a suitable commercially available adhesive for glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)-to-timber bonded joints. The experimental program included 393 single lap joint tests covering four different commercially available adhesives, two different curing temperatures, and two test methods (dry and moisture cycle tests). The test results revealed that both, polyurethane (PUR) and cross-linking polyvinyl acetate emulsion (PVAx) performed as the best under dry conditions, while PUR was shown to be superior to all other adhesives when subjected to moisture cycles. Epoxy and phenol resorcinol formaldehyde adhesive (PRF) commonly used in FRP structures and laminated timber structures, resp., were found to be less performing structural adhesives for HFT structures.

Synthesis, Characterization and Electrical Conductivity of Silver Doped Polyvinyl Acetate/Graphene Nanocomposites: A Novel Humidity Sensor

Abstract In the present study, we have synthesized conducting polymer nanocomposites consist of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), graphene, and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) emulsion. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized by UV/Vis, FT-IR, XRD, TGA, and SEM techniques. SEM images showed that AgNPs and graphene sheets are well dispersed in the PVAc matrix. The electrical conductivities of the nanocomposites were examined using the impedance analyzer instrument. It was ascertained that polymer composite containing silver nanoparticles and graphene exhibit higher conductivities. The PVAc-AgNPs/Graphene nanocomposite was also used as potential conducting materials for humidity measurement.

Effects of the Preparation Conditions and Reinforcement Mechanism of Polyvinyl Acetate Soil Stabilizer.

The significant criterion for evaluating the merits of a new type of high molecular polymer lies in its engineering properties and eco-friendliness. The focus of this study was to determine the effects of preparation conditions on the viscosity of the polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) emulsion, including reaction temperature (Tr), initiator concentration (CAPS), monomer concentration (CVA), pH value, and degree of dilution (Ddi). Based on the results of a series of laboratory tests, the range of viscosity value of PVAc was obtained under different conditions, and one set of viscosity values out of these was applied to soil reinforcement tests. Meanwhile, based on the test results, the engineering properties of PVAc solution were evaluated using strength and moisture retention tests, and the reinforcement mechanism was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, it was proven through a vegetation growth test that the PVAc was eco-friendly.

THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MODIFIED NONWOVEN MATERIALS BASED ON COTONIN FLAX

The ability of a material not to change its properties when heated is an important characteristic of nonwoven and fibrous polymeric materials (VPM). The interaction of binder components, flax cellulose and non-cellulose impurities will largely determine their properties, including resistance to thermal oxidation. In this paper were used as objects of research cotton linen, samples of purified cellulose, extracted lignin, cotton fiber based on cotton linen, impregnated with polymer binders.&#x0D; Enzyme-modified flax is obtained by effective fibration due to the selective hydrolysis of pectins and hemicelluloses, while structure-forming lignin has been preserved. The formation of VPM was performed by impregnation of undirected fibers located in the canvas with a binder based on 50% polyvinyl acetate emulsion and cyclic PA-6 oligomers (polymerization degree 6–11).&#x0D; Fiber-polymer materials based on cottonin- flax with various types of binders were obtained, their thermal properties were studied on the Synchronous Thermal Analyzer – STA 449 F3 Jupiter®. Resistance to burning was evaluated according to standard 12.4.184. The effect of the introduction of natural aluminosilicates on the thermal properties of fibrous-polymeric materials has been studied.It was revealed that fibrous-polymeric materials with the inclusion aluminosilicate (from Malostupino) have low burnability.

Starch Stabilized Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsion: Review

The Increasing global energy crisis and scarcity of petroleum resources has shifted the focus of the hemical industries to look for alternative raw material resources. The main focus of raw materials in wood adhesives, such as petroleum and natural gas [1,2], would be gradually replaced by renewable bio-resource polymers. Starch is a relatively an inexpensive and renewable product from abundant plants, easy processing and it has been extensively used as paper binders, sizing materials, glues and pastes [3], but its bonding capacity is not strong enough to glue substrate like wood, paper. Conventionally available wood adhesive emulsions are colloid like polyvinyl alcohol stabilized. A new research on biodegradable, renewable, environmentally friendly starch stabilized polyvinyl acetate emulsion that was synthesized by the graft polymerization of vinyl acetate onto starch. In this paper, we reviewed starch as colloid for synthesis of polyvinyl acetate emulsion.

Effect of modified phenolic resin on crosslinked network and performances of polyvinyl acetate blending emulsion

ABSTRACTThe water‐soluble phenolic resin (PF) and the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) modified phenolic resin (PPF) were synthesized by alkali catalysis method. Both were used as curing agents to blend with the polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) emulsion. The obtained PF, PPF and blending emulsion were characterized by FT‐IR, DSC, DLS, TEM, and viscosity analysis. The thermal stability of latex films was enhanced after blending. When the PF and PPF content was up to 15 wt %, the peel strength of the blending emulsion increased from 17.89 N/25 mm to 21.32 N/25 mm and 23.37 N/25 mm and the shear impact strength were 1.4 and 1.6 times that of unmodified emulsion adhesive, respectively. Moreover, the modification effect of PPF was better than PF due to its tough crosslinked network. Finally, layer cohesion played an increasingly important role in bonding forces with the increment of the PPF content by the glue residue analysis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46448.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Hasil Perikanan: Lem Ikan Berbahan Baku Sisik Ikan yang Berbeda

Fishery processing industry such as fillet fish and boneless milkfish which are increasing rapidly raises new problem, that is industrial waste which one of them is fish scales. Fish scales in the know contain collagen which can be used as adhesive or glue and can be one of the innovations for waste processing of scales. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different fish scales on quality of fish glue from three different types of fish scales. The material used in this study is the scales of fish Seabass (Lates calcarifer), nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and milkfish (Chanos chanos Forks), acetic acid, NaOH, and aquadest. The research method used is experimental laboratories using Completely Randomized Design with treatment of three different types of fish scales with three repetitions each. The results obtained were analyzed using the analysis of variance, stickiness value, wood surface damage, viscosity, pH and water content of fish glue. To know the difference between treatments, the data were analyzed with real honest difference analysis. The results of this study showed that fish scales differed significantly (P &lt;0.05) on all analysis, but not pH of fish glue. Based on the results of this study that meets the Indonesian National Standard no. 06-6049-1999 on Quality Requirements of Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsion For Wood Working Adhesives, Seabass fish scales is the best fish glue with quality: stickiness value 8.64 N/mm2, 40.47 % wood surface damage, viscosity 7.68 poise, pH 4.80, and water content of 59.92 %. Keywords: Fish glue; Milkfish Scale; Nile Tilapia Scale; Seabass Scale

Improvement in Wood Bonding Strength of Poly (Vinyl Acetate-Butyl Acrylate) Emulsion by Controlling the Amount of Redox Initiator.

Polyvinyl acetate emulsion adhesive has been widely used due to its good bonding performance and environmentally friendly properties. Indeed, the bonding performance can be further improved by copolymerizing with other monomers. In this study, the effect of the adjunction of redox initiator (hydrogen peroxide–tartaric acid, H2O2–TA) on the properties of the poly (vinyl acetate-butyl acrylate) (P (VAc–BA)) emulsion adhesive was investigated. With increasing dosage, the reaction became more complete and the obtained film was more compact, as identified via SEM. The core-shell structure of the emulsion particles was confirmed via TEM. Results indicate that while the initiator content increased from 0.5 to 1.0%, a clearer core-shell structure was obtained and the bonding strength of the plywood improved from 2.34 to 2.97 MPa. With the further incorporation of H2O2–TA (i.e., 1.5%), the bonding performance deteriorated. The optimum wood bonding strength (2.97 MPa) of the prepared P (VAc-BA) emulsion adhesive was even better than that (2.55 MPa) of a commercial PVAc emulsion adhesive, suggesting its potential application for the wood industry.

CHARACTERISTIC OF FISH GLUE FROM THREE DIFFERENT MARINE FISHES

Fish bone waste is a byproduct of fish processing units, which can be utilized to produce fish glue. Fish glue is an adhesive substance that made from collagen extract of fish skin and bones. The purpose of this research was to determine the quality of the fish glue with different raw materials of marine fishes bones such as Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson), Eastern little Tuna (Euthynnus affinis), and Cobia (Rachycentron canadum). The research method was the extraction of fish bones using 5% CH3COOH solution with a ratio of fish bone and solution of 1:1. Later, the filtrate was evaporated using a rotary vacuum evaporator to obtain fish glue. Parameters measured were bonding strength, damage to wooden surfaces, viscosity, pH, and moisture content. The results showed that the use of raw materials of different fish bones affect the value of the bonding strength, damage to wooden surfaces, viscosity, pH, and moisture content. Fish glue made of Eastern little Tuna bones as raw material was the best product resulted from this research, with the fish glue characteristics for bonding strength of 7.7 N/mm2, wood surface damage of 83.21%, viscosity of 4.17 poise, pH 4.74, and moisture content of 55.60%. The product was also comply with SNI 06-6049-1999 of polyvinyl acetate emulsion adhesives for wood working. The research results indicated that fish bones as raw material are potential to be developed in the manufacture of fish glue. Keywords: fish glue, bones, spanish mackerel, eastern little tuna, cobia

Preparation and Properties of Liquefied Banana Pseudo-stem based PVAc Membrane

A series of novel membrane materials were prepared based on liquefied banana pseudo-stem (LBPS) blended with various proportions of polyvinyl acetate emulsion (PVAc). The mechanical properties, structure, thermal stability, and cross-sectional morphologies were investigated using a universal testing machine, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The addition of LBPS to PVAc led to a structural change, and this change depended on the reaction temperature. The enhancement of elongation and the thermostability of membranes is attributed to an increase in C-O-C groups. Furthermore, the LBPS/PVAc membranes have a higher water resistance.

Preparation and Properties of Water-Based Ultra-Thin Fireproof Coating for Steel Structures

The water-based ultra-thin fireproof coating for steel structures was prepared by using polyvinyl acetate emulsion as binder, using flame retardant composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) , pentaerythritol (PTH) and melamine (MEL) as basic flame retardant system, using titanium dioxide as inorganic filler, then use expandable graphite (EG) to improve the thickness and compactness of char layer. The experimental results show that the coating has the best properties when the content of polyvinyl acetate emulsion is 32 % and the flame retardant is 38 % by mass, furthermore if added 4 % EG, the properties of coating would be better.