Polluted River Water Research Articles

Assessment of the current state of the hydrochemical regime and water-environmental problems of the basin of the Gavaraget River flowing into Lake Sevan

The results of studies of the current hydro-chemical state and water-ecological problems of the Gavaraget River basin, which flows into Lake Sevan from the north-west, are presented. Extreme water discharge, ten-day flow, ecological output have been determined, water-ecological features have been identified, long-term dynamics of the main indicators characterizing the ecological state of the Gavaraget River, spatial-temporal changes in winter and summer-autumn ten-day flow have been shown, the hydro-chemical state has been presented, the main water-ecological problems of this basin and ways to solve them were proposed, the physical and chemical state of Gavaraget water was clarified in accordance with the standards and requirements for water quality, and the level of risk was indicated. It has been clarified that the annual runoff in the basin basically follows the general features of the annual precipitation regime: the minimum amount falls in winter, and the maximum in spring. It is shown that Gavaraget is one of the most polluted rivers in the Lake Sevan basin. It was revealed that it is mainly contaminated with untreated domestic wastewater and agricultural return water. It was found that as the impact of anthropogenic load increases, river water pollution increases from the source to the mouth of the river. The water quality in the upper part of Gavaraget (0.5 km upstream from the village of Tsaghkashen) is excellently characterized as “excellent” (I) and “good” (II), in the lower part (at the river mouth) with “moderate” (III) and “unsatisfactory” (IV) class. The research results can be useful in solving geo-ecological problems, managing aquatic ecosystems, determining ecological flow, assessing risks, predicting water disasters, protecting river ecosystems from degradation, etc.

Numerical simulation of velocity distribution and pollution retention in flexible submerged vegetated channel

Vegetation is an important factor that affects the hydrodynamics of river channels. Using hydrodynamic and water quality models in vegetated channels can help better understand the problem of river water pollution. In this paper, the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is used to simulate the hydrodynamics of flexible vegetated channels, and the projected area characteristics of flexible vegetation are input into the model to obtain better simulation results for the vertical velocity distribution. At the same time, the random displacement method is used to simulate the transport law of pollutants and calculate the pollutant retention rate under different vegetation projected area characteristics. The results show that both vegetation species and average flow velocity have significant effects on pollutant retention efficiency. This method helps to optimize the selection of species, density, and distribution of river vegetation.

A single recognition unit-based virtual sensor Array: Applying 3D fluorescence spectroscopy to inner filter effect-based sensing

A convenient, fast, low-cost detection and discrimination method is demanded for environmental monitoring but still it remains more technological challenges. Herein, we demonstrate that the inner filter effect (IFE), in combination with three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, can offer a virtual sensor array (VSA) as apropersolution. And with the aid of pattern recognition techniques, it is feasible to recognize compounds with structural similarities economically and effectively. In this study, with the help of visual clustering plots of principal component analysis (PCA), a prediction model based on hierarchical strategy was made using support vector machine (SVM) method for the qualitative profiling of aromatic pollutants. The VSA was constructed by a single metal–organic framework (MOF) recognition unit (MOF-74 (Zn)) with the excitation wavelength as external regulatory factors. Pattern characteristics of four aromatics with very similar structures (phenylamine, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, and phenol), both single analyte and binary mixtures, were acquired. The primary constituents of multi-dimensional spectral signals were subsequently extracted and fed into a vector machine to construct a prediction model through 10-fold cross-validation optimization, resulting in a classification accuracy of 100% for single analytes and 96% for mixtures. Quantitative research has shown that, except for chlorobenzene, all three other analytes can be predicted in concentration within an acceptable error range, and the mixture can be predicted proportionally. Moreover, the VSA can be used to distinguish these pollutants in tap and river water also. We propose for the first time a new tack for the construction of VSA in a general manner, namely using three-dimensional full range fluorescence scanning for IFE based sensing to get multiple times of information resulting from different weak interaction between analyte and sensor for decision-making.

Application of The Completely Random Design Statistics Method For Analysis of Different Filter Types In Fresh Water Fish Pool Water Recirculation System

In meeting their daily water needs (bathing and washing), the majority of the people of South Kalimantan (South Kalimantan) have been using river water and peat well water, as is the case for fresh water fisheries. However, the water used is cloudy and smells because it is water that is polluted by household waste, and of course it shows the quality of the water that is still being debated for the process of fish cultivation. In the process of cultivating freshwater fish, the standard mechanism is still used, namely by making tarpaulin ponds for fish ponds and river water as a medium for fish cultivation and the process of providing feed. In the process there are several things about water quality and conditions, and several other issues, namely about water circulation, temperature, humidity, pH and oxygen regulation of fish pond water. Fish excrete waste from leftover feed and metabolism which contain lots of ammonia (Effendi, 2003). Fish excrete 80-90% of ammonia through osmoregulation processes, feces and from urine. To produce quality pond water as a medium for fish cultivation, it is necessary to have a proper and good water filter. This study aims to obtain the best filter substrate in increasing the growth and survival of freshwater fish fry reared using polluted river water in a tarpaulin pond with a recirculation system. The filter method used in this study was an experimental method using one factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatment levels and three replications. The treatments applied were P0 = Zeolite, Charcoal, Japmate, Bio Foam, P1 = Bamboo, Charcoal, Japmate, Bio Foam, P2 = Bioball, Charcoal, Japmate, Bio Foam and P3 = Bioring, Charcoal, Japmate, Bio Foam. The resulting data were analyzed for analysis of variance (ANOVA), then continued using the BNT test with 95% and 99% confidence intervals. From the results of the study, the measurement results obtained were for the specific growth rate test (SGR) of 1.15%, the survival test (SR) of 86.66% and the feed conversion ratio test (FCR) of 3.10%. While the supporting parameters are water quality, namely the results of water quality, namely, temperature 28.1 – 30.3 0C, pH 7.4 – 8.1, DO 5.24 6.53 mg/L, NH3 0.06 – 0.40 mg/L, NO2 0.056 – 0.90 mg/L and NO3- 0.28 – 0.190 mg/L. In addition to producing filter products that can support SGR, SR and FCR in freshwater fish, it is hoped that this research will also produce scientific paper outputs that will be published in International Conferences/International Journals and become part of the Study Program's Coursebook for the Accounting Department. Computerized Poliban Accounting and can be applied in the community through the Community Service program

Influence of methods of agricultural use of organic soils on leaching biogenic substances into drained waters

The purpose of the work is the environmental protection and effective use of drained organic soils of the humid zone in river valleys, which is connected with the development and using the system of sustainable development of agricultural sector, the object of which is the soil, as well as the processes that take place with its participation, especially the degradation of peat soil, leaching of various chemicals into groundwater, which were used in the technologies of growing agricultural crops. In these soils, there is a change in water-air, thermal, nutritional regimes and biological processes, which, due to unreasonable methods of soil use, leads to pollution of river waters, which negatively affect the ecology of the environment in general. The research results showed that the most leached from the soil, regardless of the doses and types of application of mineral fertilizers and weather conditions by year, were the compounds Ca (82–265 mg/l), Mg (33.9–126.0 mg/l), Na (22.1–48.2 mg/l of drainage water), and the lowest — nitrate nitrogen (2.1–29.5 mg/l) and phosphorus (0.4–2.0 mg/l of drainage water). Such dependence is associated with intensive consumption of mobile nitrogen and phosphorus by plants. A lot of Na was leached from the soil (21.2–65.0 mg/l of drainage water). This is due to the significant salt content in the soil, which is considered slightly saline. The most compounds of Ca, Mg, nitrate and ammonia nitrogen are washed out under grasses in spring, and under annual crops in autumn. Leaching mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium regardless of the type of crop used, and most of them were washed out under grasses and annual crops in autumn; moreover, the amount of washed substances is consistent with the application rate. It was established that the content of almost all biogenic substances in the canals of various purposes did not exceed the MPC for fish farms, based on the use of the content of Mg compounds (MPC — 40 mg/l of water), which in the channels of the floodplain of the Supii River reached 91–126 mg/l of water. At the same time, the introduction of magnesium chemicals in the technological process of growing agricultural crops was not carried out, apparently, its compounds were found in the vivianite layers of the organic soil. The main measures for environmental protection agricultural use of drained organic soils are proposed in accordance with scientifically based methods of their use in the conditions of the humid zone of the Forest-Steppe and Polissia, which will make it possible to regulate and control the ingress of biogenic substances into drainage and river waters.

Identification of anthropogenic debris in the stomach and intestines of giant freshwater prawns from the Trang River in southern Thailand.

Anthropogenic waste, especially microplastics, is becoming more prevalent in the environment and marine ecosystems, where it has the potential to spread through food chains and be consumed by humans. Southeast Asian countries are home to giant freshwater prawns, a common freshwater species that is eaten around the world. Microplastic pollution in river water, sediment, and commercially significant aquatic species such as fish and mollusks has been observed, yet few studies have been conducted on giant freshwater prawns in the rivers of southern Thailand, where microplastics may contaminate prawns via the food they ingest. The purpose of this research was to investigate the accumulation of anthropogenic material in the organs of river prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Microplastics in the stomachs and intestines of giant freshwater prawns were the focus of this study. Samples were digested with 30 ml of 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH), heated for 5 min at 60°C, and then digested at room temperature. The quantity, color, and appearance of microplastics were assessed using a stereomicroscope after 12 h. Furthermore, polymers were examined using a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR). Microplastic counts were compared between sexes. A T-test was used to compare male and female microplastic counts in the stomach and intestine, and the Pearson correlation was used to compare the association between microplastic counts in the stomach and intestine and carapace length (CL), length of abdomen (LA), and body weight (BW) of male and female giant freshwater prawns. The threshold of significance was fixed at p<0.05. Based on the study results, a total of 370 pieces of anthropogenic debris were discovered in the stomachs and intestines of both female and male prawns. The average number of microplastics per individual was 4.87 ± 0.72 in female stomachs and 3.03 ±0.58 in male stomachs, and 1.73 ±0.36 in female intestines and 2.70 ±0.57 in male intestines. The majority of microplastics found in females were within the <100 µm range, while males contained microplastics in the range of 100-500 µm. Both male and female prawns contained fibers (72.70%) and fragments (27.30%). Various polymers were identified, including cotton, rayon, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The study also explored the relationship between carapace length, length of abdomen, body weight, stomach weight, and the number of microplastics. The findings reveal a significant association between the number of microplastics and stomach weight in male prawns (R=0.495;p=0.005). These findings provide alarming evidence of anthropogenic debris ingestion in prawns and raise concerns about the future effects of anthropogenic pollution on giant freshwater prawns.

Causes and Consequences of Environmental Degradation in Mizoram, Northeast India

The problem of environmental degradation due to deterioration of natural resources has become an important issue and is one of the burning problems in the 21st century in northeast India, especially in Mizoram. It is clear that deforestation, ground water depletion, soil erosion, decline in rainfall, river water pollution and volume decreases in dry season are the major threats to environmental degradation in this fragile terrain. Anthropogenic activities by land use changes due to settlement expansion, over exploitation of land and forest resources for intensive agriculture appear to be the major causes for the fast depletion of resources. Therefore, it is necessary to protect natural resources in order to mitigate multi-dimensional environmental degradation. This study is an attempt to analyze the causes and consequences of environmental degradation in this area based on the resources of land, water and forest. Implementation of appropriate measures like judicious use of natural resources, utilizing education to minimize economic backwardness and inclusion of community participation helps to mitigate environmental deterioration to great extent.

ANCIENT PRACTICE TO MODERN TECHNOLOGY: RIVERBANK FILTRATION (RBF) FOR DRINKING WATER

ABSTRACT This study focuses on applying riverbank filtration (RBF) in Malaysia, aiming to address water quality challenges caused by river water pollution, particularly the presence of harmful pathogens that can lead to waterborne diseases. Malaysia heavily relies on surface water as its primary source of potable water, making it crucial to explore practical and sustainable technologies for water treatment. Riverbank filtration is a promising low-cost, environmentally friendly technology that has shown significant potential in reducing the concentration of harmful bacteria and contaminants in water supplies. However, research into RBF's effectiveness in Malaysia has been limited, warranting further investigation and understanding of its application. The study emphasizes the importance of protecting surface water from contamination and conducting risk assessments of microorganisms in groundwater, particularly in the context of RBF implementation. A thorough understanding of the movement and retention of pathogenic bacteria in the aquifer is vital for optimizing RBF's efficiency and ensuring drinking water safety. Moreover, the study highlights the significance of considering soil properties and characteristics to determine suitable sites for RBF application. By providing valuable insights into RBF's potential benefits and capacity to address water quality issues, this research contributes to the advancement of sustainable water resource management in Malaysia, offering a promising solution for safeguarding public health and water security in the country. KEYWORDS: Riverbank filtration (RBF), drinking water, pathogenic pollutants

Indigenous people's perceptions of benefits and costs of China's second phase of the grain for green program and the influencing factors

We argue that, instead of conventional monetary measures of net economic benefits, perceptions of program participants about net economic, social, environmental, and overall benefits are more important for the sustainability of the programs like the Second Phase of China's Grain for Green Program. A model of participants' perceptions of net social, economic, environmental, and overall benefits is proposed and used to examine the influencing factors of the perceptions. The model is estimated using household data from Yi (Indigenous) people of China and multivariate probit regression. Interestingly, results reveal that for both poor and non-poor participants: (i) perceived income inequality reduces the respective possibilities of perceiving positive net economic and net social benefits about the program; (ii) perceived water pollution in nearby rivers reduces the respective possibilities of perceiving positive net social and net environmental benefits; (iii) perceived increase of time for non-farm work increases the possibility of perceiving positive net economic benefit; and (iv) perceived increase of time for family care and housework increases the possibility of perceiving positive net social benefit. We suggest policy interventions to improve the influence of factors that have positive impacts on participants' perceptions and reduce the influences of factors having negative impacts.

Water quality status analysis based on a parameter of Physics and Chemistry using the STORET method in Bekasi river

In the last 100 years, river water pollution has continued to increase along with industrial, agricultural, and human population developments. Various attempts are being carried out continuously to characterize river water quality. The status of water quality needs to be determined as an effort to monitor water systems for clean water need and the biota life need. The purpose of this study was to examine the water quality status of the Bekasi River based on Physics parameters (Temperature, Turbidity, TDS, Salinity, and Electrical Conductivity) and Chemistry parameters (pH, COD, content of Iron, Nitrite, Zinc, Chromium, and Copper), as an effort to river water pollution monitoring. Parameter measurements were carried out from August to September 2022 at six observation locations along the Bekasi River. The procedure for collecting samples refers to SNI 03-7016-2004. The data obtained were then compared with water quality standards based on applicable government regulations and analyzed using the STORET method. The index calculation results show that the six locations are lightly polluted, with a negative score of -8. Based on these results, the waters of the Bekasi River in the October-September period belong to class B with the “Good” category.

Spatio-temporal assessment of water quality of a tropical decaying river in India for drinking purposes and human health risk characterization.

River water pollution and water-related health problems are common issues across the world. The present study aims to examine the Jalangi River's water quality to assess its suitability for drinking purposes and associated human health risks. The 34 water samples were collected from the source to the mouth of Jalangi River in 2022 to depict the spatial dynamics while another 119 water samples (2012-2022) were collected from a secondary source to portray the seasonal dynamics. Results indicate better water quality in the lower reach of the river in the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Principal component analysis reveals that K+, NO3-, and total alkalinity (TA) play a dominant role in controlling the water quality of the study region, while, CaCO3, Ca2+, and EC in the pre-monsoon, EC, TDS, Na+, and TA in the monsoon, and EC, TDS and TA in the post-monsoon controlled the water quality. The results of ANOVA reveal that BOD, Ca2+, and CaCO3 concentrations in water have significant spatial dynamics, whereas pH, BOD, DO, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, CaCO3, TDS, TA, and EC have seasonal dynamics (p < 0.05). The water quality index depicts that the Jalangi River's water quality ranged from 6.23 to 140.83, i.e., excellent to unsuitable for drinking purposes. Human health risk analysis shows that 32.35% of water samples have non-carcinogenic health risks for all three groups of people, i.e., adults, children, and infants while only 5.88% of water samples have carcinogenic health risks for adults and children. The gradual decay of the Jalangi River coupled with the disposal of urban and agricultural effluents induces river pollution that calls for substantial attention from the various stakeholders to restore the water quality.

Water Quality Analysis Using QUAL2Kw Model During The Rainy Season and Dry Season in Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia

The Increasing population in the upstream Citarum watershed area can trigger increased water pollution caused by anthropogenic pollution such as from domestic waste, agriculture, landfills, and settlements. The equilibrium of ecosystems is disrupted when there is an increase in excess pollutants such as suspended materials and nutrients that will cause eutrophication. The purpose of this study was to analyze river water quality from temperature, pH, DO, BOD, Total phosphate (PO4), and Nitrate (NO3) parameters from upstream Citarum watershed waters using a water quality model, namely Qual2Kw. This model is based on the Streeter-Phelps theory, which includes the natural purification process of river water. The Qual2Kw model can be used for decision-making to limit river water pollution. The locations reviewed in the upstream Citarum watershed area were five sampling points (SP), namely at Cisanti Outlets (1), Wangisagara (2), Koyod (3), after the Cisirung WWTP (4), and Nanjung (5). Site selection is based on sources of pollutants from anthropogenic activities that can pollute river water. The QUAL2kw model is used to simulate water quality and is used as a basis for calculating the carrying capacity of pollutant loads against the desired target water quality. The simulation results of a valid water quality model with the observation results are BOD, TSS, and NO3. and parameters such as temperature, pH, DO, and PO4 are invalid because they have errors below 25%. These three parameters (BOD, TSS, and NO)3 have exceeded the Indonesian government’s water quality standard values both in the dry and rainy season. These three parameters indicate that the high pollution in the upper reaches of the Citarum River is caused by pollutant sources from settlements, agriculture, and animal husbandry.

An Analysis of Constraints Faced by Organic Farmers in the Cauvery Delta Zone of Tamil Nadu, India

Aim: This study examines the multifaceted challenges encountered by organic farmers operating within the Cauvery Delta Region of Tamil Nadu.&#x0D; Study Design: Ex-post facto research design was used to investigate and reveal the challenges that organic farmers have encountered over the preceding years.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Cauvery Delta Zone of Tamil Nadu. Five districts were selected for the study namely, Thanjavur, Thiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Mayiladuthurai and Tiruchirapalli. Respondents were interviewed during the period of June 2023 – July 2023.&#x0D; Methodology: The study aimed to include 40 organic farmers from each district, resulting in a collective sample size of 200 respondents across these districts, facilitated through snowball sampling technique. A well – structured interview schedule which included the major constraints faced by organic farmers of the CDZ was developed based on review of past literatures and discussion with experts in the area of organic farming. Based on the ranks given by the respondents to the constraints, the data was analyzed and conclusive results were obtained using the Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) technique. Constraints were studied in 7 different dimensions namely, labour, technical, service and supply, credit and economic, environmental, cropping and marketing constraints. &#x0D; Results: The prime constraints with a higher RBQ values identified in these dimensions were, Labour scarcity due to MGNREGA (93.13), Cumbersome (Slow and complicated) certification process (79.90), Lack of supportive institutions for organic farming (91.80), Inadequate subsidies for organic agriculture (92.75), Use of polluted river water for irrigation (93.90), Lack of inputs specifically for weed management (96.63), Challenge in finding proper marketing channel (90.38). In addition to this, some minor issues were also identified as constraints in the study area.&#x0D; Conclusion: Through an in-depth exploration of these challenges, the study aims to provide insights that can guide policy makers, practitioners, and stakeholders in devising strategies to overcome the obstacles faced by organic farmers in the Cauvery Delta Zone which could have a threshold effect in boosting up the organic productivity of the state.

Ag/Cr-TiO2 and Pd/Cr-TiO2 for Organic Dyes Elimination and Treatment of Polluted River Water in Presence of Visible Light.

In this work, photocatalytic materials constituted by Cr-doped TiO2 (Cr-TiO2) decorated with noble metals show high effectiveness in the mineralization of Acid Orange 7 (AO7) and in the disinfection of real river water. The materials were firstly obtained by sol-gel method to get Cr-TiO2 that was subsequently modified by photochemical deposition of Ag or Pd nanoparticles (Ag/Cr-TiO2, Pd/Cr-TiO2). Chemical-physical characterization results evidenced that the noble metals were homogeneously distributed on the Cr-TiO2 surface. By using Pd(0.25%)/Cr-TiO2, the AO7 discoloration efficiency was about 91.4% after only 60 min of visible irradiation, which can be due to the lowest band gap of this material. Moreover, nitrates, chlorides, total hardness, and coliform bacteria content significantly decreased after the treatment of real river water samples (that is contaminated by industrial and domestic effluents) under UV and visible light irradiation in the presence of TiCrOx decorated with noble metals. One hundred percent of elimination rate for E. coli, total coliforms, and other enterobacteriaceae (without regrowth) was achieved by using Ag/Cr-TiO2 as photocatalyst.

Overcoming Environmental Pollution Due to Waste from the Soun Noodle Processing Industry

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Pollution is not only caused by large and medium scale industries, but can also be caused by small-scale industries, one of which adalahindustri glass noodles noodles which also produces liquid waste and solid waste. The problem in this research are: How is control environmental pollution caused by the production of cottage industry "soun noodles" in the district of Klaten regency Tulung, and What are the constraints experienced in the process of controlling environmental pollution caused by the production of cottage industry "soun noodles" in the district of Klaten regency Tulung. This research is empirical laws, the data obtained through interviews with respondents and informants, and supported by secondary data. Waste Liquid emanating from the exhaust process chlorine and solid waste in the form of starch fibers discharged into rivers, causing pollution of river water. In this case the maximum BLH not deal with the issue because of the lack of supervision and bugdet. Most of the small-scale glass noodles noodle industry, and are not required to have TDI, so that apart from oversight. In addition, the socialization of the impact of industrial activities on the environment pollution is not maximized, due to limited funding and the number of officers BLH. Based on these results, it recommends that the Office of the investments and unified licensing and BLH should be continuous monitoring and counseling to perpetrators of the business activities and BLH encourage businesses to conduct joint IPAL&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Analysis of community based industrial waste treatment to control river water pollution

Body parts Diverse minerals and chemical substances found in water play a crucial role in the survival and ecosystem-wide equilibrium of aquatic life. Modernization and development aimed at enhancing human quality of life have, however, had a negative impact on the natural state of waters due to an increase in the number and quality of compounds. There are various challenges currently facing waste management as part of environmental rehabilitation efforts. The population has developed a habit of disposing of waste into river streams, and their unwillingness to treat it also contributes to the main issue, as was the case in the Padang River Stream Area. Water that is contaminated In this case the method used in this study is to collect data on survey results localized to the procedure: an unstructured interview, (guideline study only includes the important questions problem to be dug out of the respondents), so it can produce primary data , which will be the subject of research, and Non-Participant observation (observation that the researcher did not participate directly in the activities that are being observed), which produces secondary data that will strengthen the primary data. In this situation, the study's findings are anticipated to offer the best method for reducing Padang River pollution.

Pepe Boyolali River: Analysis of Water Quality Using the Pollution Index Method

This study uses the pollutant index method to determine the form of river utilization by the surrounding community and the level of river water pollution. The research method used in this study is qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative descriptive analysis method is used to analyze the form of river utilization by the community. Analysis of river water quality used quantitative method which refers to the Decree of the Minister of Environment 115/2003 concerning Determination of Water Quality Status using the Pollution Index (PI) method. The results of the analysis show that the community uses the Pepe River as a source of water and rainwater storage, waste disposal sites, fishing grounds, drainage channels, and agricultural irrigation. So that it has the potential to experience water pollution due to the entry of domestic-industrial waste. Based on PI, the flow of the Pepe River is proven to be lightly polluted, with the results of several parameter measurements showing results above the quality standard. Therefore, one of the recommendations that can be applied to overcome these problems is to develop the concept of Community-Based Development by involving the active role of all society levels in planning and implementing river management and development activities.

THE IMPACT OF URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY IN THE POLLUTION OF SHKUMBINI RIVER

Demographic movements and increased industrial activity in the Elbasan area have affected the water quality of the Shkumbin River. River water pollution can be natural, as a result of the erosion of the soil formations that make up its catchment basin, but also of anthropogenic activity related to life and industrial activity.In the study area, we have the urban influence on the pollution of the river, which is caused by the city of Elbasan, and the industrial one, which is caused by the activity of a large number of industrial activities.Shkumbin River is one of the most important rivers in Albania. Its waters are widely used for the irrigation of the field of Elbasani and a part of Myzeqeja field. But it is also used for fishing and for various reasons.Considering these facts, the study of river water pollution and the determination of the sources of its pollution assume great importance. In this paper, an assessment of the urban and industrial impact on river water pollution is made. Water quality monitoring of Shkumbini river water, was carried out based on the investigation of ten physical - chemical parameters: pH. EC, T, DO, TDS, salinity, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, and PO43-, in three water samples taken at three stations.The water quality assessment is based on: NIVA classification and the European Community directive on "quality of fresh waters supporting fish life".

Water Quality Evaluation, Spatial Distribution Characteristics, and Source Analysis of Pollutants in Wanquan River, China

Surface water quality assessment is an important component of environmental protection and sustainable development. In this study, 24 sampling sites were arranged in the Wanquan River area of Hainan Island, China, in 2021, and nine water quality indicators were measured. The water quality of the Wanquan River was assessed using the single factor pollution index method and the Nemerow pollution index method; the spatial distribution characteristics of pollutants were revealed, and the sources of pollution were further analyzed using factor analysis. The results show that the overall water quality of the Wanquan River basin is good, with the average values of all indicators meeting China’s Class III water quality standards. The results of the single factor pollution index method showed that 29% of the sampling sites were in the no pollution class, 38% in the slight pollution class, 25% in the light pollution class, and 8% in the moderate pollution class. The results of the Nemerow pollution index showed that 25% of the sampling sites were in the clean category, 17% in the cleaner category, 42% in the light category, and 17% in the moderate category. The results of the factor analysis show that agricultural activities and domestic sewage discharge are the main sources of pollution, with nitrogen and phosphorus being the most important factors affecting water quality. This paper proposes several measures to reduce water pollution in the Wanquan River, including improving agricultural activities, improving wastewater treatment, and strengthening environmental monitoring. The findings have practical implications for reducing water pollution in rivers and lakes and can provide a reference for policy decisions related to water resource management and environmental protection.

Pola Distribusi Siput Air (Gastropoda) sebagai Bioindikator Pencemaran Air di Sungai Unus Kota Mataram dalam Upaya Pengembangan Modul Ekologi

Based on the results of preliminary observations on the Unus River, Mataram City, gastropods in each village which the river flows through have different characters according to the activities around the river and the level of river water pollution. So it is necessary to study the distribution patterns of water snails (Gastropoda) as bioindicators of water pollution in the Unus River, Mataram City in an effort to develop an ecological module. The aims of this study were (1) to find out how the distribution patterns of gastropods in the Unus river in Mataram City, (2) identify the types of gastropods found in the Unus River in Mataram city, (3) to reveal the dominant population of gastropods that dominate in the Unus river in Mataram city. , (4) analyzing the population density of Gastropods in the Unus river, Mataram City, (5) analyzing the diversity of Gastropod species in the Unus river, Mataram City, and (6) developing the results of research on Gastropod Distribution Patterns as a Bioindicator of Water Pollution in the Unus River, Mataram City in Module Development Efforts Ecology. This type of research is descriptive exploratory and developmental research for the development of ecological modules. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling technique and the length of the transect used was 30 m. Based on the results of the study, namely the highest morbidity index was the Thiara requenti species with a value of 0.253 which was in the regular category. Twelve species from 5 families were found, namely Pomacea canaliculata, Mellanoides plicaria, Apella demisum, Mellanoides puncata, Taribea granifera, Goniobasis virginica, Fillopaludina javanica, Thiara scabra, Thiara sp, Thiara requenti, Mellanoides tuberculata. The highest gastropod dominance population was owned by the Mellanoides plicaria species with a total of 0.48. The highest population density was occupied by the Thiara requenti species with a value of 7.3. the highest Gastropod species diversity level is located at station 2 with a value of 1.82. Based on the results of the validation and readability test of the ecological module, the average values ​​were 90 and 82.9 for the readability test. It was concluded that the module was very feasible to use.