Pollution Standards Research Articles

A bilevel programming model for cross-regional energy coordination mechanism to relieve China’s atmospheric pollution

The research motivation comes from the fact that the vigorously promoted ‘coal to gas’policy under the pressure of China’s Ministry of Environmental Protection(MEP) has led to severe gas shortage in many regions. This study explores a cross-regional energy coordination scheme, in which China’s MEP sets pollution transfer prices and pollution standards for each region, while each region determines its energy inputs and pollutant removal amounts. It is first formulated as a bilevel programming called PTEC and then it is transformed and a corresponding algorithm is proposed. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed model, the SO2 control in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Delta is finally selected. Results display that to meet the national pollution standards, the PTEC mode just need to reduce SO2 by 1.5434 million tons, which is 5.02% and 4.97% lower than the current command mode and the ‘coal to gas’ mode, respectively. Furthermore, the PTEC increases the industrial net output of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei by 21.9037%, 43.4486%, and 11.0651% compared with the other two modes. Our study can provide certain reference significance for pollution control and energy structure optimization.

Experimental research on vehicles equipped with a GMP Hybrid for the new Euro 7 emissions standard

With the increase the number of vehicles on European roads, the road transport has become the biggest source of air pollution in the cities of the old continent. According to European Commission estimates in 2018, more than 39% of NOx (nitrogen oxides) emissions and 10% of PM2.5 and PM10 emissions (mechanical particles with diameters of 2.5 and 10 micrometers) were attributed to road transport. It is known that, in order to limit to some extent, the uncontrolled increase in harmful emissions from road vehicles, the European Commission has gradually introduced new pollution standards to be met by manufacturers of new vehicles. In the second half of 2022, the Commission presented a new proposal to reduce pollutant emissions from new vehicles sold in the European Union (EU), defining the new Euro 7 pollution standards. Compared to Euro 6 by 2035, according to European Commission estimates, these new Euro 7 standards, together with a progressive increase in the number of electric vehicles sold, aim to reduce pollutant emissions from private vehicles and vans by around 35% for NOx emissions and around 13% for particulate emissions. Therefore, both the Euro 7 and CO2 emissions standard (CAFE) for vehicles have been designed to improve air quality in cities and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including by increasing the use of electric vehicles. Starting from this hypothesis, the first part of the paper presents the experimental model developed in the AMESim simulation platform of a mid-size vehicle equipped with a hybrid GMP, tested on a roller bench, which simulates pollutant emissions in this new Euro 7 standard. In the second part of the paper, the simulation results and possible causes influencing hybrid GMP behavior leading to the evolution of pollutant emissions are analyzed. Finally, the paper formulates conclusions on the evolution of pollutant emissions.

Increasing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Ambient Air Pollution-Attributable Morbidity and Mortality in the United States.

Ambient nitrogen dioxide () and fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter () threaten public health in the US, and systemic racism has led to modern-day disparities in the distribution and associated health impacts of these pollutants. Many studies on environmental injustices related to ambient air pollution focus only on disparities in pollutant concentrations or provide only an assessment of pollution or health disparities at a snapshot in time. In this study, we compare injustices in and health burdens, considering health impacts across the entire US; document changing disparities in these health burdens over time (2010-2019); and evaluate how more stringent air quality standards would reduce disparities in health impacts associated with these pollutants. Through a health impact assessment, we quantified census tract-level variations in health outcomes attributable to and using health impact functions that combine demographic data from the US Census Bureau; two spatially resolved pollutant datasets, which fuse satellite data with physical and statistical models; and epidemiologically derived relative risk estimates and incidence rates from the Global Burden of Disease study. Despite overall decreases in the public health damages associated with and , racial and ethnic relative disparities in pediatric asthma and premature mortality have widened in the US during the last decade. Racial relative disparities in premature mortality and pediatric asthma have increased by 16% and 19%, respectively, between 2010 and 2019. Similarly, ethnic relative disparities in premature mortality have increased by 40% and pediatric asthma by 10%. Enacting and attaining more stringent air quality standards for both pollutants could preferentially benefit the most marginalized and minoritized communities by greatly reducing racial and ethnic relative disparities in pollution-attributable health burdens in the US. Our methods provide a semi-observational approach to track changes in disparities in air pollution and associated health burdens across the US. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11900.

Does the Squeaky Wheel Get More Grease? The Direct and Indirect Effects of Citizen Participation on Environmental Governance in China

We conducted a nationwide field experiment in China to evaluate the direct and indirect impacts of assigning firms to public or private citizen appeals when they violate pollution standards. There are three main findings. First, public appeals to the regulator through social media substantially reduce violations and pollution emissions, while private appeals cause more modest environmental improvements. Second, public appeals appear to tilt regulators’ focus away from facilitating economic growth and toward avoiding pollution-induced public unrest. Third, pollution reductions by treated firms are not offset by control firms, based on randomly varying the proportion of treated firms at the prefecture level. (JEL D22, L82, P28, P31, Q52, Q53, Q58)

Toxicological effects and mechanisms of lithium on growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant system in the freshwater microalga Chromochloris zofingiensis

The growing prevalence of lithium (Li) batteries has drawn public attention to Li as an emerging pollutant. The present study investigates the toxicity of Li+ on Chromochloris zofingiensis, examining physiological, biochemical and omics aspects. Results reveal hormesis effects of Li+ on C. zofingiensis growth. At Li+ concentrations below 5 mg L−1, Li+ can enhance chlorophyll content, mitochondrial activity, and antioxidant capacity, leading to increased dry cell weight and cell number. Conversely, when it exceeded 10 mg L−1, Li+ can reduce chlorophyll content, induce oxidative stress, and disrupt chloroplast and mitochondria structure and function, ultimately impeding cell growth. In addition, under 50 mg L−1 Li+ stress, microalgae optimize absorbed light energy use (increasing Fv/Fm and E TR ) and respond to stress by up-regulating genes in starch and lipid biosynthesis pathways, promoting the accumulation of storage components. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis indicates that peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase, GTPase and L-ascorbate oxidase might be the key regulators in response to Li+ stress. This research marks the toxic effects and molecular mechanisms of Li+ on freshwater microalga, which would improve our understanding of Li’s toxicology and contributing to the establishment of Li pollution standards.

Air pollution related adverse respiratory health outcomes in California’s San Joaquin Valley: evidence from 2016 linked emergency department and hospital records

The San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California has been consistently identified as having one of the highest levels of air pollution in the US. Despite federal and state standards, the SJV has been in non-attainment status for daily PM2.5 concentrations, extreme non-attainment for 8 hr O3 levels, and attainment for NO2. An epidemiological time-stratified case-crossover design was used to estimate the relationship between exposure to NO2, O3, PM2.5 and adverse health outcomes in asthma and upper respiratory infections (URIs). This study compared pollutant exposure effects for each case during limited time intervals and adjusted for seasonality. Elevated concentrations of three criteria outdoor air pollutants are associated with increased asthma and URI-related ED visits and hospitalizations in the SJV for all ages. NO2 exposure increased the odds of having an ED visit by 2.4% in lag 1 (95% CI: 1.017, 1.031). Lags 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 14 were statistically significant. O3 modestly increased the odds of ED visits by 0.3% (95% CI:1.000, 1.006) after immediate exposure in the warm season. In the cold season, PM2.5 estimates were significant for all lags except for lags 4 and 12. The two-week lag increased the odds by 28% (95% CI:1.218, 1.345) for ED visits, and 16.5% (95% CI:1.009, 1.345) increased the odds of being hospitalized after cumulative exposure to PM2.5. Findings suggest that SJV residents experience adverse health effects due to elevated exposure to NO2 despite attainment of federal and state pollutant standards. This study provides new evidence about the effects of three criteria air pollutants and adverse health outcomes in the SJV region. The air quality regulatory and public health governing bodies should consider revisions to regional pollutant thresholds and local public health strategies to prevent adverse health outcomes during short and prolonged periods of air pollution exposure.

A comprehensive review of noise pollution monitoring studies at bus transit terminals

Abstract This article systematically reviews research on noise pollution monitoring conducted over the past 23 years at various bus transit terminals located worldwide. About 18 articles were identified using PRISMA method and were evaluated to provide summary of prior research work to examine accuracy, authenticity, and reliability of noise monitoring results with respect to chosen methodology and extent of noise pollution at bus transit terminals. It examines important indicators of noise pollution and the analysis parameters such as noise sampling, noise descriptors, processing of acquired data, noise mapping, etc., and compares it with the regulations and standard guidelines notably ISO 1996-2:2017 and American National Standards Institute/ASA S12.18-1994 (R2009) and their prior versions aiming to identify research gaps. The studies have primarily focused on noise monitoring, revealing widespread excessive noise pollution exceeding permissible levels at bus terminals globally. This article underscores significant research deficiencies in noise pollution monitoring at bus terminals, emphasizing the challenge of conducting quantitative meta-analyses and statistical comparisons due to variations in parameters and qualities. Noise pollution standards are breached in all terminals covered in the identified literature; hence, noise mitigation measures must be implemented at these bus terminals. The study suggests that noise monitoring must be carefully devised with respect to individual site operations and noise sources and in compliance with standard guidelines to improve the accuracy of the results. There is a need for uniform guidelines that can be followed globally for environmental noise monitoring as there are only a few countries that have guidelines for noise monitoring. The outcomes of this research will be helpful in guiding noise monitoring, mapping, and mitigation strategies as well as designing transit terminals to improve overall acoustical ambiance for more passenger footfall for sustainable transportation.

The association between ambient air pollution exposure and connective tissue sarcoma risk: a nested case-control study using a nationwide population-based database.

A nationwide population-based database was utilized in a nested case-control study to explore the association between ambient air pollution exposure and the likelihood of developing connective tissue sarcoma. The study examined 280 cases of connective tissue sarcoma diagnosed between 2000 and 2012. A random sample of 1120 control subjects was selected from a subpopulation of claim records without a connective tissue sarcoma diagnosis in a 1:4 ratio. The control subjects were selected based on similar characteristics as the connective tissue sarcoma patients, including gender, birth year, and the year of diagnosis of the case group with medical records. Risk factors for connective tissue sarcoma were collected for analysis. Our data on exposure to air pollutants was collected from Taiwan's Air Quality Monitoring Network, which has been gathering air quality data from a growing network of sampling stations (now 76) throughout the country since 1997. It was discovered that the risk of connective tissue sarcoma was significantly increased by the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), elevated levels of specific air pollution indices (e.g., total hydrocarbons (THC), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and O3_8 (the annual mean of the daily maximum 8-h average concentration of O3), the High Pollutant Standards Index (hPSI) (the percentage of days in a given year in Taiwan where the PSI exceeds 100), and an insurable monthly wage over US$1100. Further investigation is needed to explore the involvement of these air pollutants in the formation of connective tissue sarcoma.

Coagulation-flocculation parameters for simultaneous removal of nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, and ammonium from wastewater: A mini review

This mini review delves into the critical need to effectively eliminate nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, and ammonium from wastewater to mitigate environmental pollution and uphold water quality standards. Stemming from various human activities like agricultural runoff, industrial processes, and municipal discharges, these pollutants pose significant risks to both aquatic ecosystems and human health if left unaddressed. The study primarily focuses on the efficacy of coagulation-flocculation as a treatment method, which involves the addition of chemicals known as coagulants to destabilize the pollutants. The review further examines the influence of various parameters such as pH, coagulant dosage, and temperature on the simultaneous removal of these contaminants [1,2]. Through detailed analysis, it elucidates the complex interactions among these factors and their consequential impact on overall removal efficiency. Moreover, it underscores the significance of adopting advanced treatment methods like coagulation-flocculation. Additionally, it emphasizes the ongoing need for further research and optimization to address the evolving challenges of wastewater pollution and water resource management comprehensively. By providing insights into optimizing coagulation-flocculation processes, this review underscores the importance of tailored treatment strategies for comprehensive pollutant removal.

European Technical Democracy? How Consumer Associations Did-or Did Not-Shape the 1980s Automotive Environmental Standards.

Did the 1980s automotive standards reflect the European Economic Community's move toward a "technical democracy" or a broader democratic deficit? In the early 1980s, Europe's automotive sector faced multiple challenges: the European Commission's desire to harmonize technical standards and achieve greater European integration, intense competition between manufacturers, and environmental issues like acid rain. Debates on reducing air pollution focused on unleaded petrol and catalytic converters. Two associations representing civil society in Brussels responded to the increase in environmental concerns with a 1982 joint campaign. Despite a rich historiography on pollutant emission standards, highlighting the strategies of governments and companies, no study has dealt with the role nongovernmental organizations played. Based on public and private archives, particularly those of the European Bureau of Consumers' Unions, this article argues the new regulations did not result from the EU's consultation with civil society organizations like consumer groups but rather with the automotive industry.

An experimental study on electricity generator emissions and their environmental impact in Kirkuk city

This article evaluated the environmental impact of emissions from private electric generators, focusing on the amount of toxic gas they contribute to the surrounding environment. In the research, the number of generators used in the study was fifteen diesel-powered generators confined within specific residential areas in the city of Kirkuk (Iraq). The study included a field survey and measurements using air pollution standards. The amounts of HCl, H2S, SO2, NO2, NO, CO2, CO, O2, temperature, and relative humidity in the exhaust gases to illustrate the pollutants and compare them to the normal case were measured. It was found that the concentrations varied depending on the generators' parameters and they were high. The diffraction values were distinguished in location A4 (generator manufacturing company – Scania, generating capacity 250 kVA, voltage 200 V, number of residential units consumed - 500), which was characterized by higher concentrations of contaminants than in the standard case. In the remaining cases, this was due to a variety of factors, including the generator's operational age and the higher number of houses it served compared to its generating capacity, which exceeded its design limit.

Застосування теорії змін в екологізації бізнесу

The article summarizes scientific approaches to the development of the theory of changes in the greening of business. The scientific and methodological approaches to understanding the basics of the theory of change have been developed. The features of the application of the theory of change in the greening of business are presented. The specifics of the development of the theory of changes in the greening of business on the example of Ukraine are revealed. It is determined that for the Ukrainian realities, the greening of business is implemented mainly in the formal plane in the context of compliance with the norms and standards of environmental development, ensuring environmental taxation, control of environmental pollution standards, which slows down the development of the component of the Ukrainian environmental business and hinders the innovative introduction of elements of the ecological paradigm in our country. The theory of change is a rigorous but necessary process by which groups and stakeholders in planning activities formulate their long-term goals and define the conditions that they believe should precede the achievement of these goals. These conditions are modeled as desired outcomes, organized graphically in a causal structure. Change theory describes the types of interventions (a single program or a coordinated initiative) that lead to the outcomes depicted in the outcome map. Each intervention is linked to an outcome in a causal system, revealing the often complex web of actions required to bring about change. Several factors have been found to make it difficult for multinational companies to take action against climate change, such as a lack of certainty about climate policy, a lack of green technologies, and a lack of return on investment. The use of green practices also remains limited in the International Health Standards (IHR) in both developed and developing countries, due to limited access to finance and skills, lack of information and knowledge about innovation, and, in some cases, poor enforcement of rules. It is determined that for a better and more effective application of the norms and provisions of the theory of changes in the greening of business, it is relevant to introduce professional courses for managers and environmental managers of companies, which will direct the professional training of management staff to the implementation of effective environmental changes in business. It is also relevant to introduce the State-based programs to stimulate the development of greening business in terms of indirect (tax incentives for businesses that implement environmental innovations) and direct incentives for the implementation of environmental changes (preferential lending for greening business).

Determining The Concentration of Heavy Metals in Soil Contaminated with Crude Oil at Al-Kasak and Al-Qayyarah Sites According to Environmental Indices of Pollution

Contaminated soil samples were collected from Al-Kasak refinery and Al-Qayyarah refinery in western and southern Nineveh, at specific distances in six dimensions (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300) meters from the source of pollution, to study the concentrations of heavy metals Pb, Mn, Ni, Cd, and the effect of oil refinery pollutants on some soil pollution standards, in addition to some physical and chemical properties of the soil and their concentrations. The results showed an increase in the concentration of heavy metals in the soil near the sources of pollution, with cadmium significantly superior to Al-Qayyarah site over Al-Kasak site (491.744) mg/kg, and lead, nickel and manganese recorded a higher concentration at Al-Kasak site compared to Al-Qayyarah site (166.356, 114.687, 36.487) mg/kg, respectively, and the order of mineral elements in the two study sites was Cd>Pb>Ni>Mn.
 As for the Contamination Factor (CF), it was Cd > Pb > Ni > Mn with values of 684.50, 9.91, 5.13, and 0.1701, where the concentration factor was highly polluted for cadmium and lead, and with significant contamination for nickel, while manganese was low in contamination, cadmium recorded severe pollution at Al-Qayyarah site compared to Al-Kasak site, while lead, nickel and manganese recorded significant contamination at Al-Kasak site compared to Al-Qayyarah. In addition, the pollution load index (PLI) was at the level of 5.81, 4.67 highly polluted at D1 and D2, while the rest of the percentages were at the level of 2, moderate pollution, Al-Kasak site had the highest pollution (PLI) value of (6.28), while the ecological risk (ER) averaged (20534.88, 16896.71, 19867.11, 19063.14, 18721.07, 18888.61), which indicates that all the sites had very high pollution, and the ecological risk index was also within the limits of very high pollution, with the highest value on D1 recorded (20568.45), and the potential ecological risk of cadmium was very high at Al-Qayyarah site with a value of (19410.95) compared to Al-Kasak site, where the ecological risk of lead, nickel and manganese was very high, and the ecological risk indices for Al-Qayyarah site were high compared to Al-Kasak site. The aim of the study is to estimate the concentration of heavy metals, according to environmental indices and the impact of oil refineries on the ecosystem in raising the level of heavy metal concentration.

Evaluation of the Air Pollutant Standard Index (ISPU) parameter concentration limits in industrial estates on Java Island

Due to the harmful effects of air pollution on health, outdoor air pollution standards are getting stricter. Because of environmental changes, the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 14/2020 must reevaluate the concentration limits for ISPU parameters. This study aimed to examine the concentration ranges and ISPU values for SO2, NO2, CO, O3, and PM10 in industrial estates on Java Island, and set concentration limits for five relevant ISPU parameters based on the results of monitoring, sampling, and toxicity studies. A drop in the average concentration of the five ISPU parameters in 2022 compared to monitoring from 2015 to 2019 shows that the air quality in industrial estates on Java Island is improving. The ISPU values between 10 and 56 are in the good-to-moderate range, which means that the air quality is still good enough for the health of humans, animals, and plants. The relevant concentration limit recommendations for ISPU in good-to-moderate categories for SO2, NO2, CO, O3, and PM10 were 42–77 μg/Nm3, 29–120 μg/Nm3, 3519–5037 μg/Nm3, 33–97 μg/Nm3, and 29–82 μg/Nm3, respectively. The results of this study can be used to improve Indonesia’s ambient air quality index system (ISPU).

Assessment of a new nutrient management strategy to control harmful cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu using a hydrodynamic-ecological model

The external nutrient loading significantly affects large shallow lakes, particularly those with intricate rive networks. In Lake Taihu, pollutant discharge standards have traditionally been quantified based on water environmental capacity, while neglecting the response characteristics of algal growth in different regions to boundary inputs. For that analysis, this study first estimated the river pollutant loadings of 16 most significant inflow and outflow rivers of Lake Taihu from 2008 to 2020 and explored the correlations between inflow water quality parameters and lacustrine chlorophyll-a levels. Results highlighted the significant influence of high river input of permanganate values in spring on the chlorophyll-a levels in the lake. Based on this, this study proposed the hypothesis that reducing the inflow concentration of permanganate in spring would inhibit algal growth, which was further validated using coupled hydrodynamic and ecological models. The simulation results indicated that the reduction of permanganate inflow concentration during spring would significantly decrease chlorophyll-a concentration in spring and summer, especially leading to a notable impact on peak values. However, due to variations in background concentrations among rivers, the extent of reduction in lake chlorophyll-a levels showed significant spatial differences. Additionally, analysis of extracted algal bloom areas revealed that there still remained a relatively high risk of algal blooms occurring in the main regions, particularly during autumn when inflow pollutant concentrations increased rapidly. These findings emphasized the importance of formulating reasonable exogenous reduction schemes, which should consider the concentration and variation trend of inflow pollutants, as well as the response characteristics of algal bloom growth in different lake zones to the boundary.

Soil Pollution Standards with Heavy Metals in Soils of Different Uses in Babylon Province

Soil Pollution Standards with Heavy Metals in Soils of Different Uses in Babylon Province

A study of the Effect of Electric Power Stations on Vegetative Growth of Schanginia Aegyptiaca from some Heavy Elements (Ni, Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, Mn, Fe)

In order to evaluate the state of pollution in the plant and study the behaviour of heavy elements, our current study aimed to choose some plants that grow naturally and do not constitute a food source for humans and animals and to demonstrate their ability to treat soils affected and contaminated with heavy elements. The province of (Babylon, Qadisiyah, Karbala and Najaf) affected by the fumes resulting from the combustion of fuel for some electric power stations, where the results showed a significant increase in the concentrations of iron, manganese and lead, which were high in the affected location of the two electric power stations, Abu Gharq and Al-Khairat, only within the root system of the plant. schanginia aegyptiaca, which grows naturally in those location, and that it has exceeded the permissible limits according to the World Health Organization. Through our study of plant pollution standards, the results showed that all BCF values for all plant samples did not exceed the value of one except for copper, where it was higher than one in all locations except for the soil of the Abu Gharq power station, and this indicates the inefficiency of the schanginia aegyptiaca plant. to extract all the studied elements from the soil to the root system, except for copper. The results also showed that all the values of the BAF bioaccumulation factor did not exceed the values of one, and thus we find that the schanginia aegyptiaca plant does not have the ability in biological treatment because the values for all the elements of the study did not exceed the values of one, which indicates the non-movement of the elements in the root system to the vegetative growth and its accumulation in Cautions, except for zinc and copper. We also notice that all the values of the transfer coefficient TF of the studied elements of the sapiens plant exceeded the value of one, which indicates the ability of the plant to transfer the elements of the study from the root system to the vegetative growth of Schanginia aegyptiaca, whether the elements were slow or easy to move.

Air Pollution Standard Index (APSI) Detection Application Based on the Flask Model

Air pollution is a global environmental problem that threatens human health and ecosystems. The Air Pollution Standards Index (APSI) is an important metric for measuring air quality and informing the public about the pollution level in an area. In the digital era, web-based applications have become an effective tool for providing real-time APSI information to the public. This research introduces an Air Pollution Standard Index (APSI) detection application based on the Flask model using the SVM (Support Vector Machine) algorithm to predict APSI. This application collects air quality data from various sensors distributed throughout the region and uses SVM (Support Vector Machine) to process the data. APSI prediction results are then presented to users via an easy-to-use web interface. The main advantage of this application is its ability to provide real-time APSI information so that users can take appropriate action according to the level of air pollution in their area. This application can help the public and environmental authorities proactively deal with air pollution and protect human and environmental health. APSI Prediction Accuracy: Through SVM model training, this application can predict the Air Pollution Standard Index (APSI) with sufficient accuracy. While there is potential to improve accuracy through more data collection and model updates, initial results are promising

Components of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants and its evaluation for land application in JiUJiang city of China

Municipal sewage sludge has a potential for widespread application on land, but the implementation of new standards for the agricultural use of sludge in China support a cautious approach. The organic matter, nutrients, and heavy metals in sewage sludge from four municipal wastewater treatment plants in Jiujiang City of China were continuously monitored. The feasibility for its land use was analyzed from three aspects such as sludge nutrients, heavy metal pollution levels, and potential ecological risks in soil. The average content of Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg and As in the sludge of Jiujiang City are 1.85, 305.25, 764.48, 170.57, 42.45, 42.27, 0.59, 28.79 mg∙kg-1, which are less than or close to mean value of heavy metals in China (except As), and all meet the minimum standards of heavy metal content in the sludge according to Chinese Quality of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant (GB24188-2009). The maximum content of Cu, Zn, Cr, and As exceed the control standards of pollutants in sludge for agricultural use, and the maximum value of Cu and Cr are close to the limit of landscaping standards. The average contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, and total nutrients in sludge are 385.16, 34.14, 11.05, 7.87, 53.06 g∙kg-1, respectively. The organic matter content meets the limit value (no less than 200 g∙kg-1) of Chinese Control standards of pollutants in sludge for agricultural use (GB 4284-2018), and the total nutrients content meets certain content limit (no less than 40 g∙kg-1) of total nutrients in China’s organic fertilizer. The single-factor pollution index and Nemerow’s synthetic pollution index methods were used to assess the pollution of heavy metals. The heavy metal pollution indexes (PI) are in descending order: Cd > Cu > Zn > Cr > As > Ni > Pb > Hg. The PI shows that Cd and Cu are in strong pollution level, Zn is in moderate pollution level, and As, Ni, Pb, Hg are in absolute safe level. The potential ecological risk levels of heavy metal are ranked in the following order: Cd> Cu> As> Ni> Zn> Cr > Pb. The monomial potential ecological risk coefficients reveal that Cd is in extremely strong ecological risk, Cu is in medium ecological risk and other heavy metals are in slight ecological risk. The results indicate that Cd and Cu are the main contributors to the pollution and potential ecological risks of heavy metals in soil, to which more attention should be paid during sludge disposal. Being rich in organic matter and inorganic plant nutrients，sewage sludge in Jiujiang City may be widely used on soil, but availability of potential toxic metals exceeding the limit value often restricts its uses. Before being harmlessly treated, the sludge in Jiujiang City should not be used on agricultural land and may be applied with highly caution on landscaping and land improvement, but it can be used as cover materials for co-landfilling.

Rancang Bangun Sistem Pemantauan dan Pengendali Kualitas Udara Pada Aplikasi Welding Habitat Proses Welding Pipeline Sistem Dengan Data Logger

Abstract
 Air Quality Monitoring and Control System is a method of monitoring and controlling air quality in an area or place where air contamination may occur in an activity or work. In this case, the Air Quality Monitoring and Control System is applied to the welding habitat or the welding house in the system pipe welding process. At this time, the welding habitat in the welding pipe pipeline system with the shielding gas process has not been monitored and controlled for air quality during the welding process, this condition causes the welder in the welding habitat to become uncomfortable which can affect the quality of the welding and endanger the welder's health. For this reason, an air quality monitoring and control system is needed that can unite and control the air quality in the welding habitat during the welding process. The purpose of the design of this Air Quality Monitoring and Control System is to make the welding process in the welding habitat of the system pipe welding process more comfortable and safer for the welder's health. So that the welder can concentrate fully on the welding process and produce good and quality welding production. With the application of this system, it can provide a level of weld repair that can reduce welding repair costs incurred by the Company.
 Keywords: Air Quality; Data Logger; ESP32; ISPU (Air Pollution Standards Index); Sensors