Polytetrafluoroethylene Research Articles

Effect of Fluorophilic- and Hydrophobic-Modified Polyglycerol-Based Coatings on the Wettability of Low Surface Energy Polymers.

Catechol-derived polymers form stable coatings on a wide range of materials including challenging to coat low surface energy polymers. Whether modification of the coating polymer with fluorophilic or hydrophobic groups is a successful approach to further favor the coating of hydrophobic or fluorophilic surfaces with catechol-based polymers remains ambiguous. Herein, we report the effect of a series of catechol-derived polyglycerol (PG)-based coatings and monolayer coatings on the wettability of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene, and poly(methyl methacrylate) surfaces. Coatings with a longer hydrophilic PG block resulted in surface coatings with water contact angles (WCAs) around 60° independently of the modification and substrate, while coatings with a longer hydrophobic anchoring block possessed more diverse WCAs up to (129 ± 10)°. Despite the generally small impact of the fluorophilic modification for most substrate/coating combinations, some fluorophilic modified coatings reduce the WCA of PTFE below Berg's limit of 65°, indicating a shielding of fluorous segments from the surface.

Design of Litchi-Like Al/PTFE with Superior Reactivity and Application in Solid Propellants.

The combustion efficiency and reactivity of aluminum (Al) particles, as a crucial component in solid propellants, are constrained by the inert oxide layer aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) can remove the oxide layer, however, carbon deposition generated during the reaction process still limits the reaction efficiency of Al/PTFE fuel. Here, a litchi-like Al/PTFE fuel with the nano-PTFE islands distributed on the Al particles surface is successfully designed, based on localized activation and synergistic reaction strategies, to solve the Al2O3 layer and carbon deposition. This unique PTFE-coated structure can achieve localized activation of Al by surface etching, creating reaction channels, and exposing the active Al. Such a channel network promotes the circulation of fluorine and oxygen, stimulating the synergistic reactions of Al-F and Al-O and energy output. Regulating the PTFE content can maximize the elimination of carbon deposition and achieve the full combustion reaction of Al/PTFE. The maximum flame area and pressure output of the litchi-like Al/PTFE fuel increased by 241.9%, 734.7%, 118.4%, and 265.2%, respectively, compared with traditional physical mixture and core-shell structure Al/PTFE fuels. The localized activation and synergistic effects of litchi-like structure effectively transform carbon waste into a valuable resource, introducing a novel approach for the propellants.

Failure analysis of LCF cracked medium-voltage switch bellows

Abstract Three cracked spring bellows used for medium voltage switches were subjected to materialographic examinations. They were installed in switches that were tested in the test facility performing simulated switching cycles and failed prematurely. The number of load cycles until crack initiation is not known. However, it was well under 10,000. The cause of the crack was low-cycle fatigue (LCF) induced by wall thinning wear resulting from a relative movement between the bellow and the inner polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sleeve. Hot cracking characteristics or evidence of other fracture mechanisms were not found.

Posterior Hepatectomy and Inferior Vena Cava Graft Reconstruction for En Bloc Resection of a Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Tribute to Couinaud's Liver Anatomy Description.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with major vasculature tumor extension is considered an advanced stage of disease to which palliative radiotherapy or chemotherapy is proposed.1,2 Surgical resection associated with chemotherapy or chemoembolization could be an opportunity to improve overall survival and recurrence-free survival in selected cases in a high-volume hepatobiliary center.3,4 Moreover, it has been 25 years since Couinaud described the entity of a posterior liver located behind an axial plane crossing the portal bifurcation.5 The aim of this video was to show how to reproduce such a resection technique. We report the case of a 72-year-old male presenting with a 6cm HCC developed in a well-compensated Child-Pugh A alcohol-related cirrhosis and localized in the dorsal liver sector. The tumor invaded the retrohepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) as well as segment 2 and the right posterior section glissonean pedicles. The initial management of the patient was performed outside of a reference center for hepatobiliary surgery and the tumor was initially considered unresectable. Transarterial chemoembolization was judged ineffective due to the size and location of the tumor. Initial treatment included 6 months of atezolizumab-bevacizumab, permitting tumor volume stability and enabling surgical resection. The procedure included an enbloc posterior hepatectomy (H1267)6 with IVC resection and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft replacement. A well-tolerated intermittent pedicle and IVC clamping of 30min in total was used. The duration of surgery was 240min, with 30min of total vascular liver exclusion, and total blood loss was 650mL. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 8. R0 resection was achieved and the patient was free of disease at 1year post-surgery. To our knowledge, this video reports the first posterior hepatectomy performed in clinical practice and demonstrates liver anatomy as described by Couinaud in 1999.5 Moreover, complex vascular resections for HCC should be considered a valid therapeutic option in selected cases and high-volume hepatobiliary centers.

Towards Scalable Production of Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Solvent‐Free Layered‐Oxide Cathodes and Aqueous‐Processed Hard Carbon Anodes for Cost‐Effective Full‐Cell Manufacturing.

Achieving commercial viability for more sustainable sodium‐ion batteries (SIB) necessitates reducing the environmental impact of production, particularly originating from electrode drying and the use of toxic solvents like N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP). This study presents the dry‐processing of commercial P2‐type Na0.75Ni0.25Fe0.25Mn0.50O2 (NFM) via the DRYtraec® process, aiming to lower the binder content of 1 wt.% polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and eliminating the need for electrode drying and NMP recovery. Assessments of electrode morphology and active material crystallinity were conducted to gauge the effects of mechanical stress during processing. The resulting cathodes, loaded at a commercially relevant 2.3‐2.7 mAh cm‐2 loading, were successfully paired with aqueous‐processed hard carbon (HC) anodes, demonstrating stable performance in full‐cells. Comparative analysis with entirely wet‐processed electrodes revealed comparable capacity accessibility and comparable long‐term stability. This showed the competitiveness of dry‐processed cathodes. Finally, the integration of NMP‐free, dry‐processed cathodes and aqueous‐processed anodes was scaled to the commercially relevant prototype pouch‐cell. The cell demonstrates stable cycling for 400 cycles with an energy density of 102 Wh kg‐1 as well as reduced processing costs and environmental footprint.

Performance of radio frequency ion thruster with polytetrafluoroethylene propellant embedded in discharge chamber

Abstract Exploring solid propellants for electric thrusters can simplify the propellant storage and supply units in propulsion systems. In this study, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), commonly used as a propellant in pulsed plasma thrusters, was embedded in the discharge chamber of a radio frequency ion thruster (RIT-4) to investigate the performance of an ablation-type RIT. Experimental results indicate that PTFE can decompose and ionize stably under plasma ablation within the discharge chamber, producing –C–F– and F– ion clusters that form a stable plasma. By adjusting the length of the PTFE propellant, it was observed that its decomposition rate influences the ion beam current of the thruster. Compared with xenon, PTFE generates an ion plume with a larger divergence angle, ranging from 16.05° to 22.74° at an ion beam current of 25 mA, with a floating potential distribution of 8 V to 56 V. Assuming that the proportion of neutral gas in the vacuum chamber matches the ion species ratio in the ion plume, thrust, specific impulse and efficiency parameters were calculated for the RIT-4 with embedded PTFE. Under 50 W RF power, the thrust was approximately 1.02 mN, the specific impulse was around 1236 s and the power-to-thrust ratio was approximately 93.14 W/mN. All results indicate that PTFE is a viable propellant for RIT, but the key is to control the rate of decomposition.

Efficacy of a Novel Dual-Layer Plastic Stents for Malignant Biliary Obstruction

Objectives: In hepatopancreatic diseases, stenting is widely employed to manage cholangitis and obstructive jaundice. Stent materials are primarily categorized as plastic or metal. Plastic stents have notable advantages, such as reduced likelihood of peripheral bile duct obstruction, a lower cost, and the ease of replacement compared to metallic stents. However, their patency period is shorter due to narrower diameters. Plastic stents are typically composed of materials like polyurethane or polyethylene. To improve patency, new dual-layer stents combine polyurethane with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). PTFE, used in the inner layer, is expected to prevent biofilm formation. This study aimed to assess the clinical efficacy of this dual-layer stent. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 48 cases (Group R) using REGULUS® from November 2022 to November 2023 and 30 cases (Group IS) using inside-type plastic stents from January 2020 to November 2023 for malignant hilar and intrahepatic bile duct obstructions. Stent patency and clinical outcomes were compared between the groups. Results: There was no significant difference in the recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO) rate between the groups (p = 0.644). The time to recurrent biliary obstruction (TRBO) was 74 days in Group R and 118 days in Group IS, with no significant difference (p = 0.219). Conclusions: The dual-layer stent placed across the papilla demonstrated comparable clinical outcomes to inside-type stents. The PTFE inner layer likely reduces biofilm formation, enhancing patency. Across-the-papilla placement may facilitate reinterventions in challenging cases, broadening stent options.

Promoting Sustainability in the Recycling of End-of-Life Photovoltaic Panels and Li-Ion Batteries Through LIBS-Assisted Waste Sorting

To promote sustainability and reduce the ecological footprint of recycling processes, this study develops an analytical tool for fast and accurate identification of components in photovoltaic panels (PVs) and Li-Ion battery waste, optimizing material recovery and minimizing resource wastage. The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique was selected and employed to identify fluoropolymers in photovoltaic back sheets and to determine the thickness of layers containing fluorine. LIBS was also used for Li-Ion batteries to reveal the elemental composition of anode, cathode, and separator materials. The analysis not only revealed all the elements contained in the electrodes but also, in the case of cathode materials, allowed distinguishing a single-component cathode (cathode A containing LiCoO2) from multi-component materials (cathode B containing a mixture of LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4). The results of LIBS analysis were verified using SEM-EDS analysis and XRD examination. Additionally, an indirect method for identifying fluoropolymers (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)) employed to prepare dispersions of cathode materials was proposed according to the differences in wettability of both polymers. By enabling efficient material identification and separation, this study advances sustainable recycling practices, supporting circular economy goals in the renewable energy sector.

Nucleophilic cleavage of C–F bonds by Brønsted base for rapid synthesis of fluorophosphate materials

Abstract Fluorochemicals are a rapidly expanding class of materials used in a variety of fields including pharmaceuticals, metallurgy, agrochemicals, refrigerants, and in particular, alkali metal ion batteries. However, achieving one-step synthesis of pure fluorophosphate compounds in a well-controlled manner remains a formidable challenge due to the volatilization of fluorine during the heat treatment process. One feasible method is to cleave the C–F bond in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) during synthesis to create a fluorine-rich atmosphere and strongly reducing environment. However, the inert nature of the C–F bond in PTFE presents a significant obstacle, as it is the strongest single bond in organic compounds. To address this predicament, we propose a fluorine-compensating strategy that involves cleavage of the C–F bonds by nucleophilic SN2-type reactions of Brønsted base (ammonia) enabling fluorine compensation. The decomposed products (NH2· and C·) also resulting in the formation of micropores (via NH3 escape) and in-situ carbon coating (via C· polymerization). The resultant cathode delivers a superior potassium storage capability including high rate performance and capacity retention. This contribution not only overcomes the obstacles associated with the inert C–F bond in fluororesin, but also represents a significant step forward in the development of fluorine-containing compounds.

Chitosan-based films with excellent flame retardancy and highly sensitive fire response for application in self-powered dual fire alarm systems.

The widespread use of flammable building materials severely threatens residential safety. Additionally, traditional fire-alarm systems may fail in complex fire environments due to power disruptions. It is crucial to enhance the flame retardancy of material while establishing effective fire detection and early warning systems. This study prepared a chitosan/gelatin (CG) and LiBr-modified CG (CG-LiBr) composite film using an environmentally friendly water evaporation method. We coated the CG-LiBr film with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), thus a flame-retardant and conductive PTFE-coated film-based triboelectric nanogenerator (PF-TENG) was developed. Notably, the CG-LiBr film exhibits outstanding alarm capabilities, with response times of 0.41 s at 100 °C and 0.4 s under flame attack. Compared to the initial CG, CG-LiBr shows a 24.4 % increase in char residue and a 62.1 % reduction in peak heat release rate. Furthermore, PF-TENG demonstrates excellent voltage output, achieving up to 60.8 V at a vertical contact-separation frequency of 5 Hz. Integrating CG-LiBr's exceptional dual-alarm function into fire protection suits and building materials, along with the development of a fire-alarm system featuring remote signal transmission capabilities, holds considerable promise for enhancing fire safety and developing intelligent early warning systems.

The Impact of High-Speed Crushing Process of Fibrous Polytetrafluoroethylene on Pyrolyzed Carbon Black/Natural Rubber Composites.

This study employed a high-speed rotating crushing process to modify pyrolyzed carbon black (CBp) using self-lubricating and low-friction polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The effects of PTFE content on the dispersion, mechanical properties, wear resistance, and thermal stability of modified PTFE-CBp/natural rubber (NR) composites were investigated. The rotating crushing process from the high-speed grinder altered the physical structure of PTFE, forming tiny fibrous structures that interspersed among the CBp particles. This arrangement encouraged the alignment of CBp particles in specific directions and improved the surface activity of CBp, enhancing the dispersion of CBp within the NR matrix and consequently improving wear resistance. The experimental results indicated that as the amount of PTFE fibers increased, the hardness, wear resistance, and thermal stability of the PTFE-CBp/NR composite significantly improved. Compared to untreated CBp/NR composites, the hardness, modulus at 300%, and wear resistance of the 3 phr PTFE-CBp/NR composites increased by 20%, 24%, 21%, respectively, achieving the preparation of highly wear-resistant CBp/NR composites.

Study on generation characteristics of a triboelectric ball bearing with defects

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to combine triboelectric nanogeneration technology with ball bearing structure to achieve energy collection and fault monitoring. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, according to the rotation mode of ball bearings, the freestanding mode of triboelectric nanogeneration is selected to design and manufacture a novel triboelectric nanogeneration device Rolling Ball Triboelectric Nanogenerator (RB-TENG) which combines rotary energy collection with ball bearing fault self-sensing. Findings The 10,000s continuous operation experiment of the RB-TENG is carried out to verify its robustness. The accurate feedback relationship between the RB-TENG and rotation velocity can be demonstrated by the fitting comparison between the theoretical and experimental electrical signal periods at a certain time. By comparing the output electrical signals of the normal RB-TENG and the rotor spalling RB-TENG and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) balls with different degrees of wear at 500 r/min, it can be concluded that the RB-TENG has an ideal monitoring effect on the radial clearance distance of bearings. The spalling fault test of the RB-TENG stator inner ring and rotor outer ring is carried out. Originality/value Through coupling experiments of rotor spalling fault of the RB-TENG and PTFE balls fault with different degrees of wear, it can be seen that when rotor spalling fault occurs, balls wear has a greater impact on the normal operation of the RB-TENG, and it is easier to identify. The fault self-sensing ability of the RB-TENG can be obtained, which is expected to provide an effective scheme for monitoring the radial wear clearance distance of ball bearings. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-08-2024-0295/

Tattoo-inspired surface texturing on oil-impregnated PTFE for advanced tribological properties

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the crucial roles of textured surfaces on oil-impregnated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) created by a facile tattoo strategy in improving tribological properties.Design/methodology/approachPored PTFE (PPTFE) was prepared by mixing powder PTFE and citric acid and experienced a cold-press sintering molding process. Subsequently, textured surfaces were obtained with using a tattoo strategy. Surface-textured PPTFE was thus impregnated with polyethylene glycol 200, yielding oil-impregnated and pore-connected PPTFE.FindingsThis study found that oil-impregnated and surface-textured PPTFE exhibited excellent tribological performances with an 82% reduction in coefficient of friction and a 72.5% lowering in wear rate comparing to PPTFE.Originality/valueThis study shows an efficient strategy to improve the tribological property of PTFE using a tattoo-inspired surface texturing method.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-10-2024-0378/

High‐Performance Droplet‐Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators: A Comparison of Device Configuration and Operating Parameters

AbstractDroplet‐based electricity generators (DEGs) harness liquid‐solid electrification to convert water droplets impacts into electrical energy. This study systematically examines how droplet height, droplet volume, flow rate, and substrate tilt angle influence DEG performance using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a triboelectric layer and deionized water. Three electrode designs (double, top, bottom) are evaluated, revealing that the double‐electrode configuration delivers the highest output. This enhanced performance arises from synergistic droplet motion, electrical double‐layer formation, and charge discharge, as validated by an equivalent circuit model. By varying droplet heights from 1–20 cm, volumes of 7.7–50 µL, flow rates of 50–300 drops/min, and tilt angles of 0–90°, an optimized setup yields −70 V and 22 mA, translating to a power density of 0.28 µW cm−2. High‐speed imaging correlates these outputs with droplet impact dynamics and the resulting charge transfer. Additionally, the optimized DEG can power small electronic devices, charge capacitors, and monitor artificial acid rain in real‐time, displaying distinct electrical signals compared to typical rainwater. These findings underscore the potential of DEGs as renewable energy harvesters and smart environmental sensors, paving the way for advanced on‐demand power generation in diverse settings.

Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid Exhibiting Dual Hydrophilic and Oleophobic Properties without Polar End Groups.

Simultaneously hydrophilic and oleophobic surfaces offer substantial advantages for applications such as antifogging, self-cleaning, and oil-water separation. It remains challenging to engineer such surfaces without requiring polar functional groups. This study introduces HFIL, a novel ionic liquid (IL) coating that achieves simultaneous hydrophilic and oleophobic properties via a one-step dip-coating process without relying on polar functional groups. Key findings show that, despite the bulk form of HFIL having a high hexadecane contact angle (HCA) of 74.1° and an even higher water contact angle (WCA) of 87.6°, the IL forms a stable monolayer on high-energy surfaces exhibiting a much lower WCA of approximately 40° with minimal change to the HCA. Washing tests demonstrate that, even without the polar functional groups, there is a non-zero bonded thickness upon which the oleophobicity is comparable to polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE). These properties highlight HFIL's potential for durable applications in antifouling, antifogging, and environmental separation technologies, where selective liquid interactions are essential. This work contributes to a broader understanding of IL-based surface modifications, advancing the development of high-performance coatings.

Bioinspired Antiwear Poly(urea-imide) Composites: Influence of Tribology on Polymer Crystal Structure.

Polymer composite materials encounter considerable challenges in sustaining superior tribological properties at high rotational speeds. Inspired by the microstructure of dragonfly wings, a novel thermally stable and ambient pressure curing poly(urea-imide) resin (PURI) with excellent tribological properties has been eco-friendly synthesis using bio-based greener solvents. Furthermore, The PURI composites enhanced with polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) blended fabrics demonstrate excellent mechanical, with tensile strengths exceeding 175MPa. The PURI composites synthesized in the green solvent dimethyl isosorbide (DMI) exhibit an average friction coefficient of 0.1160 and an average wear rate of 2.7×10-14m3(N·m)-1 at 800rmin-1. The excellent tribological performance is primarily attributed to the molecular chain rearrangement of the PURI resin during friction, which leads to the formation of crystalline structures in certain regions, a phenomenon known as friction-induced crystallization. This process is an entropy-reducing mechanism that absorbs other forms of energy, such as frictional heat, during the frictional process. Moreover, the PTFE fibers underwent tribochemical reactions resulting in changes to lattice spacing during friction and contributing to the formation of the tribofilm. This study provides new evidence regarding the frictional mechanisms of polymer composites, which is beneficial for designing high-performance wear-resistant composites.

Reconcentrating the Ionic Liquid EMIM-HSO4 Using Direct Contact Membrane Distillation.

Adequate water supplies are crucial for missions to the Moon, since water is essential for astronauts' health. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been investigated for processing metal oxides, the main components of lunar regolith, to separate oxygen and metals. The IL must be diluted in the process. Recycling this diluted IL post-processing is important to reduce the materials required in resupply missions. In addition, water will be needed in lunar greenhouses for growing food and aiding in sustaining a habitable environment. Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) is a new technology for water purification that was examined in this study for its feasibility to concentrate IL. Hydrophobic membranes composed of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene (PVDF) were found to hold promise in separating solutes from water to concentrate a diluted IL solution and to recover water. A bench-scale DCMD system was employed to test this method at temperatures of 50 °C, 65 °C, and 80 °C. Hence, the benefits and limitations of DCMD with PTFE and PVDF membranes were explored for the aqueous IL 1-ethyl-3 methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate for DCMD performed at different temperatures.

Assessment of microplastic ecological risk and environmental carrying capacity of agricultural soils based on integrated characterization: A case study.

Microplastic pollution in agricultural soils poses a significant threat to soil quality and environmental sustainability. This study investigated the composition, abundance, distribution, ecological risk, and environmental carrying capacity of microplastic pollution in the Tarim River Basin (TRB), China. The risk quotient combined with soil environmental carrying capacity (SECC) approaches was proposed to evaluate ecological risks and soil sustainability. Microplastic abundances ranged from 0 to 4000 items/kg (average=570 items/kg), with polyethylene (PE) polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polypropylene (PP) as dominant polymers. In addition, various factors affecting the occurrence of microplastics were analyzed. Agricultural mulching and drip irrigation were associated with higher microplastic levels. The risk assessment showed that among the different shapes, size ranges and categories of microplastics, fragmented (film), large-sized microplastics and PE had the highest risk, respectively. While current levels are within SECC limits, early warning model predicts PE and PP may reach threshold limits in recent years. This study provides crucial insights for managing microplastic pollution in agricultural regions, emphasizing the need for targeted mitigation strategies to maintain soil ecology sustainability.

Novel treatment for dye decolorization using a microreactor system and Fenton's reagent

Wastewater treatments in the textile industry faces many challenges, particularly due to the residues of used dyes, which are pollutants characterized by high chemical stability. One promising technology for addressing the issue is an advanced oxidation process (AOP), often utilizing Fenton's reagent as the oxidizing component. This study focuses on the degradation of the anthraquinone dye Acid Violet 109 using Fenton's reagent in a microfluidic reactor. The microreactor system consists of plunger pump units, a mixer, and a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tube. The influences of various process parameters have been analyzed, including the concentration of Fe2+, microreactor characteristics, the Fe2+/H2O2 molar ratio, and the total flow rate of the reaction mixture. The results show that treatment with Fenton's reagent is successful, with efficiencies between 82 and 99 %.

Strategy To Enhance Interfacial Properties: Preparation of Porous Polytetrafluoroethylene Fibers and the Adsorption of Initiators/Curing Agents.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fibers exhibit high inertness and demonstrate limited interfacial bonding capabilities with other materials. To overcome this limitation, PTFE@ZnO fibers were developed by depositing the porous ZnO layer onto PTFE fibers via a hydrothermal reaction, and porous fibers were adsorbed curing agents or initiators. The interfacial shear strength (ILSS) of the composites demonstrated a significant improvement, particularly in the case of composites containing PTFE/initiator fibers, where the ILSS increased by 104.8% compared to PTFE alone (from 8.3 to 17.0 MPa). The digital image correlation (DIC) method revealed a more uniform stress distribution in the modified fiber composites at the point of fracture. Additionally, nanoscratch tests indicated a significant enhancement in the interfacial bonding between the modified fibers and the resin. The porous structures facilitated mechanical interlocking between the modified fibers and the resin. Furthermore, the presence of an adsorbed initiator/curing agent within the porous structure served as the initiation site for the free radical polymerization of vinyl ester resin 901, thereby enhancing the interfacial bonding between the modified fibers and the resin. The novel strategy presents a general and viable approach for the extensive modification of PTFE fibers, focusing on achieving exceptional interfacial bonding properties.