Polydimethylsiloxane Research Articles

Pervaporation Membrane Development via PSf/PMMA/PDMS Polymeric Blends and ZSM-5/TiO2 Integration for Bioethanol Purification as Sustainable Green Energy

This study introduces a novel nanocomposite membrane designed for pervaporation (PV) by employing polymer blending, inorganic integration, and polymer coating techniques. ZSM-5 or TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and incorporated into a polysulfone (PSf) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix, followed by a coating of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to enhance perm-selectivity. Comprehensive analyses confirmed the well-dispersed nature of the nanoparticles and a significant increase in hydrophilicity. The research systematically examined the effects of particle loading, PDMS coating, and temperature on the separation efficiency. The findings revealed that the PDMS-coated PSf/PMMA/ZSM-5 membrane with a 2 wt.% loading demonstrated a substantial 41% increase in permeate flux and achieved a separation factor of 61.227 ± 1.92 at 40 °C. These improvements are attributed to the establishment of water channels and the molecular sieving effect introduced by the ZSM-5 incorporation. This study suggests that the developed membrane offers promising enhancements for ethanol recovery through pervaporation, showcasing the potential of nanocomposite membranes in improving separation efficiency and selectivity.

A compact multiband flexible antenna with a full ground plane for off body communication

Abstract A compact, multiband flexible antenna for off Body Communication (OBC) at 2.45 GHz and UWB low and high bands are presented as required by the IEEE 802.15.6TM standard, 2012. The antenna exhibits a directional radiation pattern and provides good gain and a low specific absorption rate (SAR). The proposed antenna has a compact footprint of 44 × 32 ×1.5 mm3. The proposed antenna is fabricated by placing a conductive fabric on a 1.5 mm thick polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer to enhance high flexibility and durability. A full ground made of conductive textile is used on the underside of the dielectric to reduce the load directed towards the antenna caused by the layers of human tissue underneath and to minimize back radiation from the human body. The proposed antenna design combines square and circular rings to achieve multi-band characteristics. Edge chamfering, slotting, and stub addition bandwidth expansion techniques are used to achieve wide bandwidth. The proposed antenna demonstrates exceptional resistance to the human body's load and physical deformation. The proposed antenna is a compact single-layer substrate flexible FGP (FGP) antenna operable in the WLAN (2.45 GHz), lower (3.2-4.6 GHz), and higher UWB (6.2-11 GHz) bands specified by IEEE. 802.15.6.

Tribological Properties of Polydimethylsiloxane Grafted with Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Methyl Ether Methacrylate Under Water Lubrication

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a polymer material characterized by its flexibility, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, excellent stability, and high transparency. It is also easy to process and allows for control over its physical properties. However, its inherent hydrophobicity limits its application in certain fields. To address this limitation, research is being conducted to modify the surface properties of PDMS through polymer grafting. In this work, poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (mPEG-MA) was grafted onto the PDMS surface to convert its hydrophobic characteristics to hydrophilicity. The tribological properties of the modified PDMS were then evaluated under conditions of hydrophilicity and water lubrication. Polymer grafting was performed by generating radicals on the surface of PDMS through ultraviolet (UV) irradiation using a photoinitiator, followed by grafting with mPEG-MA. The water contact angle, which serves as an indicator of hydrophilicity, was measured and revealed a decrease in the contact angle as the conditions for mPEG-MA grafting were intensified, signifying an increase in hydrophilicity. Additionally, the tribological properties under water lubrication improved with a higher degree of mPEG-MA grafting. Notably, PDMS grafted with a 20 wt.% mPEG-MA aqueous solution via UV irradiation for 12 h consistently maintained a coefficient of friction (COF) of less than 0.02 under water lubrication. Surface damage was observed locally in the dimples only under a load of 3 N.

Microneedle-Array-Mediated Transdermal Delivery of GCV-Functionalized Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 Nanoparticles for KSHV Treatment

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a variety of the human gamma-herpesvirus that often leads to the occurrence of malignant tumors. In addition, the occurrence of Kaposi’s sarcoma is a major cause of death among AIDS patients. Ganciclovir (GCV) is the most widely used drug against KSHV infection in the clinic. GCV can restrict the in vivo synthesis of DNA polymerase in KSHV, thereby inhibiting the replication of the herpesvirus. However, GCV still suffers from poor specificity and transmembrane capabilities, leading to many toxic side effects. Therefore, developing a drug delivery system that increases GCV concentrations in target cells remains a significant clinical challenge. In this study, zeolite imidazole salt framework-8 (ZIF-8), a biocompatible porous material constructed by coordinating zinc ions and 2-methylimidazole, was used to load GCV. A nano-delivery system with a microneedle structure was also constructed using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microneedle mold to fabricate MN/GCV@ZIF-8 arrays. These arrays not only offered good skin-piercing capabilities but also significantly inhibited the cleavage and replication of the virus in vivo, exerting an anti-KSHV function. For these reasons, the arrays were able penetrate the skin’s stratum corneum at the tumor site to deliver GCV and play an anti-KSHV role.

A PDMS-Al Triboelectric Nanogenerator Using Two-Pulse Laser to Enhance Effective Contact Area and Its Application

A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a kind of energy harvester which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy with electron transfer and transport between two different materials during cycling tribology. To increase the contact area between tribo-layers and enhance the output of TENGs, many studies prepare patterned micro/nanostructured tribo-layers using semiconductor processes like lithography and etching at high cost and with long processing times. Here, we propose a new method to quickly produce high-aspect-ratio (HAR) microneedles of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for TENG triboelectric layers using a two-pulse laser-ablated polymethyl methacrylate mold and casting. It has the merit of employing low-cost CO2 laser microfabrication and polymer casting in a feasible way to produce efficient tribo-electric layers. Two-pulse laser ablation is an efficient method for fabricating HAR microstructures with increasing depth at a constant width and density compared to single-pulse ablation. It enhances the depth of microneedles at a constant width and successfully casts PDMS tribo-layers with microneedles that have an aspect ratio 1.88 times higher than those produced by the traditional single-pulse process. The microneedle-PDMS (MN-PDMS) layer is combined with Al sheets to form the MN-PDMS-Al TENG. Compared with the flat PDMS-Al TENG and single-pulse PDMS-Al TENG, the two-pulse TENG enhances open-circuit voltage (Voc) by 1.63 and 1.48 times, the short-circuit current (Isc) by 1.92 and 1.47 times, and the output power by 3.69 and 2.16 times, respectively. This two-pulse ablation method promotes the output performance of TENGs, which has the potential for applications in self-powered devices and sustainable energy.

Amino and ionic liquid modified ZIF-71 embedded mixed matrix membrane for the enhancing the separation of refrigerant R454A

Due to their high global warming potential (GWP), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are included in various regulations as substances to be phased down. Gas separation membrane technology is expected to provide a better choice for refrigerant separation. In this study, a series of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)/ polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were prepared for the separation of the refrigerant blend R454A (GWP = 145), which consists of a near-zeotropic difluoromethane (R32, GWP = 675) and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R1234yf, GWP = 4). ZIF-71-NH2 was prepared for the first time by solvent-assisted ligand exchange (SALE), and then ZIF-71-NH2@ Ionic Liquid (IL) was prepared by embedding [C2mim][BF4] into the pores of ZIF-71-NH2 by capillary action method. The results showed that a hydrogen bonding network was established between the amino group and PDMS, which improved the interfacial compatibility, and reduced the pore size of ZIF-71, which contributed to an excellent gas separation performance of ZIF-71-NH2/PDMS MMMs. Restricting [C2mim][BF4] to the ZIF-71-NH2 pore can further reduce its pore size, and enhance R32/R1234yf separation performance due to the high selective solubility for R32 and R1234yf. The selectivity of 10wt.% ZIF-71-NH2/PDMS MMM is 25.6% over that of 10wt.% ZIF-71/PDMS MMM. The selectivity of ZIF-71-NH2@IL/PDMS MMM is 38.3% higher than that of ZIF-71-NH2/PDMS MMM. The ZIF-71-NH2/PDMS and ZIF-71-NH2@IL/PDMS MMMs exhibited the most excellent R32/R1234yf separation performance compared with the data currently published in the literature. Moreover, both designed MMMs demonstrated excellent resistance to ageing.

Enhanced oil/water separation using superhydrophobic nano SiO2-modified porous melamine sponges

Recent advancements in functional sponge materials have garnered significant interest due to their efficacy and cost-effectiveness in oil spill remediation. This study introduces both silane coupling agent (methyltrichlorosilane and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) and nano-SiO₂ particles into the melamine sponge framework via impregnation. Additionally, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) serves a crucial role in curing to fuse the substrate with the coating through robust covalent bonds. The modified sponges (SiMAPs) facilitate the formation of rough surfaces comprising hierarchical structures by the deposition of nano-SiO₂ particles, while the silane coupling agents and PDMS contribute to a reduced surface energy. These SiMAP sponges maintain high stability with a water contact angle of 162.6° and demonstrate an adsorption capacity ranging from 40 to 90 times their weight in oil or organic solvents. Furthermore, they achieve a separation efficiency exceeding 98% and an oil flux of 14.38 L/m2∙s in immiscible oil-water mixtures. Additionally, the sorption of trichloromethane reaches 88.1 g/g, and the separation efficiency for surfactant-stabilized emulsions containing diesel is 62.8%. Remarkably, the oil-water separation efficiency surpasses 99.8% in dynamic continuous oil-water separation cycles, as evidenced by 20 experimental trials. These results underscore the substantial potential of SiMAP-modified sponges for addressing oil pollution by enhancing oil-water separation.

A cost-effective diffuse reflection enhancement method for plane mirrors based on composite film made of polydimethylsiloxane and nano-silica

Recently a novel laser-based sensor was invented, capable of measuring structural displacement and rotation simultaneously. But the sensor needs a special mirror with both diffuse and specular reflection capacity. To address this demand, this paper proposes a cost-effective method to enhance mirror’s diffuse reflection capacity by coating a composite film composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and nano-silica particles. Experimental results showed that, by changing the concentration of nanoparticles, the film’s diffuse reflectance can be significantly enhanced to reach from 20% to 50% of standard BaSO4 whiteboard, while its light transmittance remains over 95%.

Viscoelastic particle focusing and separation in a microfluidic channel with a cruciform section.

Considerable attention has been given to elasto-inertial microfluidics, which are widely applied for the focusing, sorting, and separation of particles/cells. In this work, we propose a novel yet simple fabrication process for a microchannel with a cruciform section, where elasto-inertial particle focusing is explored in a viscoelastic fluid. SU-8 master molds for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structures were fabricated via standard photolithography, and then plasma bonding, following self-alignment between two PDMS structures, was performed for the formation of a microchannel with a cruciform section. The particle behaviors inside the fabricated microchannel were experimentally investigated for various flow rates and particle sizes and compared with those inside a microchannel with a square cross section. The experimental results revealed that 3D particle focusing was achieved in the center under viscoelastic fluid flow over a wide range of flow rates without any shear thinning. Even for small particles (∼2 μm), single-line particle focusing was observed in the microchannel with a cruciform section but not in a square microchannel with the same hydraulic diameter (Dh = 75 μm). The effects of four reflex angles (270°) on particle focusing were quantitatively evaluated through numerical simulation. The simulation revealed that the migration pattern of particles is governed by the combined effect of the reflex angles and fluid inertia, leading to characteristic particle focusing behavior within the cross section of the cruciform microchannel. These findings agree well with the experimental results, which highlight the superior capability of the cruciform microchannel for inertial particle focusing across a wide range of particle sizes.

Preparation of superhydrophobic polyurethane sponge with photodegradation function and study on its oil-water separation performance

The surface of tetrapod-shaped zinc oxide whiskers (T-ZnOw) was hydrophobized by the sol-gel method, and then loaded onto the surface of polyurethane sponge by dip-curing method to prepare a superhydrophobic polyurethane sponge with photodegradation function. When the mass ratio of superhydrophobic tetrapod-shaped zinc oxide whiskers (ST-ZnOw) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was 0.5:1, the water contact angle of the sponge was 157.5°. After being soaked in acid and alkali corrosion solution, rubbed with sandpaper and heat treated, the sponge can still maintain excellent hydrophobic properties. The adsorption capacity for different oils and organic solvents is 12 to 35 times of its own mass. After repeated extrusion-oil absorption experiments, it can still maintain its good adsorption capacity and high hydrophobicity, showing excellent reusability. The continuous oil-water separation efficiency of the material for different oils and organic solvents is above 95%, and the separation efficiency for the emulsion prepared with span80 content of 0.1wt% is 99.84%. At the same time, the prepared material can degrade the organic dye methylene blue under ultraviolet light, with a degradation rate of 99.35%, showing excellent potential for degrading organic pollutants.

Preparation and Characterization of Graphene and Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Polydimethylsiloxane Composites for Protective Coating Applications

In this work, the synergistic effect of graphene nanosheets (GNs), as well as multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), as reinforcing agents of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was investigated, in order to explore the possibilities of designing composite materials, tailored for use in the field of coatings, which might be, in fact, a very interesting application. It was shown that the addition of GNs and MWCNTs in PDMS matrices significantly improves the thermal stability of the obtained nanocomposites, especially those reinforced exclusively with GNs. The tensile tests indicated that strength increased for all the examined composites. It was also observed that the Young’s moduli had an increasing trend, with the exception of the composites containing only GNs, while those reinforced solely with MWCNTs exhibited the best performance. The O2 permeability measurements revealed that the highest reduction in the permeability was observed in GN-MWCNT/PDMS composite membranes, in comparison to those reinforced only with graphene or carbon nanotubes. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy showed that all the examined composites, and especially those of MWCNTs, possess electrical conductivity, apart from the samples reinforced exclusively with graphene. The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness was also improved at higher filler loadings, which is more evident in composites reinforced with MWCNTs. It was concluded that the improved properties of the above studied hybrid composites make them suitable for protective coating applications.

Dual-channel SPR sensor based on an MMF-DHSMF-NCF reflective structure

This manuscript introduces a novel dual-channel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor, employing a reflective configuration comprising fused multimode fiber (MMF), dual-hole single mode fiber (DHSMF), and no-core fiber (NCF) for refractive index (RI) and temperature detection simultaneously. By exploiting distinct refractive indices outside the fibers, the sensor enables dual-channel SPR functionality: one channel is activated by a gold-covered DHSMF for RI sensing, while the other utilizes a gold and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-coated NCF for temperature monitoring. Experimental results illustrates sensitivities to refractive index and temperature are 4341 nm/RIU and −2.63 nm/℃, respectively. With its compact design, ease of installation, and robust stability, the sensor is well-suited for concurrent RI and temperature detection.

Superior Hard yet Flexible, Highly Transparent, and Scratch‐Repairable Waterborne Antiadhesive Coatings Enabled by Multi‐Magnitude Dynamic Bonds Synergy Strategy

AbstractWith the advent and proliferation of foldable displays, the demand for hard yet flexible antiadhesive coatings with healability has significantly increased. Unfortunately, reports on such materials are scarce, with existing research generally facing the challenge of reconciling the “trade‐off” effect among hardness, flexibility, and dynamic performance and containing high levels of volatile organic compounds which causes irreversible environmental damage. Herein, this study presents a waterborne antiadhesive coating with ceramic‐like hardness, polymer‐like flexibility, and healability. The coating is fabricated through a multi‐magnitude dynamic bond synergy strategy, wherein the synthesized amino‐rich oligosiloxane with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chains is dynamically linked with the amino‐rich oligosiloxane containing ureidopyrimidinone moieties via coordination reaction between aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3·6H2O) and amino, enabling the coating comprising Al─N coordination bonds and hierarchical hydrogen bonds. The as‐prepared coating exhibits 99.95% self‐healing efficiency while possessing superior hardness (9H), flexibility (2 mm bending radius), and transparency (>99% transmittance). In addition, the incorporation of PDMS endows the coating with excellent antiadhesive properties. More importantly, the coating formulation is entirely waterborne, aligning with environmentally sustainable practices. This research offers valuable insight for advancing the development of waterborne coatings with well‐balanced comprehensive performance, particularly suited for applications in foldable displays and other fields.

Synthesis of MNS@PDMS Emulsion for Enhancing Hydrophobicity in Cementitious Materials with Limited Strength Loss

Developing hydrophobic agents that minimize the strength loss of bulk hydrophobic cementitious materials (BHCM) remains a formidable challenge. Substances such as siloxanes can hinder cement mineral hydration and prevent the formation of an initial network structure during the early hydration stages. In this study, a novel hydrophobic emulsion in which polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) wrapped with modified nano silica (MNS) is designed to enhance the hydrophobic property of cementitious materials while minimizing strength loss. The results show that BHCM exhibits good hydrophobicity (water contact angle 121.8°) while significantly reducing strength loss (decreased by 10.3%). The presence of MNS effectively shields PDMS from direct contact with cement minerals during the initial stages. Moreover, MNS can react with portlandite (CH) to generate C-S-H phase and optimize the pore structure of hardened cement pastes. This study contributes to promoting the structure-function integration of cement composites and achieving an extended service life for concrete.

A first-principles calculations investigate the superlubricity and adhesion performance of structural superlubricity micro-components on polydimethylsiloxane surface

Adhesion and friction are crucial considerations in the design of microelectromechanical systems because they can directly influence the energy, dissipation and wear of the system. Current related studies are primarily conducted between graphite and hard materials, such as graphite, mica and gold, but lack the theoretical support of superlubricity on the surfaces of related flexible substrates, such as Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Consequently, friction and wear at the flexible interface represent a significant challenge in the failure of microelectromechanical systems devices. In this paper, we use density functional theory to simulate the adhesion characteristics and friction behaviour of structural superlubricity micro-components on the surface of a flexible substrate in an atmospheric environment. The lower graphene layer of the structural superlubricity micro-components exhibits superior adhesion performance with the PDMS substrate. The increase in normal load is simulated by changing the spacing of layers. The interlayer bonding energy increases with increasing load. The transverse friction increases gradually with the increase in load, while the average friction coefficient decreases. Graphene can reach the superlubricity state on the PDMS substrate. The reliability of this phenomenon is verified by electrical performance. We also investigate the effect of tensile strain on the friction behaviour and electrical properties. These calculations should be combined with analysis of the mechanical properties to verify the reliability of the friction performance.

Rational design of static wetting on roughness-engineered heterogeneous surfaces

Surface roughness and chemical composition are crucial in controlling the static wetting properties of surfaces. Here, conventional surface structuring methods used in Si microfabrication are used as a reference to analyze the impact of precisely engineered surface roughness. The static wettability of rough chemically heterogeneous surfaces is experimentally studied through contact angle measurements and compared against computational simulations to categorize the wetting behavior of water droplets. Heterogeneous samples are observed to already show significant dependence on the surface fraction covered by each material. Furthermore, owing to the presence of a resist layer on top of the Si pillars, intermediate states between the Wenzel (W) and Cassie–Baxter (CB) models are observed. Consistent with these models, we find that local chemical modifications of microstructured surfaces are crucial for controlling their surface wettability properties. Additionally, a comparison of equivalent microstructures made of Si or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) reveals the quantitative impact of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature of the material on the evolution of the wetting properties with increasing roughness factors. While Si surfaces behave according to the W model, PDMS surfaces show intermediate wetting states at significantly lower roughness levels. Bubbles trapped beneath water droplets demonstrate the existence of intermediate states that cannot be defined by either the W or CB models. By combining experimental results with finite element simulations, we not only demonstrate wettability control through specific roughness and chemical modifications but also provide insight into how these parameters interact to accurately predict and adjust static wetting properties.

Optimizing Stretchability and Electrical Stability in Bilayer-Structured Flexible Liquid Metal Composite Electrodes

Gallium-based liquid metals remain in a liquid state at room temperature and exhibit excellent electrical and thermal conductivities, low viscosity, and low toxicity, making them ideal for creating highly stretchable and conductive composites suitable for flexible electronic devices. Despite these benefits, conventional single-layer liquid metal composites face challenges, such as liquid metal leakage during deformation (e.g., stretching or bending) and limited elongation due to incomplete integration of the liquid metal within the elastomer matrix. To address these limitations, we introduced a bilayer structure into liquid metal composites, comprising a lower polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer and an upper PDMS-liquid metal mixed layer. In the mixed layer, the liquid metal precipitates, forming a conductive network spanning both layers. This bilayer composite structure demonstrated significantly improved stretchability and elongation compared to pure PDMS or single-layer composites. Additionally, by adjusting the size and content of the liquid metal particles, we optimized the composite’s mechanical and electrical properties. Under optimal conditions, spherical liquid metal particles deform into elliptical shapes under tensile stress, increasing conductive pathways and reducing electrical resistance. The combined effects of the bilayer structure and particle shape deformation enhanced the composite’s stretchability and elongation, supporting its potential for flexible electronics applications.

Preparation of superhydrophobic, high-temperature resistant fluorine-free silica-based powder and coatings and their applications in various environments

Superhydrophobic materials still face the challenge of resisting oxidation at high temperature. Herein, submicron powder with high-temperature resistance and superhydrophobicity was synthesized by hydrolysis of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4). The powder thin layer can reach a water contact angle (WCA) of 157° and withstand high temperature up to 500°C. Its superhydrophobicity could persist for more than 50 h at 400°C. Meanwhile, the powder and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were mixed and applied to the coating to prepare high-temperature resistant superhydrophobic composite coatings. The effects of different powder incorporation ratios on coating properties were investigated. The composite coatings exhibit excellent self-cleaning ability, mechanical robustness, thermal stability, UV resistance, chemical corrosion resistance, boiling water resistance and delayed icing performance. When the ratio of powder to PDMS in the coating is 0.7:1, the high-temperature resistance performance is optimal. It can withstand temperature up to 450°C. The coating at -18°C could delay the freezing time of water droplets from 341 s to 650 s. The power and composite coatings have great advantages and application potential in fields with hydrophobicity and high-temperature resistance requirements.

Fabrication and performance of programmable light driven soft actuators for character displays

Soft actuators hold significant promise for applications in the display field, yet their complex programmability and low display accuracy limit their development in this area. In this paper, a programmable dual-layer character soft actuator based on ink and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was prepared by utilizing the different coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) between the two materials. By programming the initial shape of the soft actuator, it can bend under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation to accurately exhibit specific characters. The optical and mechanical performance of this actuator was tested, revealing its capability to achieve a large-angle bend of nearly 90 degrees within 30 s and revert to its initial state within 20 s. The actuator demonstrates programmability, fast response, rapid recovery, and good repeatability. The study found that the temperature and degree of bending of the actuator are closely related to the power of the NIR light. Additionally, different programmable character soft actuators were designed through cutting and assembling methods, enabling precise transformation into pre-designed characters under NIR light exposure. By applying the designed character soft actuator to teaching, the near infrared light is used to make one kind of letter turn into another kind of letter, so as to achieve the purpose of teaching demonstration.

Construction of a novel environmentally-friendly long-term antifouling coating with a double-layer structure regulated by phenylmethyl silicone oil and verification of the static antifouling performance of the coating

The expansion of nuclear power, marine aquaculture, and maritime transportation has highlighted the need for effective antifouling strategies to address biofouling, which poses economic and environmental challenges. Traditional antifouling coatings, including toxic coatings (TCs) and fouling-release coatings based hydrophobicity polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), often result in issues such as high environmental toxicity and limited effectiveness under static conditions. This study addresses these limitations by developing a novel double-layer coatings (DLCs) system that combines a phenyl silicone oil (PSO)-infused fouling-release coatings based PDMS top layer with a TC base layer. Methods used in this study include surface, mechanical and antifouling property analyses, as well as assessments of copper ion (CuⅡ) release rates. Key findings reveal that the bacterial removal rates of DLCs with 4 % PSO before and after 180 days of immersion were 60.00 % and 87.50 %, respectively. The antibacterial performance of the DLCs increased with the PSO content. The static average release rate of Copper ions (RtCuII) from DLCs with 4 % PSO at 180 days was 12.62 μg⋅cm-2⋅d-1. PSO significantly regulates CuⅡ release, improving static antifouling performance and reducing environmental impact. The leaching of PSO creates a slippery surface layer, enhancing fouling-release properties; and increased PSO content promotes greater CuⅡ release control and long-term antifouling effectiveness.This DLC approach provides a sustainable antifouling solution with enhanced durability and environmental benefits, offering significant improvements over conventional antifouling methods.