Politics Of Secrecy Research Articles

Oath-taking and the politics of secrecy in medieval and early modern British towns

AbstractIn premodern Britain civic officials took oaths in solemn ceremonies in full view of their colleagues and fellow citizens. This article examines oaths ranging from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries from 31 towns in England, Scotland, and Ireland to demonstrate how officials were ritually enjoined to keep secrets. Oaths were public acknowledgments that secrets were going to be kept. The act of governing necessitated the keeping of secrets to ensure the protection of the town's interests. But oath-taking was also a concession to the idea that governing required a degree of transparency for the ruling elite and other authorities to appear legitimate and incorruptible.

Left on a Doorstep: The Role of Infant Abandonment in Preserving and Exposing Family Secrets in Australia 1834–1954

Based on a database of Australian cases from 1834–1954, this article argues that abandonment was an intentional strategy intended to maximise a child's chances of survival while preserving its family's reputation. However, abandonment had the potential to expose family secrets, bringing them into the public gaze and subjecting them to interrogation. Abandonment was also used for revenge, exposing the identity of putative fathers in a demand for financial support. Through this analysis the article positions abandonment as a key site of interaction between the individual and society, and the private and the public in relation to the politics of secrecy.

Secrecy in International Relations and Foreign Policy

Scholarship on the politics of secrecy in international relations and foreign policy has experienced tremendous growth in recent years. This article begins by providing an overview of this literature, analyzing the conditions under which leaders opt for secrecy in both economic and security domains. These motivations differ greatly depending on whether the presumed audience from which a leader keeps a secret is domestic, international, or corporate in nature. Next, it considers methodological innovations and challenges, particularly in the measurement of secrecy. Finally, it reflects on the lessons learned and discusses some exciting questions that scholars could explore in future research. As a burgeoning field within international relations, the study of secrecy offers a variety of promising and potentially fruitful directions.

The cultural politics of secrecy during HIV home counselling and testing campaigns in Kenya

How do the local cultural politics of secrecy intersect with biomedical and institutionalised global health knowledge and management of HIV? This question was ethnographically researched during a home counselling and testing programme as it was initiated twice in a Kenyan community. The programme was informed by worldwide efforts to organise and control HIV so as to ‘end AIDS’. We focused critical attention on the relationship between HIV testing and counselling and contend that local expertise in speaking about (or silencing) sexuality, intimacy and HIV intersected with the home counselling and testing campaign as an instrument in the co-production of local gender dynamics and power arrangements. We demonstrate how the home counselling and testing programme was put to use for local cultural projects aimed at (re)negotiating gender, sexuality, social roles, intimacy and power dynamics and, in consequence, produced uneven experiences with testing, treatment and AIDS-related health outcomes during a period of major social change.

Public attribution of cyber intrusions

Abstract Attribution is central to the debate on how to respond to cyber intrusions. The policy challenge is increasingly moving from identifying who is behind a cyber intrusion to finding the adequate policy response, including whether to publicly attribute. The article examines the use of public attribution as a political strategy for attaining specific political effects beyond the dyadic attacker–victim relationship, including shaping the operational and normative environment of cyber operations, with the potential to exert an independent deterrent effect. My analysis unfolds in three parts. The first part introduces two core concepts—sense-making and meaning-making—to capture different parts of the attribution process. I then introduce a theoretical understanding of public attribution drawing on the literature on revealing covert activity and argue that public attribution can serve the function of defining a particular interaction order, i.e. shape the rules of the ‘game’. In part two and three I discuss two empirical examples of both concepts. I bring to the fore three observations: First, some states have shifted their policy responses from dealing with individual cyber intrusions to responding in a broader political framework of relations with a specific adversary leading to campaign-like responses. Second, the political decision whether to attribute publicly is not only a signal to the adversary, but also aims at shaping the future political and normative operational environment. Third, such norm shaping has the potential to exert an independent—though limited—deterrent effect, particularly on potential adversaries. The analysis demonstrates the importance of the meaning-making process to understanding the politics of attribution and the rewards of theoretically integrating it into the politics of secrecy and exposure of covert activities of states.

Courts and the politics of secrecy: national security, human rights and the importance of supranational oversight

The article examines the use of state secrecy in court litigation concerning alleged gross human rights violations committed in the struggle against terrorism, focusing specifically on cases of extraordinary rendition and comparing the performance of courts in the United States, in Italy and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The article explains that national courts have validated the assertion by national governments of the state secret privilege in litigation involving cases of extraordinary rendition, ensuring de facto immunity to individuals involved in gross human rights abuses. On the contrary, it underlines that the ECtHR has pierced the veil covering these ‘deep secrets’, undertaking a strict scrutiny of acts of extraordinary rendition to torture committed by governments in the name of national security. As the article argues, the success of the ECtHR can be explained by a number of reasons, including distance, time and institutional design. In conclusion, the case law of the ECtHR on secrecy and national security confirms the continuing importance of supranational courts as instruments of external oversight on the human rights practice of European states.

EU Institutional Politics of Secrecy and Transparency in Foreign Affairs

This thematic issue shows how the interplays of secrecy and transparency have been a salient driver of institutional politics in EU foreign affairs. It offers a critical reading of the most recent developments in EU’s international negotiations, an analysis of case law and empirical insights on public and institutional access to information. The Issue provides an interdisciplinary understanding of how information flows affect and are affect by the EU’s institutional balance through synergising perspectives from the fields of political science, public administration and law. This editorial outlines the central questions raised in this thematic issue and highlights its main findings.

EU Institutional Politics of Secrecy and Transparency in Foreign Affairs: A Commentary

International diplomacy has long been regarded as the domain of an elite hand-picked few, instructed and groomed in something considered an art form. Both the secrecy and the pomp have their rational place. Political interventions from regime change through to more standard economic and social challenges cue both subtle and dramatic shifts in relationships and alignments and diplomats must rightly handle such situations with great delicacy. Premature or too much public disclosure about diplomatic exchanges could risk undermining the mutual trust and confidence on which the conduct of international relations and negotiations depends. The question of course concerns the determination of what constitutes ‘premature’ or ‘too much’ and who decides the point at which public access can or should occur. We have certainly seen a trend towards greater transparency in foreign affairs in recent times, but this will always remain one of the most sensitive areas for national governments and international organisations. Contributors to this publication pose important questions about transparency in the context of foreign affairs at EU level. The question ‘How much is enough?’ is particularly pertinent. I welcome the exploration of topics of secrecy and transparency in this thematic issue and look forward to further contributions as the theory and practice of the ideas put forward are developed.

Parrhēsia Today: Drone Strikes, Fearless Speech and the Contentious Politics of Security

Foucault is more often used to theorise political logics of securitisation than to understand the contestation of security policies. Yet Foucault's work offers a wealth of conceptual tools and ideas pertinent to the study of the contentious politics of security. In his lectures on parrhēsia in Ancient Greece, Foucault explored the practice whereby individuals choose at great risk to confront rulers or publics with uncomfortable truths. This article argues that a refashioned concept of parrhēsia can illuminate certain elements of the contentious politics of security today. The article develops this claim through an examination of the photojournalism of Noor Behram, a man who has spent four years photographing and exposing US drone strikes in the region of Waziristan in Pakistan. The article analyses Behram's activity in terms of parrhesiastic exposure, a concept that is intended to capture aspects of the changed circumstances under which fearless speech can be exercised in mass-mediated, globalised societies. The article concludes by observing how further engagement with parrhēsia might contribute to our understanding of political action, the relationship between emotions and political struggle, and the politics of secrecy.

Against the grain: psychologies and politics of secrecy

Verne Harris explores the degree to which it still goes against the grain for archivists to open their discourses to what is ‘outside’. He suggests that what could be called the conditions of postmodernity have challenged the insularity of these discourses in profound ways, and argues that they have been enriched by engagement with other disciplines, professions and traditions. Reading against the grain of archival discourses, he goes further and argues that the boundaries between inside and outside have always been, and will always be, permeable. His illustrative reading focuses on that space we call ‘the secret’, offering a preliminary exploration of the psychologies and the politics of secrecy.

A Betrayal of Trust

An examination of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century French history indicates that the relationship between the Jesuits and Quietism was shaped by politics as well as by concerns of theological orthodoxy. During the late 1690s, the Jesuits championed François Fénelon accused of Quietism at the same time as they spearheaded an attack against Quietism in Burgundy, emphasizing crimes of spiritual incest or the abuse of clerical authority. Such ambiguity indicates that the Jesuits were motivated by a desire to consolidate political power in Louis XIV... trades court. However, the fusion of Quietist heresy, charges of spiritual incest, and political gamesmanship would ultimately make the Jesuits themselves vulnerable to claims of heresy and abuse when the Girard/Cadière affair became a national scandal in 1731. This essay argues that this disquiet over clerical behavior and power was articulated in a changing political culture between the late seventeenth century and the 1730s. Growing dissatisfaction against the crown established a new political consciousness, one that regarded the politics of secrecy as problematic if not outright illegitimate. The secrecy of the confession, the emphasis on interiority seemingly at the expense of morality, and the enigmatic language of mysticism, all associated with Quietism played into fears of clerical (or “Jesuit”) cabal and conspiracy. When Jesuit opponents linked the order to Quietism, they presented the Jesuits as threats to an emerging set of political values in which legitimate authority was transparent and open while illegitimate power operated in the shadows.

THE POLITICS OF SECRECY

This article takes as its point of departure the current sense of crisis around cultural studies’ politics. It argues that: • cultural studies’ attempts to be more political in the wake of 9/11, the attack on Iraq and the associated climate of secrecy surrounding the Bush and Blair governments, by turning away from the difficult, text-based, self-reflexivity of ‘Theory’ toward politics, economics and the ‘real’ are frequently not political enough; • far from failing to help with real, pragmatic decisions regarding ideas of political struggle, action, resistance and community, Theory in general, and deconstruction in particular, provides one of the most rigorous means of doing so; • deconstruction's thinking on the relation between the political and the secret has a direct connection to its difficulty (Derrida, for example, hopes that the meaning of his texts will remain secret to a certain extent to ensure the question of what it is to be political in a given situation is left open to the ‘absolutely indeterminate’ intervention that cannot be foreseen). The above is achieved by means of a reading of Hardt and Negri's Empire, a text it has been suggested cultural studies turn to in order to acquire a better understanding of global politics in what Stuart Hall and Lawrence Grossberg have described as a period of profound transition in the societies of the North Atlantic capitalist industrial nation-states. The article concludes by speculating on the invention of a new cultural studies: a cultural studies which comes after, not just the work of Hardt and Negri and Grossberg and Hall (and, indeed, Gramsci, hegemony theory and the Birmingham School), but theory and deconstruction too. It is a cultural studies which is thus open to the complexity and specificity of the contemporary conjuncture as well as its possible novelty and difference, and therefore very much concerned with both the questioning of the political space and the maintenance of the right to the secret.

Parliamentary rhetoric, enlightenment and the politics of secrecy: the printers’ crisis of March 1771

The 1770s witnessed an attempt by Parliament to control how it was represented in the press: questions of parliamentary reporting and parliamentary privilege quickly became a national political crisis. Key political figures such as Edmund Burke, John Wilkes, George Onslow and the Marquis of Rockingham were involved with printers and booksellers such as John Almon, Robert Wheble and Henry Woodfall. The British Enlightenment was effectively interrupted, and its fault lines highlighted, as politicians clashed with the book trade—and with newspaper and periodical proprietors in particular.

Book Reviews

Book Reviews

The Politics of Secrecy. By James Michael. [London: Penguin Books. 1982. 220 and xx (notes, bibliography, tables and index)pp. £2.50

The Politics of Secrecy. By James Michael. [London: Penguin Books. 1982. 220 and xx (notes, bibliography, tables and index)pp. £2.50