Marriage Status Research Articles

Children's Position as a Result of Sirri Marriage Under Islamic and Positive Law in Indonesia

Although registering a marriage does not determine its validity in Islam, unregistered marriages in Indonesia cause children to be unregistered by state law, which is known as a Sirri marriage. As a result, legally, Sirri marriages have a position and effect on a child’s status and position. In terms of the issues raised in this article, how do children affected by Sirri marriages fare under Islamic and positive law in Indonesia? Furthermore, the purpose of research in this article is to analyze position of children affected by Sirri marriages fare under Islamic and positive law in Indonesia. The research method used, emphasizes legal normative views of the type of research (library research), then analyzed using descriptive analytical method, to provide data that is comprehensive about the people, the state, or the symptoms of the other. The study’s findings show that children born from legal marriages under Islamic law and legal marriages under law are children born from legal weddings under Islamic law and following the procedures of Article 2 paragraph 1 and paragraph 2 of Law No. 1 of 1974. A kid born of a marriage that is valid in Islamic law and does not in the outside procedure in article 2 paragraph 2 is a child born of a marriage that is valid in Islamic law and does in the outside procedure. However, the status of Sirri marriage cannot be legally acknowledged because it is not recorded from the administrative side of unregistered marriages as stated in Article 2 paragraph (2) of Law No. 1 of 1974. Second, the legislation because of Sirri marriage to the position of children is to make the status and position of a kid unacknowledged if the child was born before the marriage of both parents and is registered, legally recognized, and recorded.
 Keywords: status of children due to Sirri marriage, Islamic Law, positive law In Indonesia

Cultural Ecosystem Services and Farmer’s Willingness to Pay. A case study in Agricultural Communities in South Tapanuli

The study focuses on valuing Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) in the Sibual-buali area of South Tapanuli, North Sumatera, Indonesia, and its implications for agricultural development and conservation. The research aims to characterize CES and determine their economic value by assessing farmers' willingness to pay (WTP). Using a descriptive and quantitative research design, a household survey with 71 respondents was conducted using the contingent valuation method (CVM). The study reveals the cultural heritage values and community involvement in conserving CES, demonstrating a deep understanding of the forest's protection and the interconnectedness between the forest, agriculture, and community well-being. The findings emphasize the importance of local wisdom, traditional knowledge, and community engagement in agriculture and CES preservation. Additionally, the study identifies education and income as influential factors in respondents' WTP for CES, indicating their positive impact on environmental valuation and conservation efforts. Gender, marriage status, and age were found to have no significant influence on WTP. These findings contribute to comprehending the economic significance of CES and its relationship to sustainable agricultural practices.

Consumer cognition and attitude towards artificial meat in China

This study focuses on Chinese consumers’ cognition and attitude towards artificial meat, including cultured meat and plant-based meat. The attitude is measured by three aspects: willingness to accept (WTA), willingness to taste (WTT), and willingness to buy (WTB). The results indicate that consumers’ attitude towards plant-based meat is more favorable than that towards cultured meat. Consumers’ attitude towards artificial meat is positively correlated with their cognition of artificial meat, dietary knowledge, and information intervention. Compared to those who have not heard about artificial meat, consumers who are aware of it have 8%-36% higher probabilities of accepting, tasting, and buying cultured meat and plant-based meat, respectively. A one-point increase in dietary knowledge leads to a 2%-4% increase in consumers’ WTA, WTT, and WTB. Consumers who receive positive information about artificial meat have significantly higher probabilities of WTA, WTT, and WTB, ranging from 13% to 28%. Consumers’ WTA, WTT, and WTB also relate to their education level, marriage status, and family age structure. This study contributes to the existing literature on consumers’ attitudes towards artificial meat and provides a better understanding of the potential and challenges of marketizing artificial meat in China.

Prevalence of depression and associated factors among community hosted internally displaced people of Tigray; during war and siege

BackgroundDisplacement is a psychologically stressful event. Since the war began, the people of Tigray were subjected to stressful events such as torture, rape, the killing of a family member, forced displacement, and even ethnic cleansing in their home countries. Especially displaced individuals are faced mental health problems. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression and associated factors among community internally displaced people due to the war on Tigray, in 2021.MethodsThe community-based cross-sectional study design was applied from August 06 to 30, 2021 in all Weredas of Tigray. A total of 1,990 cIDP were recruited through a two-stage sampling technique. A structured and standardized questionnaire was used to collect data. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was applied to identify associated risk factors and AOR with 95% confidence interval was used to select statistically significant variables.ResultsThe prevalence of depression among internally displaced people was 81.2% (95% CI: 79.4–83%), with more than 60% categorized as moderate and severe depression. The married and divorced marital status, being government employee, having family size > = 4, destruction of household fixed assets, looting of cereals, and having disabled family members due to the war were the significantly associated risk factors of depression.ConclusionsThe prevalence of depression among community internally displaced people during the war on Tigray is very high compared to other studies conducted elsewhere. Almost 8 of 10 IDPs are developed depression and this is a very series health issue that needs immediate intervention by local, international organizations and communities around the world.

Workplace Inclusion in Academia: The Relationship between Diversity Climate and Engineering Faculty Turnover Intentions

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between engineering faculties’ perception of the diversity climate and their turnover intentions at R1 (Research 1) universities across the U.S. We sampled 1,101 tenure-track engineering faculty for this purpose. Data analysis showed that an engineering faculty’s demographic characteristics (i.e., sex, race/ethnicity, professor rank, age, engineering areas, marriage status, and tenure-track status) are associated with their perceptions of the diversity climate. Furthermore, results from structural equation modeling analyses show that faculty with higher perceptions of organizational fairness and inclusion reported a lower desire to turn over. Implications for the results are discussed.

A comparative study of male and female with different socio-economic backgrounds on the variable of modernization (education, parent-child relationship, politics, status of women, marriage and socio- cultural)

A comparative study of male and female with different socio-economic backgrounds on the variable of modernization (education, parent-child relationship, politics, status of women, marriage and socio- cultural)

Investigation of Factors Related to Stillbirth.

The stillbirth rate is among the most important indicators of access to and quality of care during pregnancy. This study investigated the factors related to the stillbirth rate in the Yazd province, Iran. The current research is descriptive and cross-sectional and the results of Shahdieh city cohort study which was conducted on 4756 women were used. Data related to the history of stillbirth, demographic characteristics, fertility history and, various female diseases were extracted from the results of the cohort study. The result shows that 7.2% of studied women had a history of stillbirth. Among the multiple variables, predictor variables including education level, marriage age, age of the first conception, number of children, consanguineous marriage, Employment status, and diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and history of depression had a significant relationship with a history of stillbirth (P ≤ .05). The stillbirth rate in Shahedieh is high compared to the global stillbirth Rate, but it is comparable with the stillbirth Rate in Yazd province. Although Yazd province, as one of the industrial hubs of Iran, has relatively acceptable indicators of income, employment, and medical and health facilities and welfare compared to other provinces, this study showed that factors such as diabetes, hypertension, low level of women's education, consanguineous marriage, and women's employment status and social welfare can affect Stillbirth Rate.

Association between temperature and mortality: a multi-city time series study in Sichuan Basin, southwest China.

There are few multi-city studies on the association between temperature and mortality in basin climates. This study was based on the Sichuan Basin in southwest China to assess the association of basin temperature with non-accidental mortality in the population and with the temperature-related mortality burden. Daily mortality data, meteorological and air pollution data were collected for four cities in the Sichuan Basin of southwest China. We used a two-stage time-series analysis to quantify the association between temperature and non-accidental mortality in each city, and a multivariate meta-analysis was performed to obtain the overall cumulative risk. The attributable fractions (AFs) were calculated to access the mortality burden attributable to non-optimal temperature. Additionally, we performed a stratified analyses by gender, age group, education level, and marital status. A total of 751,930 non-accidental deaths were collected in our study. Overall, 10.16% of non-accidental deaths could be attributed to non-optimal temperatures. A majority of temperature-related non-accidental deaths were caused by low temperature, accounting for 9.10% (95% eCI: 5.50%, 12.19%), and heat effects accounted for only 1.06% (95% eCI: 0.76%, 1.33%). The mortality burden attributable to non-optimal temperatures was higher among those under 65 years old, females, those with a low education level, and those with an alternative marriage status. Our study suggested that a significant association between non-optimal temperature and non-accidental mortality. Those under 65 years old, females, and those with a low educational level or alternative marriage status had the highest attributable burden.

Childfree Marriage with Regards to Islamic Jurisprudence Principles

Procreation has been considered the noblest purpose of marriage as it ensures the continuation of human existence on Earth. However, a new trend has emerged among young couples known as “childfree”, where individuals or couples consciously choose not to have children after marriage. This research aims to examine this phenomenon. What is the status of marriage with the condition of being childfree? And how valid is such a contract according to the principles of Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh)? To achieve these objectives, the researcher employed a qualitative descriptive methodology, using literature review as the primary data collection method, focusing on relevant sources related to the topic. The findings of this study indicate that the condition of being childfree in marriage contradicts the objectives of Islamic law, which emphasize procreation and the preservation of lineage. Making a deliberate decision not to have children without any legitimate reason or physical limitations constitutes an act that exceeds the boundaries set by religious teachings. Moreover, it is considered impermissible to prohibit what Allah has made permissible, which includes having children and preserving lineage. As the condition is invalid, the parties involved in the marriage contract are not obligated to fulfill this requirement, and the marriage contract remains valid.

A Tangled Web

Few debates in modern academia are as heated as the one among scholars who consider the arrival of bubonic plague in Constantinople in the spring of 542 as a demographic and social disaster and those who argue for less tumultuous outcomes. Whatever side one stands on in the current discussion, the pandemic’s immediate impact on the administration, economy, politics, society and religious culture within Constantinople and the wider empire seems clear. In this article I will suggest that increased competition amongst Constantinople’s elites for a shrunken pool of suitable brides and grooms for their sons and daughters was one hitherto underappreciated result of the pandemic. The sixth-century eastern Roman historian, Procopius of Caesarea, offers ample evidence not only about the devastation wrought by the bubonic plague but also its impact on the political alliances in Constantinople. His digressions in Secret History concerning marital politicking amongst Constantinople’s elites provide evidence of this impact. Capitalizing on advances in our knowledge about Procopius both as an author and historical figure, I will analyze his writings on three levels: as history, literature and propaganda. By pondering what motivated Procopius to focus on these marital alliances and, moreover, pondering links between them, the paper offers some revisionist takes on these digressions, both as literary devices and as actual events.

Optic Nerve Sheath Meningiomas: A National Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Database Analysis.

Optic nerve sheath meningioma (ONSM) is a rare optic nerve cancer with considerable morbidity. This national analysis validates previously known ONSM concepts while providing insight into novel risk factors. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program was queried from 2000 to 2019 for all histologic subtypes of meningioma primary to the optic nerve. Relevant clinical and demographic variables were analyzed. Asymptotic one-sample test for binomial proportions and Cox proportional hazards modeling evaluated the significance of factor associations. A total of 51 ONSM cases were extracted. A greater proportion of cases were observed in females (N = 37, 73% , P < 0.001) and individuals with age 50 years or more (N = 29, 57% , P < 0.001); the mean number of months from diagnosis to treatment was 4.6 months (SD 4.1, range 13). Psychosocial epidemiologic parameter analysis demonstrated a greater proportion of patients with married status on diagnosis (N = 31, 61% , P < 0.001), listed total family income between $55,000 and $74,999 (N = 24, 47% , P < 0.001). Relative to cases diagnosed clinically only, cases diagnosed radiologically without microscopic confirmation experienced decreased all-cause mortality (HR = 0.041, P = 0.050). Our SEER national analysis affirms previously characterized ONSM concepts. Upon ONSM diagnosis and if needed, treatment protocols are not significantly delayed. Novel psychosocial factors for ONSM were identified, including marital status, total family income, and non-Hispanic white race. Additional ONSM diagnostics may reduce longitudinal mortality burden.

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF EDUCATION ON LATE-LIFE DEPRESSION OF RURAL WOMEN IN CHINA

Abstract Despite the noted association between educational attainment and mental health, there is considerable debate on whether this relationship is causal. Up to now, there are only a few studies using credible estimation strategies to examine the causal impact of education on mental health, and almost no evidence exists for low and middle-income developing countries from regions like Asia. This is concerning given that mental health problems and late-life depression are growing in the Asian population, especially for women and rural residents. In this paper, I aim to fill the gap by examining the long-term causal effect of additional educational attainment on the depressive symptoms of rural women in China. Using Harmonized CHARLS data, I leveraged the sudden end of the Chinese Cultural Revolution in 1976 as an exogenous shock to education, and employed both event study and regression discontinuity designs to estimate its causal effect on late-life depressive symptoms. Results show a protective effect of education for the rural women who stayed in rural areas, and a negative impact of education on the urbanized rural women. The impacts are likely to be mediated by childhood adversities (being poor and unhealthy), marriage status (being widowed), and disability status (difficulty in performing activities necessary for independent living). The proposed research will be the first study to examine the causal effect of education on the mental health of the Chinese population. It will add to the existing literature by providing evidence from underdeveloped regions in Asian countries and offering insights for future policymaking.

MARITAL STATUS TRANSITIONS AND INFLAMMATION DURING MID AND LATER LIFE: EVIDENCE FROM THE HEALTH AND RETIREMENT STUDY

Abstract Research has increasingly utilized inflammatory markers to understand how social factors influence health, yet little research to date has examined marital status, or–crucially–later-life changes to marital status in relation to inflammation. Further, few studies have examined variation in such associations by gender, race/ethnicity, or age. We used data from the 2016 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) Venous Blood Study (n=9,933), which captures five inflammatory markers: C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin IL-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF). Information concerning marital status came from the 2014 and 2016 waves of HRS, to ascertain stability of and changes to marital status over 2 years. Interactions were examined between marital status/transition groups and participants’ gender, age, and race/ethnicity. Overall, results were consistent across outcomes. Across 4 of 5 outcomes, the Newly Widowed and Never Married exhibited higher inflammation than the Continuously Married. Further, relationships between Continuously Widowed status and higher CRP and IL-6, and between Newly Widowed status and higher IL-1Ra, were present only for men. The association of Continuously Widowed status with higher CRP and IL-6 weakened with age, as did the effect of Newly Married status on IL-6. No clear patterns were identified concerning interactions with race/ethnicity. Findings indicate that marital transitions may have potential to harm physiological health. Negative consequences of widowhood for inflammation were also greater for men than for women, yet these harms may be attenuated at older ages when widowhood is an “on-time” rather than an “off-time” event.

Pathological Analysis of Mut'ah or Temporary Marriage in Iran

According to Islamic law and jurisprudence, permanent and temporary marriage are the only forms of marriage recognised in Iran. A form of temporary marriage known as sigha-ye mahramiyat or simply sigheh is commonly practised in traditional parts of society. Temporary marriage, which is often used as a justification for early marriage and can have significant social and psychological consequences, particularly for girls, is not regulated by law and has received little attention. Studies conducted on the topic have largely supported the practice of temporary marriage and have not comprehensively examined its effects on society. This research is the first to examine the historical, religious, legal and social foundations of temporary marriage or sigheh. It comprehensively examines the phenomenon of temporary marriage/sigheh in Tehran, Mashhad and Isfahan in the years 2016 and 2017, using both qualitative and quantitative methods and grounded theory. The research findings indicate that temporary marriage/sigheh is driven by a desire for pleasure and its creation of circumstances that accommodate child marriage. This practice has negative effects, including joblessness, particularly for women, and a negative view of permanent marriage among men. The aim is to objectively and impartially examine the hidden and visible aspects of temporary marriage and sigheh, to provide a clear and accurate understanding of this social phenomenon and provide practical and realistic solutions for policymakers and lawmakers. It is hoped that, based on these solutions, the institution of temporary marriage in Iran will be regulated in a way that respects the rights of women and children and preserves the foundation of the family and the status of permanent marriage.&#x0D;

Evaluation of Risk Factors in Patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension

Objective: The purpose of our study was to compare the age, gender, intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), spherical equivalent values, smoking, family history of glaucoma and additional systemic diseases in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and patients with ocular hypertension (OHT); and to evaluate the relationships of these factors with each other. Material Methods: 40 patients with POAG, 40 patients with OHT and 40 individuals as control group were included in the study. Age, gender, IOP, CCT, spherical equivalent values, family history of glaucoma, history of consanguineous marriage, smoking, systemic diseases of each subject were recorded. Results: There was no significant difference in gender and average age between the groups (p=0.238 and p=0.51, respectively). IOP values was higher in POAG and OHT groups compared with the control group (p=0.000). CCT was higher in OHT group compared with the other groups (on the right, p=0.001 and p=0.008, respectively; on the left, p=0.013 and p=0.006, respectively). There was no significant correlation between IOP and CCT values. There was no significant difference in mean spherical equivalent values (on the right eye p=0.686; on the left eye p=0.640) . The incidence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease was the similar in all groups (p=0.417, p=0.058, p=0.79, p=0.236, respectively). Family history of glaucoma is increased in POAG and OHT group compared with the control group (p=0.000). There was no significant difference in history of consanguineous marriage, smoking and alcohol consumption status among all groups (p=0.899, p=0.492, p=0,899, respectively). Conclusion: High IOP is the most important risk factor in the POAG and OHT groups. Individuals with OHT and thin CCT are at higher risk of developing POAG. The significant presence of a familial history of glaucoma in the POAG and OHT groups indicates that genetic factors could be a significant risk factor. Diabetes, hypertension, and high myopia are factors that increase the risk of glaucoma.

The effect of married status on cancer-specific mortality in nonmetastatic pelvic liposarcoma patients according to sex.

In nonmetastatic pelvic liposarcoma patients, it is unknown whether married status is associated with better cancer-control outcome defined as cancer-specific mortality (CSM). We addressed this knowledge gap and hypothesized that married status is associated with lower CSM rates in both male and female patients. Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2000-2020), nonmetastatic pelvic liposarcoma patients were identified. Kaplan-Meier plots and univariable and multivariable Cox regression models (CRMs) predicting CSM according to marital status were used in the overall cohort and in male and female subgroups. Of 1078 liposarcoma patients, 764 (71%) were male and 314 (29%) female. Of 764 male patients, 542 (71%) were married. Conversely, of 314 female patients, 192 (61%) were married. In the overall cohort, 5-year cancer-specific mortality-free survival (CSM-FS) rates were 89% for married versus 83% for unmarried patients (Δ=6%). In multivariable CRMs, married status did not independently predict lower CSM (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.74, p=0.06). In males, 5-year CSM-FS rates were 89% for married versus 86% for unmarried patients (Δ=3%). In multivariable CRMs, married status did not independently predict lower CSM (HR: 0.85, p=0.4). In females, 5-year CSM-FS rates were 88% for married versus 79% for unmarried patients (Δ=9%). In multivariable CRMs, married status independently predicted lower CSM (HR: 0.58, p=0.03). In nonmetastatic pelvic liposarcoma patients, married status independently predicted lower CSM only in female patients. In consequence, unmarried female patients should ideally require more assistance and more frequent follow-up than their married counterparts.

Effect and prediction of physical exercise and diet on blood pressure control in patients with hypertension.

The study aims to explore the current status of hypertension control and its predictors in patients with hypertension in China and provide evidence for preventing and controlling hypertension. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 300 hypertensive patients who visited the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from February 20, 2023 to March 11, 2023. The patients were divided into a well-controlled group and an untargeted-control group according to their hypertension control status. A total of 294 subjects, including 83 in the well-controlled group and 211 in the untargeted-control group, were included in the analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hypertensive patients with high BMI and family history of hypertension were risk factors for hypertension control. Married status was a protective factor for hypertension control. SVM optimized the model with γ = 0.001 and a penalty factor of C = 0.001. The prediction accuracy of the final model was 80.9%. The findings indicated that BMI, family history of hypertension, and marital status were independent predictors of blood pressure control. Further studies are warranted to illustrate potential mechanisms for improving hypertensive patients' blood pressure control.

Satisfaction of Physiotherapy Services and Socio-Demographic Associates among Individuals with Low Back Pain Attending Outpatient Physiotherapy Unit in Kano State, Nigeria

Patients’ satisfaction is an important indicator of the quality of care provided to recipients of health services. It is imperative to evaluate patients’ satisfaction to physiotherapy services, so that patients’ needs are better catered for, as well as to improve the services. This study assessed satisfaction of physiotherapy services among patients with Low Back Pain (LBP) in an outpatient physiotherapy unit in kano, Nigeria. The study was a cross sectional survey involving 202 LBP patients receiving physiotherapy treatment. MedRisk Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire was used to assess their satisfaction. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the participants’ characteristics. Chi-square test analyzed the association between participants’ characteristics and satisfaction, statistical level of significance was defined as p≤0.05. A total of 186 participants completed the questionnaires, a response rate of 92%. Among all the participants; hundred (53.8%) were females, most of them fall within the age ranges of 30-39years (30.1%) and 40-49 (28.5%), 83% are married and 48% have attained a tertiary education level. Majority (86.0%) of the participants are Muslims and Hausa by tribe. Satisfaction level was reported to be high in 167 of the participants (90%). Demographic data of; age (40-49), female gender, married status, 4 visits, tertiary education, Islam and Hausa have the highest satisfaction. However, only number of visits (p=0.01) and educational level (p=0.04) have significant association with satisfaction. Conclusively, satisfaction was high among LBP patients attending an out-patient physiotherapy unit in Kano, Nigeria. Education level and number of visits are associated with patients’ level of satisfaction.

Prevalence of Low Back Pain Among University Attendants in Tabuk City During 2023: A Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia.

College students are at a higher risk of suffering low back pain (LBP). Assessing the magnitude of the problem and the associated risk factors can help reduce the suffering and disability in future doctors. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and related factors of LBP among medical students in the University of Tabuk and emphasize the need for targeted interventions that could help alleviate the burden of LBP among the students and improve their quality of life. This cross-sectional study used an online well-structured, self-report questionnaire to collect the respondents' data. The questionnaire explored the participants' sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, and the severity of LBP-related disability using the modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)) score. The prevalence rate of LBP was 26.8%. The independent factors that significantly increased the probability of LBP included overweight/obesity (odds ratio (OR): 1.696, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.086 to 2.648, p = 0.020) and stretching exercises (OR: 1.784, 95% CI: 1.104 to 2.883, p = 0.018). The independent predictors that significantly increased the severity of ODI included married marital status (p = 0.007), back surgery (p = 0.031), and higher pain intensity (p < 0.001). We found that the prevalence rate of LBP among our sample was around 26%. This rate is approximate to the rates reported in previous studies. Furthermore, the activities most affected by LBP were sitting, standing, and lifting. Future studies should explore other risk factors and attempt to determine the onset of pain. A longitudinal study design is recommended to identify the onset of developing LBP.

Networking and training for IMPROVEMENT of farm income: A case of lifelong learning (L3F) approach in West Africa

The lifelong learning for farmers program of the Commonwealth of Learning relies heavily on innovation platforms to address the critical information gap left by agricultural research and development, which often fails to reach the intended rural farmers. The fundamental tenet is that these activities require a space for stakeholders to collaborate, overcome obstacles, and seize opportunities for agricultural development. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of networking and training on farm income in West Africa. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select 1800 households from the study site which cuts through the Kano-Katsina axis in Nigeria and the Maradi axis in the Niger Republic. The probit and mediation models were used to analyse the data. The probit model suggested that the decision to join innovation platforms is significantly influenced by factors such as married status, education, household size, farming experience, and the proportion of males and females in the working class, and young dependents. Furthermore, the probit model shows that the decision of farmers to take part in the training offered by innovation platforms is significantly influenced by factors such as gender, age, years of education, household size, and the proportion of males and females in the working class as well as elderly dependents. The mediation analysis results showed a positive and significant correlation between farm income and membership in innovation platforms (IPs). The direct effect suggested that farm incomes rise by 77.5 % upon joining IPs. Upon breaking down the overall impact into direct and indirect effects, it became evident that participation in IP training mediated nearly 86 % of the total impact of IP membership on farm income. The study concludes that participation in innovation platforms has a positive effect on farm income when they take part in educational programs hosted on the platforms, even after adjusting for observed and unobserved covariates. Consequently, the study suggests that any policy aimed at the welfare of farmers should take participation in lifelong training programs of IPs into account.